DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING FOR ACCOUNTING STUDENTS OF POLMED.
A THESIS
DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEMBASED LEARNING FOR ACCOUNTING
STUDENTS OF POLMED
By:
SYAHRUDIN M
Registration Number: 809125019
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
A THESIS
DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEMBASED LEARNING FOR ACCOUNTING
STUDENTS OF POLMED
By:
SYAHRUDIN M
Registration Number: 809125019
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
A TTIESIS
DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEMACCOUNTING STUDENTS OF
- BASED LEARNING FORPOLMED
BY:
SYAHRUDIN M
Registration Number: 809 t250lq
English Applied Linguistics Study Prograni
Posfgreduefe School Sfate Universify o.f Meden
This thesis was cxamined on Thursday, December 4'or 2014 by the Board of
Examiners
Approved by
Adviser Commission
II
Adviser I
Adviser
NIP
NrP 19630s25 198803 2 016
19610425 198601 2 001
Acknowledged by:
The Head of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program
198601 1 001
198103 1 S02
L
This thesis was examined on Ilecember 4tur2014 by tle Board of Examiners
Board of Exrminers
l.
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing tLPd.
IIIP. 1961M2519E60r 2 001
Dr. Sri Minda Murni,IVLS.
NIP. 19630525 198803 2 016
Prof, Dn Busmin Gurning 1l[.Pd.
NrP.195Xr713 198601 I 00r
Prof, Amrin Saragih, Ilfi..&,, Ph.D,
NrP. 19550113 198203 I 002
Dn
I
IYy. Dirgeyasa, llfl.Hum
NrP. 1964{t422 199203 1 00r
ABSTRACT
Syahrudin M. Registration Number 809125019. Developing Speaking Materials Based on
Problem-based Learning for Accounting Students of Polmed. A Thesis. English Applied
Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.
ESP is a proper and necessary course taught for university students. ESP is supposedly
designed to meet students’ needs properly. The materials given should be relevant enough to
meets the learners’ needs. This research is aimed at finding out the objective condition of the
English learning materials for the fifth semester of accounting students of the State Polytechnic
of Medan/POLMED. The method used is Research and Development methodology which is
pioneered by Borg and Gall. A general questionnaire consists of 22 questions; a learningteaching prosess evaluation consists of 35 questions; the feasibility of developing learning
materials consistss of 26 questions; and a guide for interview answer sheets are various. All these
questionnaires are then given to some parties, such as active students, the alumni, the company,
and the lecturers in order to find the real students’ needs. After knowing the real needs of the
students, ESP I book is designed based on the needs analysis. The new learning materials is
reviewed and evaluated by some three experts in ESP and then the result of the review is
reviewed again. The newly-developed learning materials are tried out in class in order to find
out some weaknesses. Then it is revised again based on the input gained through the tryout of the
new learning materials.
Key words: needs analysis, ESP, development
i
ABSTRAK
Syahrudin M. Nomor Induk Mahasiswa 809125019. Developing Speaking Materials Based
on Problem-based Learning for Accounting Students of Polmed. A Thesis. English Applied
Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.
ESP merupakan suatu matakuliah yang diajarkan di tingkat universitas. ESP dirancang untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan ril mahasiswa. Matakuliah yang diajarkan seharusnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keadaan sebenarnya
matakuliah bahasa Inggris untuk semester kelima mahasiswa Program Studi Akuntansi yang
diajarkan di Politeknik Negeri Medan. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah metode Riset dan
Pengembangan yang dikembangkan oleh Borg dan Gall. Angket umum terdiri dari 22
pertanyaan; angket proses evaluasi belajar mengajar terdiri dari 35 pertanyaan; angket kelayakan
pengembangan materi pengajaran terdiri dari 26 pertanyaan serta pedoman lembar jawaban
wawancara. Semua angket diberikan kepada beberapa pihak, yaitu mahasiswa aktif, alumni,
perusahaan dan dosen untuk mengetahui apa yang sebenarnya dibutuhkan siswa. Setelah
mengetahui kebutuhan mahasiswa, buku ESPpun dirancang berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan.
Materi pengajaran yang baru dievaluasi dan direview oleh para pakar ESP dan kemudian
hasilnya direview kembali. Bahan ajar yang baru dikembangkan dicoba di kelas untuk mencari
tahu kelemahannya. Baru kemudian buku tersebut direview kembali berdasarkan perolehan yang
didapat melalui tahap uji coba bahan ajar yang baru dikembangkan.
Kata kunci: analisis kebutuhan, ESP, pengembangan
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Compassionate. We praise Him
and invoke His Choicest Blessings upon His Noblest Prophet, Muhammad Mustafa SAW peace and
blessing of Allah be on Him.
This thesis is mainly written as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Post
Graduate degree of Magister Humaniora from the State University of Medan.
The author wishes to express his gratitude and appreciation to his two advisors, Prof. Dr.
Lince Sihombing, M.Pd. and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. who have guided and supported him in
completing his study at English Applied Linguistics Study Program (LTBI). Without their welldesigned plan and meticulous review of the draft, this research would have been impossible.
The author is also grateful to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., as the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program as well as his examiner, and both Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.
Ph.D., and Dr. I Wy. Dirgeyasa, M.Hum. as the examiners. And he is also indebted to Dr. T.
Thyrhaya Zein, M.A. as the author’s mentor and friend, to all his colleagues and students for
their assistance and cooperation in performing this work.
The author’s deepest appreciation and love also go to his beloved wife, Siti Aisyah
Jambak, whose prayers are always accompanying him during the long traveling hours to the
university. He is also appreciative to his only daughter (Nisa Hamidah Kausar M), and his three
sons (Ihsan Ahmed Mustafa M, Abdul Ba’ariy Sy. M, and Fazl Baihaqi Ashar M) for their moral
iii
support. Of course, nothing would have been possible if it had not been for the love and support
from them all. Their patience and support have kept the author going this far and their love will
keep him going further. Insha Allah.
Medan, February 12th, 2015
The Writer,
Syahrudin M
Reg. No. 809125019
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK..........................................................................................................................
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................
v
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the Study ...............................................................
1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ...................................................................
5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study .................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of the Study .........................................................................
6
1.5 The Significance of the Study...............................................................
7
CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................
7
2.1 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) ....................................................
7
2.2 Branches of ESP ...................................................................................
11
2.3 Learning Materials ................................................................................
13
2.4 The Principle of Learning Materials Development ..............................
14
2.5 Factors Influencing ESP Teaching and Learning .................................
19
2.6 Speaking Skills .....................................................................................
21
2.7 Problem-Based Learning ......................................................................
25
2.8 Developing Speaking Materials Through Problem-Based Learning
26
2.9 Accounting English ..............................................................................
27
2.10 Needs Analysis ...................................................................................
32
2.11 Relevant Previous Studies ..................................................................
34
2.12 Conceptual Frameworks .....................................................................
36
v
CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................................................
38
3.1 The Research Design ............................................................................
38
3.2 The Research Setting ............................................................................
40
3.3 The Data Sources ..................................................................................
40
3.4 The Instruments of Data Collection ......................................................
41
3.5 The Techniques of Data Analysis .........................................................
43
3.6 The Steps of Research & Development.................................................
43
CHAPTER 4 : MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT .............................................................
45
4.1. Analysis ...............................................................................................
45
4.2. Needs Analysis ....................................................................................
46
4.3. The Indentification of ESP Needs Analysis.........................................
46
4.4. The Existing Material of ESP I............................................................
52
4.5. The Syllabus and Material Development ............................................
55
4.6. Discussion............................................................................................
56
4.7. Materials Development.........................................................................
68
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................................................
80
5.1. Conclusion ...........................................................................................
80
5.2. Suggestion............................................................................................
81
References
............................................................................................................
Appendices
............................................................................................................
v
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
The following are some conclusions of the research entitled: “Developing Speaking
Materials Based on Problem-Based Learning for Accounting Students of POLMED”.
1. ESP is one of English courses taught at the State Polytechnic of Medan (Polmed) at
Accounting Study Program for semester five and six. The existing learning materials
(ESP I) are mostly of General English (GE) because there are no specific terms relating
to accounting study program found. The topics covered are Writing Paragraphs, Writing
CV/Resume, Writing Letter of Reference, Letters of Application, Responding to Feedback,
Contracts (mostly deal with writing) and Understanding Instructions, Job Opening (Job
Advertisements), Working Rules, Meetings and Interviews (deal with writing and speaking).
2. Most students who study ESP are aged between 19 up to 22 years. The education system
applied at Polmed is a package system, not credit system. Since the learning materials are
not pure ESP, the learning materials need to be developed. In order to develop the
learning materials, needs analysis is done. The information is gained from some
questionnaires given to some parties, such as active students, the alumni, lecturers, and
the company (the stakeholders as the users of Polmed graduates).
3. The new learning materials are developed based on needs analysis which is gained from
the information obtained through questionnaires. The new learning materials are then
evaluated or assessed by some experts, and after that they are revised in order to meet the
real students’ needs.
80
81
5.2. Suggestion
In relation with the conclusion mentioned above, it is suggested that:
1. the existing materials be related to what the students needs, namely specific English
(ESP) for accounting students, not General English as it is now
2. the existing materials be developed based on the needs analysis found especially
those which are related to speaking materials
3. the speaking materials developed should be based on the problem-based learning in
order to meet students’ needs in the field work later and in addition it is advisable that
the next research, with a broader scale, be conducted with some experimental
teaching and by so doing, the more precise and more appropriate research may be
hopefully made in the future.
References
Basturkmen, Helen. 2010. Developing Courses in English for Specific Purposes. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Bertaux, Daniel. 1981. From the life-history approach to the transformation of sociological
practice. In Daniel Bertaux (Ed.), Biography and Society: The life history approach in the social
sciences (pp.29-45). London: Sage.
Borg, W.R. & Gall, M.D. 1983. Educational Research: An Introduction. (4th Ed.). New York:
Pearson Education.
Brown, J. D. 1995. The elements of language curriculum: A systematic approach to program
development. New York: Heinle & Heinle.
Buku Informasi Tahun 2012 Politeknik Negeri Medan,2012. Medan: Penerbit Politeknik
Negeri Medan
Carver, D. 1983. Some propositions about ESP. The ESP Journal, 2, 131-137.
Christensen, David and David Rees. 2013. Communication Skills Needed by Entry Level
Accountants, retrieved September 4, 2013.
Costinett, Sandra. 1977. The language of accounting in English. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Regents
Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M.J. 1998. Developments in English for specific purposes- a
multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dyson, John R. 2010. Accounting for non-accounting students. Eighth edition. Harlow:
Pearson.
Frendo, Evan & Sean Mahoney. 2007. English for Accounting. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Harding, Keith. 2007. English for Specific Purposes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hutchinson, Tom. & Waters, Allan. (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centered
approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hyland, Ken (ed). 2006. English for Academic Purposes. New York: Routledge.
Lorenzo, F. 2005. Teaching English for specific purposes [online]. Available from
http//www.usingenglish.com/teachers/articles/teaching-english-for-specific-purposes-esp.html
[2009,May 5]
Nawaz, Muhammad, 2010. Developing an ESP Course for Students of Applied Sciences in
Pakistan in Language in India www.languageinindia.com 98 10 : 8 August 2010.
Nunan, D. 1988. Principle for Designing Language Teaching Materials. Adelaide: National
Curriculum Research Center
Matondang, M.K.D. 2011. Developing ESP Materials for Students of Law Faculty.
Unpublished Master Thesis. State University of Medan: English Applied Linguistics Study
Program.
Munir, 2008, Kurikulum Berbasis Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, Bandung: CV
alfabeta.
Newmark, P. 1988. Textbook of Translation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International.
Rahman, Ms. Momtazur., Ming, Thang Siew, et.al. 2009. The Asian ESP Journal- Volume 5,
Issue 2, 34-59.
Richard, Jack.C. 2001. Curriculum Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Richard, Jack C. 2008. Teaching Listening and Speaking, from Theory to Practice. Cambridge
University Press: New York.
Robinson, P. 1991. ESP Today: A Practitioner’s Guide. Prentice Hall: New York
Rosmen. 2013. Developing English Reading Materials for Students of SDS Ikal Medan.
Unpublished Master Thesis. State University of Medan: English Applied Linguistics Study
Program.
Rozenberg, Grezegorz. 1997. Word, Language, Grammar. Berlin: Springer.
Ruiz-Garrido, Miguel, Juan C. Palmer-Silviera, Inmaculada Fortanet-Gomez. 2000. English for
Professional and Academic Purposes. New York: Rodopi.
Safrizal, 2013. Designing ESP Teaching Materials for Students of Accounting Department of
Al-Azhar University Medan. Unpublished Master Thesis. State University of Medan: English
Applied Linguistics Study Program.
Scott, Roger & Adams, Tony. 1977. Special English: Accounting.
Shen, Shu-Yu. 2009. Investigating the Perception Toward ESP: A Case Study of ESP Teachers
and Students at Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan.
Siregar, Hasnah. 2013. Designing English Reading Materials for Students of Accounting in
Vocational School Through Authenticity-Centered-Approach. Unpublished Master Thesis.
State University of Medan: English Applied Linguistics Study Program.
Stover, D. (1998). Problem-Based Learning: Redefining Self-Directed Instruction and Learning.
The Forum Sharing Information on Teaching and Learning, Vol. 7/1. Available
from:http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/labyforum/fall98/forum7.html.
Strevens, P. 1980. Teaching English as an international language: From practice to principle.
Oxford: Pergamon Press Inc.
Tomlinson, B. (ed). 2002. Developing materials for language teaching. London: Continuum
Tomlinson, B. (2010) Principles and procedures of materials development. In N. Harwood (ed.)
Materials in ELT: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wang, Ya-hue and Liaou Hung-Chang, The Application of Learning Portfolio Assessment for
Students in the Technological and Vocational Education System in EFL Journal, June 2008.
Whong, Melinda. 2011. Language Teaching: Linguistic Theory in Practice. Edinburg:
Edinburg University Press.
DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEMBASED LEARNING FOR ACCOUNTING
STUDENTS OF POLMED
By:
SYAHRUDIN M
Registration Number: 809125019
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
A THESIS
DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEMBASED LEARNING FOR ACCOUNTING
STUDENTS OF POLMED
By:
SYAHRUDIN M
Registration Number: 809125019
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
A TTIESIS
DEVELOPING SPEAKING MATERIALS BASED ON PROBLEMACCOUNTING STUDENTS OF
- BASED LEARNING FORPOLMED
BY:
SYAHRUDIN M
Registration Number: 809 t250lq
English Applied Linguistics Study Prograni
Posfgreduefe School Sfate Universify o.f Meden
This thesis was cxamined on Thursday, December 4'or 2014 by the Board of
Examiners
Approved by
Adviser Commission
II
Adviser I
Adviser
NIP
NrP 19630s25 198803 2 016
19610425 198601 2 001
Acknowledged by:
The Head of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program
198601 1 001
198103 1 S02
L
This thesis was examined on Ilecember 4tur2014 by tle Board of Examiners
Board of Exrminers
l.
Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing tLPd.
IIIP. 1961M2519E60r 2 001
Dr. Sri Minda Murni,IVLS.
NIP. 19630525 198803 2 016
Prof, Dn Busmin Gurning 1l[.Pd.
NrP.195Xr713 198601 I 00r
Prof, Amrin Saragih, Ilfi..&,, Ph.D,
NrP. 19550113 198203 I 002
Dn
I
IYy. Dirgeyasa, llfl.Hum
NrP. 1964{t422 199203 1 00r
ABSTRACT
Syahrudin M. Registration Number 809125019. Developing Speaking Materials Based on
Problem-based Learning for Accounting Students of Polmed. A Thesis. English Applied
Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.
ESP is a proper and necessary course taught for university students. ESP is supposedly
designed to meet students’ needs properly. The materials given should be relevant enough to
meets the learners’ needs. This research is aimed at finding out the objective condition of the
English learning materials for the fifth semester of accounting students of the State Polytechnic
of Medan/POLMED. The method used is Research and Development methodology which is
pioneered by Borg and Gall. A general questionnaire consists of 22 questions; a learningteaching prosess evaluation consists of 35 questions; the feasibility of developing learning
materials consistss of 26 questions; and a guide for interview answer sheets are various. All these
questionnaires are then given to some parties, such as active students, the alumni, the company,
and the lecturers in order to find the real students’ needs. After knowing the real needs of the
students, ESP I book is designed based on the needs analysis. The new learning materials is
reviewed and evaluated by some three experts in ESP and then the result of the review is
reviewed again. The newly-developed learning materials are tried out in class in order to find
out some weaknesses. Then it is revised again based on the input gained through the tryout of the
new learning materials.
Key words: needs analysis, ESP, development
i
ABSTRAK
Syahrudin M. Nomor Induk Mahasiswa 809125019. Developing Speaking Materials Based
on Problem-based Learning for Accounting Students of Polmed. A Thesis. English Applied
Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.
ESP merupakan suatu matakuliah yang diajarkan di tingkat universitas. ESP dirancang untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan ril mahasiswa. Matakuliah yang diajarkan seharusnya sesuai dengan
kebutuhan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keadaan sebenarnya
matakuliah bahasa Inggris untuk semester kelima mahasiswa Program Studi Akuntansi yang
diajarkan di Politeknik Negeri Medan. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah metode Riset dan
Pengembangan yang dikembangkan oleh Borg dan Gall. Angket umum terdiri dari 22
pertanyaan; angket proses evaluasi belajar mengajar terdiri dari 35 pertanyaan; angket kelayakan
pengembangan materi pengajaran terdiri dari 26 pertanyaan serta pedoman lembar jawaban
wawancara. Semua angket diberikan kepada beberapa pihak, yaitu mahasiswa aktif, alumni,
perusahaan dan dosen untuk mengetahui apa yang sebenarnya dibutuhkan siswa. Setelah
mengetahui kebutuhan mahasiswa, buku ESPpun dirancang berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan.
Materi pengajaran yang baru dievaluasi dan direview oleh para pakar ESP dan kemudian
hasilnya direview kembali. Bahan ajar yang baru dikembangkan dicoba di kelas untuk mencari
tahu kelemahannya. Baru kemudian buku tersebut direview kembali berdasarkan perolehan yang
didapat melalui tahap uji coba bahan ajar yang baru dikembangkan.
Kata kunci: analisis kebutuhan, ESP, pengembangan
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Compassionate. We praise Him
and invoke His Choicest Blessings upon His Noblest Prophet, Muhammad Mustafa SAW peace and
blessing of Allah be on Him.
This thesis is mainly written as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Post
Graduate degree of Magister Humaniora from the State University of Medan.
The author wishes to express his gratitude and appreciation to his two advisors, Prof. Dr.
Lince Sihombing, M.Pd. and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. who have guided and supported him in
completing his study at English Applied Linguistics Study Program (LTBI). Without their welldesigned plan and meticulous review of the draft, this research would have been impossible.
The author is also grateful to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., as the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program as well as his examiner, and both Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.
Ph.D., and Dr. I Wy. Dirgeyasa, M.Hum. as the examiners. And he is also indebted to Dr. T.
Thyrhaya Zein, M.A. as the author’s mentor and friend, to all his colleagues and students for
their assistance and cooperation in performing this work.
The author’s deepest appreciation and love also go to his beloved wife, Siti Aisyah
Jambak, whose prayers are always accompanying him during the long traveling hours to the
university. He is also appreciative to his only daughter (Nisa Hamidah Kausar M), and his three
sons (Ihsan Ahmed Mustafa M, Abdul Ba’ariy Sy. M, and Fazl Baihaqi Ashar M) for their moral
iii
support. Of course, nothing would have been possible if it had not been for the love and support
from them all. Their patience and support have kept the author going this far and their love will
keep him going further. Insha Allah.
Medan, February 12th, 2015
The Writer,
Syahrudin M
Reg. No. 809125019
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK..........................................................................................................................
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................
v
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the Study ...............................................................
1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ...................................................................
5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study .................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of the Study .........................................................................
6
1.5 The Significance of the Study...............................................................
7
CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................
7
2.1 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) ....................................................
7
2.2 Branches of ESP ...................................................................................
11
2.3 Learning Materials ................................................................................
13
2.4 The Principle of Learning Materials Development ..............................
14
2.5 Factors Influencing ESP Teaching and Learning .................................
19
2.6 Speaking Skills .....................................................................................
21
2.7 Problem-Based Learning ......................................................................
25
2.8 Developing Speaking Materials Through Problem-Based Learning
26
2.9 Accounting English ..............................................................................
27
2.10 Needs Analysis ...................................................................................
32
2.11 Relevant Previous Studies ..................................................................
34
2.12 Conceptual Frameworks .....................................................................
36
v
CHAPTER 3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................................................
38
3.1 The Research Design ............................................................................
38
3.2 The Research Setting ............................................................................
40
3.3 The Data Sources ..................................................................................
40
3.4 The Instruments of Data Collection ......................................................
41
3.5 The Techniques of Data Analysis .........................................................
43
3.6 The Steps of Research & Development.................................................
43
CHAPTER 4 : MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT .............................................................
45
4.1. Analysis ...............................................................................................
45
4.2. Needs Analysis ....................................................................................
46
4.3. The Indentification of ESP Needs Analysis.........................................
46
4.4. The Existing Material of ESP I............................................................
52
4.5. The Syllabus and Material Development ............................................
55
4.6. Discussion............................................................................................
56
4.7. Materials Development.........................................................................
68
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................................................
80
5.1. Conclusion ...........................................................................................
80
5.2. Suggestion............................................................................................
81
References
............................................................................................................
Appendices
............................................................................................................
v
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion
The following are some conclusions of the research entitled: “Developing Speaking
Materials Based on Problem-Based Learning for Accounting Students of POLMED”.
1. ESP is one of English courses taught at the State Polytechnic of Medan (Polmed) at
Accounting Study Program for semester five and six. The existing learning materials
(ESP I) are mostly of General English (GE) because there are no specific terms relating
to accounting study program found. The topics covered are Writing Paragraphs, Writing
CV/Resume, Writing Letter of Reference, Letters of Application, Responding to Feedback,
Contracts (mostly deal with writing) and Understanding Instructions, Job Opening (Job
Advertisements), Working Rules, Meetings and Interviews (deal with writing and speaking).
2. Most students who study ESP are aged between 19 up to 22 years. The education system
applied at Polmed is a package system, not credit system. Since the learning materials are
not pure ESP, the learning materials need to be developed. In order to develop the
learning materials, needs analysis is done. The information is gained from some
questionnaires given to some parties, such as active students, the alumni, lecturers, and
the company (the stakeholders as the users of Polmed graduates).
3. The new learning materials are developed based on needs analysis which is gained from
the information obtained through questionnaires. The new learning materials are then
evaluated or assessed by some experts, and after that they are revised in order to meet the
real students’ needs.
80
81
5.2. Suggestion
In relation with the conclusion mentioned above, it is suggested that:
1. the existing materials be related to what the students needs, namely specific English
(ESP) for accounting students, not General English as it is now
2. the existing materials be developed based on the needs analysis found especially
those which are related to speaking materials
3. the speaking materials developed should be based on the problem-based learning in
order to meet students’ needs in the field work later and in addition it is advisable that
the next research, with a broader scale, be conducted with some experimental
teaching and by so doing, the more precise and more appropriate research may be
hopefully made in the future.
References
Basturkmen, Helen. 2010. Developing Courses in English for Specific Purposes. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Bertaux, Daniel. 1981. From the life-history approach to the transformation of sociological
practice. In Daniel Bertaux (Ed.), Biography and Society: The life history approach in the social
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