DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEM BASED LEARNING FOR STUDENTS OF SMK NEGERI 1 PANTAI CERMIN.
DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS BASED
ON PROBLEM BASED LEARNING FOR STUDENTS
OF SMK NEGERI 1 PANTAI CERMIN
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
BY :
WIDYA WULANDARI
Reg. Number 2113121072
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
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DECLARATION
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan, Juli 2016
Widya Wulandari 2113121072
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LEM BA R PENGESAHAN PEMBIMBING
Skripsi ini diajukan oleh:Widya Wulandari, NIM. 2113121072 Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa lnggris/S-1 Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Medan
Diiiyafaknn telah memenuhi persyaratan untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan
Medan, Juni 2016 Disetujui oleh :
Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi II
NI P. 19590713 198601 1 001
Johannes J i.Pd. M.Hum NIP. 19810 13
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN
Skripsi ini diajukan oleh: Widya Wulandari, MM 2113121072
Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Strata Satu
Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
L'nivcrsitas Negcri Medan
Dinvatakan telah memenuhi svarat untuk
w rmemperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan
Panitia lijian
Medan,
Juli 2016
M.Hum.
199103 2 IM>2Sekretaris.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd.
M P. 19581(121 198505 2 002
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN TIM PENGUJI
Skripsi ini telah diuji dan dinyatakan telah memenuhi persyaratan untuk memperoleh
gelar S arjan a Pendidikan
Medan, Juni 2016
Tim Pcnguji, Nama
1. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
2. Johannes Jefria Gultom, S.Pd., M.Hum NIP. 19810501 200312 1 003
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. NIP. 19581021 198303 2 002
4. Prof. Dr. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D NIP. 19550113 198203 1 002
5. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum NIP. 19700522 200112 2 001
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i
ABSTRACT
Wulandari, Widya. 2113121072. Developing English Reading Materials Based
on Problem Based Learning for Students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin.A
Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan. 2016.
This study concerns on how the reading materials are developed for hospitality students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin based on Problem Based Learning Approach. This study aims to develop the reading materials by conducting need analysis in order to meet the needs of hospitality students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin. The method of research and development ( R&D) by Borg and Gall consists of 10 steps of research. In this research, those steps are modified in five main cycles, namely;Pre-development, development, validation, revision and product testing. The method of data collection were questionnaires and study the document. The sources of the data were from the students, the English teacher, the Head of Hospitality department, the alumni of hospitality students, the expert of education and ESP, and the the existing syllabus and materials. The study found that the existing materials of reading are not match with the students needs, vocational school goal and school mission. Thus, the researcher design the materials of reading related to them. The materials of reading were adapted form some sources.Then, the new materials of reading were validated by the experts, revised and tried out to the students by using pre test and post test design. As the conclusion, the new materials of reading meet the students’ needs, vocational school goal and school mission and also in category good. From the result of post test score it was also found that the students score were improved. So, it is suggested that the English materials should be developed by the teacher in order to cover the students’ need.
Keywords : Development, reading materials, problem based learning, hospitality students.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The greatest gratitude is expressed to Allah SWT, the Almighty and Most Beneficial for His Grace, Guidance, Praise, Honor, and Mercy that has been given to the writer so that she finally accomplishes her thesis entitled: “Developing English Reading Materials Based on Problem Based Learning for Students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin”
In completing this thesis, the writer realizes that she faces many problems and receives the academic guidance, and moral support from many people. Therefore, the writer would like to express her gratitude and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts, State University of Medan.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department and her Reviewer and Examiner, Syamsul Bahri, S.S.,
M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Program, and Nora Ronita Dewi, S.Pd., S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education Program,
Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Johannes Jefria Gultom, S.Pd., M.Hum her Thesis Advisor who has given their valuable advices,
suggestions, guidances and spent their precious time in theprocess of completing this thesis.
Indra Hartoyo, S.Pd., M.Hum, her Academic Advisor who has
supported her throughout the academic years.
Prof. Amrin Saragih, Ph.D and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum
her Reviewer and Examiner who has given her precious time, guidance, suggestions, and comments.
All Lecturers of English Department who have taught, guided, and
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Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd., and Pantes, the Administration Staffs of
English Department, for their assistance in completing this thesis.
Yeddi Efendi Sipayung, M.Pd the Headmaster of SMKN 1 Pantai
Cermin, for his permission in allowing the writer to do research to collect the data.
Ronald Haloho, M.Pd. the English Teacher of SMKN 1 Pantai
Cerminfor the assistance and suggestions in the process of completing this thesis.
Her beloved parents Muliono and Rodiana, her only one brother
Subroto Ade and all her families for their endless love, pray, and
everything that they have given to the writer during her whole studies up to finish.
Her great classmates Reguler A 2011 ,especially Ocha, Fika and
Ruminah for the love and togetherness throughout four years.
Her beloved family in At-thahirah, and her friends, Arni, mbak Ela for their spirit, motivation, togetherness and joke.
Her great and special Murabbiah and family in her love circle, her beloved younger sisters (mutarabbi), her family in PK KAMMI se-
UNIMED, PD KAMMI Medan and BKB Adzkia for every motivation,
spirit, suggestion, and smile that make her feel so lucky.
The writer realizes that this thesis still has the paucity, she conveniently welcomes any suggestions, comments, and advices that will improve the quality of this thesis. She hopes that this thesis will be useful for those who read and interest in the field of this study.
Medan, Juli 2016 The writer,
Widya Wulandari Reg.No. 2113121072
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
LIST OF TABLES ... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. The Background of the Study ... 1
B. The Problem of the Study ... 4
C. The Objective of the Study ... 4
D. The Scope of the Study ... 4
E. The Significance of the Study ... 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6
A. Theoretical Framework ... 6
B. Materials Development ... 6
1. Need Analysis ... 7
a. Identifiying Learners’ Target Situation ... 9
b. Advantages of Conductingg Need Analysis ... 11
c. Purpose of Conducting Need Analysis ... 12
2. Material Evaluation ... 13
3. Syllabus ... 15 iv
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4. Reading Materials ... 18
5. Procedure Text ... 21
a. Definition Procedure Text ... 21
b. The Communicative Purpose of Procedure Text ... 21
c. The Generic Structure of Procedure Text ... 22
d. The Language Features of Procedure Text ... 22
e. Example of Procedure Text ... 23
C. Problem Based Learning ... 24
1. Definition of Problem Based Learning ... 24
2. Characteristics of Problem Based Learning ... 25
D. The Problem Based Learning Material Design ... 26
E. Relevant Studies ... 27
F. Conceptual Framework ... 28
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 31
A. Research Design ... 31
B. Place and Time of Research ... 31
C. The Subject of Research ... 32
D. The Instrument of Collecting Data ... 32
E. Techniques of Collecting Data ... 32
F. Techniques of Analysis Data ... 33
G. Steps of Material Development ... 33
CHAPTER IV. MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT ... 34
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1. Need Analysis ... 34
B. Material Evaluation ... 37
1. Existing Syllabus ... 37
2. Existing English Reading Material ... 40
C. Developing Syllabus and reading Material ... 43
1. Developing Syllabus ... 43
2. Developing Reading Materials ... 44
D. Validating New Materials ... 48
E. Revising Materials ... 52
F. Trying Out Materials ... 56
G. Discussion ... 57
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 60
A. Conclusion ... 60
B. Suggestion ... 60
REFERENCES ... 62
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Evaluation of Existing Reading materials ... 41 Table 4.2 The Material Appropriateness Criteria ... 49
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Students’ Questionnaire ... 64
Appendix B Alumnus Questionnaire Result ... 69
Appendix C English Teacher Questionnaire Result ... 72
Appendix D Head of Hospitality Questionnaire Result... 74
Appendix E Existing Syllabus ... 75
Appendix F Existing Materials ... 76
Appendix G New Syllabus ... 79
Appendix H New Reading Materials ... 80
Appendix I Expert Validation Result (1) ... 92
Appendix J Expert Validation Result (2) ... 95
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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study
Reading materials play an important role to the English language teaching (ELT). Therefore, reading skill is needed to achieve the ability to understand English Text. Anderson in Chen (2005:1) emphasizes the mastery of reading skill could help learners have success not only in English learning but also in other content class where reading was required. Materials of reading become substantial in learning English in the class. As reading materials play an important role in
English learning, it should be developed based on students’ need and the content
should represent the real life problem will be faced by the students later.
Students in vocational school especially in Akomodasi Perhotelan (hospitality major ) are really need to be taught appropriate materials based on their needs about hospitality itself. They also have to be able to use English either oral or spoken because in their workplace they will face many English terms and many foreigners. Thus, teacher needs to find out the solution related to the teaching learning materials. The design of English learning also depends on the
learners’ needs.
Based on the writer’s observation and analysis of syllabus and teaching materials used by students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin, it was found that the reading materials on the book they used “Get Along With English” published by Erlangga in 2010 did not completely fulfill the need of Akomodasi Perhotelan (hospitality) students. The students actually need the text about hotel, such as the
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procedure of making bed, procedure of handling the occupied room, how to process room reservation, etc. This is because, students in Akomodasi Perhotelan major are insisted to know English and communicate with English in order that they are easy to get a job in the workplace later. In addition, when they have their vocational competency practice test later, it is better for them to use English. While, there is still no reading materials completely serve the content about the hospitality especially steps in doing some works in hotel. So, as the case above, it
is really needed to develop the reading materials based on the student’s need and
the materials that represent the real life problem possibly they will face in their workplace later.
There were two texts from the students’ book analyzed to prove the
irrelevant content for hospitality students, namely “Preparation of the Perfect Cup
of Coffe by the Drip Method” and “How to Operate Sony television”. The Preparation of the Perfect Cup of Coffe by the Drip Method text tells about making coffee by using the drip method. The text actually is far from the content of hospitality. Then, the text is too long and there is no list of difficult vocabularies in the text. It can be guessed the students will not be motivated in reading the text because it is irrelevant with their major and they are hard to understand the text. Then, the How to Operate Sony Television text tells about the steps how to operate Sony television. Although, it is a little bit needed by the hospitality students but it is still lack of content related to the hospitality. The text also does not give the list of difficult words from the text. Furthermore, there is no sequence of pictures in each steps to ease the students understand the text. Both of
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the texts actually do not relate to the content of vocabulary that can support the students in mastering English for their major, there is also no scenario problem which can be learned by the students from the texts. So, for the reasons above, the need of developing reading materials for hospitality students based on real life problem is really needed. It is done in order that, the motivation of students in reading can be improved because the texts are interesting and suitable with their needs that will be useful in their workplace later.
The score of the students was also collected to know how the students’
score is. Their Minimal Completeness Criterion (Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum) is 80 but there is a gap between the fact and expectation. Many students could not pass the KKM.
In accordance with the law of National Education System article 3 and 15 about the goal of National Education said that vocational school is a high school preparing students competencies especially to work in a certain field. Since vocational school students are prepared to be ready in the workplace later, so it is really needed to develop the relevant reading materials and also contain the real life problem so that the students can learn from the problem and have the knowledge how to solve the problem in the workplace later. Therefore Problem Based learning approach is suitable to be used in developing the reading materials
for hospitality students’ of SMK N 1 Pantai Cermin. Because Problem Base
Learning ( PBL) approach is a concept used to enhance multidisciplinary skills using planned problem scenarios. It is an active way of learning that teaches students problem solving skills, while at the same time allowing them to acquire
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basic knowledge. In PBL the problem comes first, and an essential element of PBL is that content is introduced in the context of complex problems that imitate real life (Boud and Feletti as cited in Tan 2003)
B. The Problems of Study
1. What English reading materials are needed by the hospitality students of SMKN 1 Pantai Cermin?
2. How are English reading materials for hospitality students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin developed ?
C. The Objectives of Study
Based on the problem stated above, the objectives of the study are
1) to investigate the English reading materials are needed by hospitality students of SMKN 1 Pantai Cermin
2) to investigate the steps of developing English reading materials for hospitality students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin
D. The Scope of Study
This research focused on English reading materials met the students’ need for the third grade of Akomodasi Perhotelan students of SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin class XII Akomodasi Perhotelan, particularly procedure text materials.
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E. The Significance of Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significant and relevant theoretically and practically
1. Theoretically
This study is expected to provide relevant English reading materials especially for hospitality students in SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin 2. Practically
The findings are contributed to:
a. the teacher who wants to provide relevant English reading materials for hospitality students
b. the writer as her motivation to improve her skill and knowledge in teaching English for hospitality students.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. ConclusionsAfter analyzing the data, the conclusions were drawn as the following. 1. The existing reading materials in the book used by the hospitality students of
SMK N 1 Pantai Cermin do not discuss about hospitality. The genre of the texts are procedure, but they are not relevant with their major. The new reading materials in this reaseach are directed to the students’ competence as a hospitality students, they are : the procedure of making bed, the procedure of handling check in guest, the procedure of handling D&D room and the procedure of taking order.
2. The new English reading materials are developed through PBL approach and
Need Analysis which based on students’ need agree with the syllabus. The
reading materials needed, are directed to the topics related to the Standard Operational procedure in hospitality field.
B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, the suggestions are presented as the following.
1. It is suggested that the institution should supervise the teachers in using the
materials and make the rule for the teacher to teach the students’ based on their
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2. It is suggested to the other researchers to conduct further studies on developing reading materials in other genres needed by the students.
3. It is suggested that the English teacher should be more selective in using textbook which is suitable with the students major and even the teacher
should be able to design their own teaching materials to meet the students’
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REFERENCES
Alderson, J.C & Urquhart, A.H. (1984). Reading in a Foreign Language. Harlow. Longman
Author’s Guide. (2013). BSNP: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Ditjen
Manajemen Dikdasmen Direktorat Pembinaan SMK
Barg& Gall. (1983). Research and Developmental in Education.Cambridge : CUP Barrows, H.S., & Tamblyn, R.M. (1980). Problem Based Learning: An approach
to Medical Education. New York: Springer
Berardo, S.A. ( 2006). The Use of Authentic Materials in The Teaching of
Reading in The Reading Matrix, 6 (2) : 63-65
Boud, D., & Feletti, G.I. (Eds) (1997). The Challenge of Problem Based Learning,
2nd ed. London: Kogan Page
Bridges, E.M., & Hallinger, P. (1995). Implementing Problem Based Learning in
Leadership Development. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearing-house on
Educational Management, University of Oregon
Busfield, J. &Peijs, T. 2003. Learning Materials in a Problem Based
Course.UK: The UK Centre for Medical Education
Chegeni, N & Chegeni, N (2013). Language Curriculum Development and
Importance of Need Analysis. International Electric Journal for the Teachers of English, 3 (4) 5-6
Hallinger, P. & Bridges, E. (2007). A Problem Based Approach for Management
Education. Netherlands : Springer
Halliwell, S. (1992) Teaching English in the Primary Classroom. Harlow: Longman.
Hutchinson, Tom and Waters, Alan. (1987). English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
John, D & Neil. (1992). Reading Comprehension, New Directions For Classroom
Practice: Collins publishers
Kitao, Kenji. (2007). Selecting and Developing Teaching/ Learning Materials. The Internet TESL Journal, 4 (4) 4-6
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Knapp, P. & Watkins, M. (2005). Genre, Text, Grammar.Sydney : University of New South Wales
Laily, R.D. (2013). Needs Analysis in Language Curriculum Development. In https://diyahlaily.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/needs-analysis-in-language-curriculum-development/. Accessed on June, 2nd.
Marand, E.S. (2011). Adoption, Adaptation, and Development of Language
Instructional Units. European Journal of Social Sciences, 22 (4) : 550
Marand, E.S. (2011). Adoption, Adaptation, and Development of Language
Instructional Units. European Journal of Social Sciences, 22 (4) : 550
McGrath, I. (2002) Materials Evaluation and Design for Language Teaching. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Miekley, J. (2005). ESL Textbook Evaluation Checklist. The Reading Matrix, (2) Nation, I.S.P., & Macalister, J. (2010). Language Curriculum Design. New York:
Routledge.
Nuriskandar,Yuli. (2014). Example of Procedure Text. In http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/09/15-contoh-procedure-text-terlengkap-dan.html. Accessed on September 22 nd, 2015
Richard, J.C. (2001).Curriculum Development in Language Teaching.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
Rubdy, R. (2003) “Selection of materials.” In Tomlinson, B. (ed.) Developing Materials for Language Teaching. London: Continuum. pp. 37–57
Savery, R.J. ( 2006). Overview of Problem Based Learning : Definitions and
Distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem Based Learning, 1 (1) :
12-14
Tan, O.S. (2003). Problem-Based Learning Innovation: Using Problems to Power
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BIOGRAPHY
The writer’s name is Widya Wulandari. She was born on December, 28th 1993 in Pematang Tatal, Perbaungan. She is 22 years old. She is Indonesian and a moslem. People around her usually call her Widya/Wulan. She is the first child of Mr. Muliono and Mrs. Rodiana. She has only one sibling; he is Subroto Ade.
Her formal education started from 1999-2005 in primary school; SDN 101949 Pematang Tatal. Then, from 2005-2008, she continued her education in SMPN 1 Perbaungan. After that, she finished her Vocational High School in SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin, from 2008- 2011. Then, in 2011- 2016, she graduated from English Education Department of State University of Medan. She joined one of the Moslem students Organization, namely KAMMI ( Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia) from 2011 until now.
Medan, April 2016 The writer
Widya Wulandari NIM : 2113121072
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E. The Significance of Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significant and relevant theoretically and practically
1. Theoretically
This study is expected to provide relevant English reading materials especially for hospitality students in SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin 2. Practically
The findings are contributed to:
a. the teacher who wants to provide relevant English reading materials for hospitality students
b. the writer as her motivation to improve her skill and knowledge in teaching English for hospitality students.
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A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the conclusions were drawn as the following. 1. The existing reading materials in the book used by the hospitality students of
SMK N 1 Pantai Cermin do not discuss about hospitality. The genre of the texts are procedure, but they are not relevant with their major. The new reading materials in this reaseach are directed to the students’ competence as a hospitality students, they are : the procedure of making bed, the procedure of handling check in guest, the procedure of handling D&D room and the procedure of taking order.
2. The new English reading materials are developed through PBL approach and Need Analysis which based on students’ need agree with the syllabus. The reading materials needed, are directed to the topics related to the Standard Operational procedure in hospitality field.
B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, the suggestions are presented as the following.
1. It is suggested that the institution should supervise the teachers in using the materials and make the rule for the teacher to teach the students’ based on their needs.
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2. It is suggested to the other researchers to conduct further studies on developing reading materials in other genres needed by the students.
3. It is suggested that the English teacher should be more selective in using textbook which is suitable with the students major and even the teacher should be able to design their own teaching materials to meet the students’ needs.
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REFERENCES
Alderson, J.C & Urquhart, A.H. (1984). Reading in a Foreign Language. Harlow. Longman
Author’s Guide. (2013). BSNP: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Ditjen Manajemen Dikdasmen Direktorat Pembinaan SMK
Barg& Gall. (1983). Research and Developmental in Education.Cambridge : CUP Barrows, H.S., & Tamblyn, R.M. (1980). Problem Based Learning: An approach
to Medical Education. New York: Springer
Berardo, S.A. ( 2006). The Use of Authentic Materials in The Teaching of Reading in The Reading Matrix, 6 (2) : 63-65
Boud, D., & Feletti, G.I. (Eds) (1997). The Challenge of Problem Based Learning, 2nd ed. London: Kogan Page
Bridges, E.M., & Hallinger, P. (1995). Implementing Problem Based Learning in Leadership Development. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearing-house on Educational Management, University of Oregon
Busfield, J. &Peijs, T. 2003. Learning Materials in a Problem Based Course.UK: The UK Centre for Medical Education
Chegeni, N & Chegeni, N (2013). Language Curriculum Development and Importance of Need Analysis. International Electric Journal for the Teachers of English, 3 (4) 5-6
Hallinger, P. & Bridges, E. (2007). A Problem Based Approach for Management Education. Netherlands : Springer
Halliwell, S. (1992) Teaching English in the Primary Classroom. Harlow: Longman.
Hutchinson, Tom and Waters, Alan. (1987). English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
John, D & Neil. (1992). Reading Comprehension, New Directions For Classroom Practice: Collins publishers
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63
Knapp, P. & Watkins, M. (2005). Genre, Text, Grammar.Sydney : University of New South Wales
Laily, R.D. (2013). Needs Analysis in Language Curriculum Development. In https://diyahlaily.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/needs-analysis-in-language-curriculum-development/. Accessed on June, 2nd.
Marand, E.S. (2011). Adoption, Adaptation, and Development of Language Instructional Units. European Journal of Social Sciences, 22 (4) : 550 Marand, E.S. (2011). Adoption, Adaptation, and Development of Language
Instructional Units. European Journal of Social Sciences, 22 (4) : 550 McGrath, I. (2002) Materials Evaluation and Design for Language Teaching.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Miekley, J. (2005). ESL Textbook Evaluation Checklist. The Reading Matrix, (2) Nation, I.S.P., & Macalister, J. (2010). Language Curriculum Design. New York:
Routledge.
Nuriskandar,Yuli. (2014). Example of Procedure Text. In http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/09/15-contoh-procedure-text-terlengkap-dan.html. Accessed on September 22 nd, 2015
Richard, J.C. (2001).Curriculum Development in Language Teaching.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
Rubdy, R. (2003) “Selection of materials.” In Tomlinson, B. (ed.) Developing Materials for Language Teaching. London: Continuum. pp. 37–57
Savery, R.J. ( 2006). Overview of Problem Based Learning : Definitions and Distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem Based Learning, 1 (1) : 12-14
Tan, O.S. (2003). Problem-Based Learning Innovation: Using Problems to Power Learning in the 21st Century. Singapore : Cengage Learning.
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1993 in Pematang Tatal, Perbaungan. She is 22 years old. She is Indonesian and a moslem. People around her usually call her Widya/Wulan. She is the first child of Mr. Muliono and Mrs. Rodiana. She has only one sibling; he is Subroto Ade.
Her formal education started from 1999-2005 in primary school; SDN 101949 Pematang Tatal. Then, from 2005-2008, she continued her education in SMPN 1 Perbaungan. After that, she finished her Vocational High School in SMK Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin, from 2008- 2011. Then, in 2011- 2016, she graduated from English Education Department of State University of Medan. She joined one of the Moslem students Organization, namely KAMMI ( Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia) from 2011 until now.
Medan, April 2016
The writer
Widya Wulandari NIM : 2113121072