THE VAGUENESS IN PRESIDENT GEORGE WALTER BUSH JR’S POLITICAL SPEECHES.

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V

AGUENESS IN PRESIDENT GEORGE WALTER BUSH JR’S

POLITICAL SPEECHES

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study program in Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master Humaniora

By :

WINARIA PEGGY LOVIANNA SIMANJUNTAK Registration Number : 8126112042

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POST GRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Winaria Peggy Lovianna. The Vagueness in President George Walter Bush Jr’s Political Speeches. Thesis English Applied Linguistics, Post Graduate Program. State University of Medan. 2015

This thesis deals with the vague utterances in President George Walter Bush Jr’s Political Speeches. This Study focused on discovering the categories Vague utterances in President George Walter Bush Jr’s Political Speeches. This study was done by examining the vague utterances in President George Walter Bush Jr’s Political Speeches. And the source of the data was the script of President George Walter Bush Jr’s Political Speeches. The objectives of the study are -discovering the of vague statements in President George Walter Bush Jr’s Political Speeches and categorizing the vague utterances , identifying how President George Walter Bush Jr delivered vague statements in his political speeches, - identifying the reasons why President George Walter Bush Jr delivered vague statements in his political speeches.. This study applied the documentary technique in collecting the data. The technique of data analysis used in this study was descriptive technique and the data were described through the process of transcribing. The finding indicated that from the total of seven categories of political speeches delivered by President George Walter Bush Jr, there were found 71 vague utterances in the speeches. The categories of the vague utterances were: vague noun utterances, vague verb utterances, vague approximator uterances,vague quantifier utterances, and hedges of uncertainty vague utterances.

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ABSTRAK

Simanjuntak, Winaria Peggy Lovianna. Nim: 8126112042. Kekabura arti (vague) dalam pidato politik Presiden George Walter Bush Jr. Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Program Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015

Tesis ini berhubungan dengan pengaburan arti kata dalam pidato politik Presiden George Walter Bush Jr. Tesis ini difokuskan pada penggunaan pengaburan arti kata dalam pidato pidato politik Presiden George Walter Bush Jr. Thesis ini dilakukan untuk menemukan pola dan kategori pengaburan arti dalam pidato politik Presiden George Walter Bush Jr. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan cara meneliti transkrip pidato politik Presiden George Walter Bush Jr. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) menemukan kalimat yang memiliki pengaburan dan mengklasifikasikannya (2) Mengidentifikasi bagaimana kalimat yang memiliki pengaburan tersebut disampaikan oleh Presiden George Walter Bush Jr (3) Mengidentifikasi penyebab pengaburan makna dalam pidato politik Presiden George Walter Bush Jr. Dalam mengumpulkan data, penelitian ini menerapkan penerapan aplikasi dokumentasi. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini deskriptif dan data digambarkan melalui proses menyalin. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa dari total 7 kategori pidato politik. there were found 71 vague utterances in the speeches. Kategori pengaburan arti yang ditemukan adalah : pengaburan kata benda, pengaburan kata kerja, pengaburan kata petunjuk estimasi, pengaburan kata petunjuk jumlah

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the researcher would like to express her gratitude to God the Almighty who blesses her to complete this thesis to fulfill one of the requirements in obtaining the degree of Magister Humaniora of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program Graduate School at State University of Medan.

The writer would like to extend her gratitude to her honorable advisers, Dr. Sri Minda Murni M.S, and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum., for their valuable guidance, encouragement, patience and kindness and precious time to broaden her knowledge on this research.

She owns her deepest gratitude to all her examiners, Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd and Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd who had given their excellent corrections and suggestion in order to make this research become better.

Her gratitude also delivered to the Head of English applied Linguistics Study Program and as her review Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, for his support, advice and help during her study and in completing this study. Special thanks to all the lecturers of English Applied Linguistices Study Program for sharing their valuable knowledge, experiences and lessons during her academic years.

the writer would like to express her deep gratitude to her parents, Drs. P. Simanjuntak and Relly Doloksaribu for their unlimited prayers, support and faithfulness. For her sisters and brother in law, Ivanne Simanjuntak,SS, M.Pd

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and Dimpos Tampubolon, ST and Beta.R.Naomi Simanjuntak,S.Pd for their caring and encouragement. The researcher would like to give her special gratitude to Pico Ramos Sibuea,SS for his suggestion,precious time,caring and encouragement during the completion of this research.

She would like to acknowledge those who support and encourage her during this research, to the LTBI-B1 2012 classmates, especially, Deddy Aritonang, Sarni Erniwaty Purba, Irma Khoirot, Bambang, Syafrina,Elbi Agus Sembiring who keep supporting her. Her bestfriends who always stand by her, Nessy Butarbutar, Taufik Hidayat Lubis, Karina Sinuhaji, Reslina Sinaga and Rina Maya Sormin. And the last,Her sincere gratitude is given to Batari School Medan,especially to Agatha parapat, Komala Sari, Widya Huang and Lisna Wi, for their valuable time and support through these years.

The writer admits that the content of this research is still far from perfection. She warmly welcomes any construction comments and ideas that will improve the quality of the research. The writer wishes that this research will be useful and will be a good reference to start a further and deeper research in the future

Medan, March 6th 2015 The writer

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Pages

TABLE OF CONTENT i

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of The Study 1

1.2 Problems of the Study 9

1.3 The Objective of the Study 9

1.4 The Scope of the Study 9

1.5 The Significances of the Study 10

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 11 2. Literature Review ...11

2.1 Language and social context 11

2.2 Vagueness 12

2.2.1 The categories of Vague Language 17 2.2.2 The Function of Vague Language 19

2.3 Language in Political Discourse 21

2.4 Interpreter’s Strategies Dealing with Vagueness ... . ...26

Chapter III

METHOD OF THE RESEARCH 31

3.1 Research Design ... 31

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3.3 Technique of Collecting Data 33

3.4 The Instrument of Collecting the Data 33

3.3 Trustworthiness of the study 34

3.6 Technique of Data Analysis 36

CHAPTER IV Data Analysis, Findings and Discussion ... 39

4.1 The data 39

4.2 Data analysis 39

4.2.1 Vague Statements Delivered by President George Walter Bush Jr in His Political Speeches 39

4.1.1.1 Noun Vague Expressions 40

4.1.1.2 Verb Vague Expressions 42

4.1.1.3 Quantifiers Vague Expressions 43

4.1.1.4 Hedges of Uncertainty Vague Expressions .... 44

4.1.1.5 Approximators Vague expressions 45

4.2.2 The Ways Vague expressions uttered by President George Walter Bush Junior 46

4.1.2.1 Expressing the Political Intention 47

4.1.2.2 Gaining Supports 48

4.1.2.3 Showing Power 49

4.1.2.4 Reassurance 49

4.3.3 The cause of Vagueness in President George Walter Bush Jr 49

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iii

4.1.3.1 The politics issue is emotional 49 4.1.3.2 Politics is designed to motivate action and

commitment 50

4.1.3.3 Politicians seek to build winning coalitions

of people with different views 50

4.1.3.3 A Mass democratization 50

4.3 Findings 52

4.4 Discussion 53

Chapter V

CHAPTER V 58

5.1 Conclusion 58

5.2 Suggestion 59

References 61

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List of Tables

Pages Table.1 Vague utterances shows the political issue is emotional 50 Table. 2 Vague utterances to motivate actions and commitment 52 Table.3 Vague utterances to build winning coalitions of people

with different views 53

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study

Vagueness is a natural language phenomena. Vague language becomes a central feature of daily language in use, both spoken and written. Vagueness relates to language meaning relates to language use at the pragmatic level of social communication. According to Joan Cutting ( 2007) Implicitness can be expressed with VL and other language features; VL can express implicit meaning but it can be taken at its face value. It means that the use of vagueness in language is common, and it clearly relates with the meaning which is dependent on the context, based on unspoken assumptions and unstated meaning.

Many proofs have been found by some researchers about the use of vagueness in language. In 1990, researchers came to see Vague Language as a central aspect of the communicative competence of the native speaker of English. Channing (1994) affirms that an expression or word is vague if :

(a)It can be contrasted with another word or expression which appears to render the same proposition.

(b) It is purposely and unabashedly vague.

Joan Cutting (2007) found the phenomena of vagueness in different genre : Poetry and Public Relation, Offices in UK and North American, British Courtrooms, Math Classroom and healthcare context. One of the articles wrote about how language used in Maths classrooms where language is supposed to be

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formal and clear in meaning. However, in the classroom activity, vague

language can still be found. Vague Language in Mathematics Classrooms’,

reminds us that mathematics is typically characterized as a precise and exact discipline, and that for students there are intrinsic and extrinsic penalties

associated with ‘wrong’ or even hesitant responses to questioning. The analyses of

the transcripts of talk in mathematics classrooms from primary school to university undergraduate, focusing on ‘hedges’ such as ‘about’, ‘maybe’ and ‘I

think’, and teachers’ linguistic strategies associated with ‘politeness’ (Brown and

Levinson 1987) such as use of indirect speech acts, cited in Vague Language Explored ( Cutting : 2007).

Cutting summarized and categorized her findings on vagueness in some areas like Poetry and Public Relation, Offices in UK and North American, British Courtrooms, Math Classroom and healthcare contexts to be :

a. Vague nouns, examples : things, stuff, thing

b. Vague categories, examples : and things like that, that stuff, that things.

c. Vague approximators, examples : about…, sevenish in the morning, more than a half hour.

d. Vague hedges of uncertainty, examples : I think…, I guess …. e. Vague quantifiers, examples : such as “many”, “some”, ‘all”.

Vagueness appears in a field where language is used as the tool of communication. The phenomena of Vagueness appears in politics as well. Not only as the tool of communication, Vagueness is also used to show the language power. Politics is a struggle for power in order to put certain political, economic

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and social ideas into practice. In this process, language plays a crucial role, for every political action is prepared, accompanied, influenced and played by language.

According to Wilson (2001), “linguistic options for representing the world are clearly, then, central issues in political discourse; utterances within the

context of political output are rarely isolated grammatical cases”.

In line with Wilson, Edelman (2001) also notes that the functions of political discourse is to present proposals concerning actions and policies that ought, should, or must be pursued as well as what future realities must be prevented and what future realities are desirable.

Political discourse usually offers some information, deals, reconciliation, decision and regulations which covered in a form of language from an influential person in a community. The social status of language users, thus providing simple labels which evoke social stereotypes that go far beyond language itself. For instance, listening to a given variety, acts as a trigger or a stimulus that evokes attitudes or prejudices or stereo types about the community to which the speaker is thought to belong. The form of language used in political discourse is acknowledged as a political message by the hearer.

Most politicians speak vaguely (indirectly),as stated by Zheng ( 2000:2) it is well enough to say that political language is the tricky and the twisted tongue used of language. A politicial hides himself behind these skills to attract other

rival politician’s face in order to improve his. Moreover, in political language vagueness occurs most often in the area of (party) political external

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communication in which politicians communicate directly with the general public in order to convince them of their programs or ideas (cf. Strauss, 1986).

The idea of language used in Political is specific. The political language however never seems clear and direct. In this sense discourse is not an expression of the "real views" of those who use it; rather, it is an expression of what is regarded as needed, prudent, useful, or appropriate to cope with the actions and language of others. It therefore changes with the situation (Edelman : 2001).

Vagueness as an epistemic phenomenon – speakers have only inexact knowledge of the language they speak (Bussmann 1998, etc.). As stated by Brown and Levinson (1987), being vague is a kind of meta-strategy which state for conducting off-record Face Threatening Acts. Moreover, Edelman (2001) states that Because associations and meanings vary with situations, it is a common practice in political maneuvering to place people mentally in those situations that will evoke the reactions that benefit a politician or political party: to make audiences think about other countries as threats.

It means, language in political discourse tends to be vague specifically to be used as a weapon to win the audiences and to defeat or threat their enemy. Therefore, this language is the conscious use of language in a devious way to

control the others’ Pragmatically speaking, linguistic manipulation is based on the

use of indirect speech acts, which are focused on prelocutionary effects of what is said. Therefore being vague and providing as many people as possible with interpretative clues for one's communicative acts which fit into their world view as well as in one's own political program is a highly complex and demanding task for a politician which he can only solve by using form and content of his

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communicative acts in relation to a diffuse speech-situation. if an instance of textual vagueness occurs in political communication various groups of the audience should come to different interpretations of a text with recourse to different aspects of it. It is assumed that the performance of vague expressions in political language can be different than the other language discourse, as language is an important tool in politics.

It used to be the case, when thinking about politics and political discourse, that political speeches were considered to be the most salient genre (Chilton, 2004). Many speeches have become famous throughout the centuries,

for example ‘I Have a Dream’, delivered on 28 August 1963, at the Lincoln

Memorial, Washington, DC by Dr Martin Luther King, Jr1 or ‘Blood, Sweat and

Tears’, one of the most famous calls-to-arms in history, delivered on 13 May 1940 by Sir Winston Churchill. The other one which is very famous is the speech delivered by George Walter Bush Jr after the attack from Afghanistan in

September 2001,which is titled “ A great nation has been moved to defend a great nation”. Then Bush started his steps as the President who strongly fought against

the terrorist in Iraq. ( Eidenmuller : 2008)

In his presidential period, George W Bush Jr has been the phenomena for the whole world because of his brave strategies to attack the Terrorist. In his speecehes, American people especially and the whole people around the world had been confused by his unclear statements and decisions. Adapting how language is performed commonly in political discourse, Bush has been identified to use vagueness in his speeches. Many source of media, strongly criticize him

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and finally exposed all the circumtances around him to bring him out of the Presidential duties.

The role as the father of America – who protects the country- Bush was disappointing his men (Americans) with his statements. Not only the American

people, Bush was succesfully got the predicate of “Vague and Illusory” from the

Islamic Hamas Movement because of his statement : “ It was time for a new

Palestinian statehood ”. The speaker of the movement told that Bush gave a vague promises by saying “time” since he did not mention the exact timetable and the

Capital of the New statehood in his statement at the time he mentioned it. This statement is pragmatically vague if we refer to the context and the intention of Bush to deliver the speech about new statehood for Palestinian is to promote and persuade them politically. Bush kept his words unidentified clearly by the hearer, for those who did not understand language politically,this speech will work.

However, semantically, the mention about “time” is also vague. Time refers to

hour,day,month,year,decade,etc which is classified as vague noun. Time – as mentioned by Bush - doesn’t refer to any of those definition above. (www.news.xinhuanet.com : accessed on 4 April 2014).

The other example of vagueness, in his speech “Freedom in Iraq and Middle East: Address at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for

Democracy” in Washington, D.C.November 6, 2003, Bush expressed an uncertainty in his speech by stated that “Representative governments in the

Middle East will reflect their own cultures. They will not, and should not, look like us. Democratic nations may be constitutional monarchies, federal republics,

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asserted about Democratic. The use of “ may be “ here is to protect or to shield the

idea about Democratic system in America or the other thought, Bush was not sure about American Democratic system at the time (pragmatically vague). However, the expression maybe shows uncertainty,doubtful. May be is signed to offer a choice (semantically) . The phenomena of vague language in this speech commonly performs and relates to government matters as opposed to the affairs of an individual or organization. They give insight into the political views of the speaker and may either sway listeners in their favor or not.

Moreover, A linguistic analysis of political discourse in general, and of political speeches in particular, can be most successful when it relates the details of linguistic behaviour to political behaviour. According to Beard : 2000, a political speech is not necessary a success because of correctness of truth, rather it may be a matter of presenting valid arguments. A political speech can change the mass mind. The language that used in a speech is usually filled with emotion, which can stimulate people or even rise some actions from public.

Bush, as the president of America in his term had performed his power positively to influence others. He wanted to show his political capital to perform a positive face by saying “Those who would lead a new Palestine should adopt peaceful means to achieve the rights of their people and create the reformed

institutions of a stable democracy” in his political speech in Whitehall Palace,

London,England,November 19, 2003. He was actually attacking the current palestinian rulers at that time, whose regime was claimed as the part of terrorist

network. Bush, vaguely refered “those” to the people (countries) which are

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then whoever the “those” refered to, will not be directly attacked by him. He did

not clearly tell a name or a country,as his purpose was to show public that he supports and fights for Palestine freedom. This fact is supported by the theory that vague language softens expressions so that they do not appear too direct or unduly

authoritative or assertive”(cited in Cutting, 2007). However, semantically, the word “those” is also vague. Who are “those” refer to in the speech, are they

human (leaders of countries) or countries(govermental system) -this is performed unclearly.

The pronoun ‘those’, it can be differentiate with the noun vague

classification. As those refer to some people (human) or the subject here, it will be appropriate to say that ‘those’ is classified as vague reference- since the hearers

did not know who the ‘those’ in the speech was. The different which has brought

by President Bush in his speech, delivered a message of the development of vagueness in language. He performed the form of vagueness differently from the classifications that Joan Cutting found in 2007.

President George W. Bush Jr is one of many famous politician in the world. With his language style in political speeches, he proved that he deserved to be honored by his people and frightened by his enemy. Many of American people and people around the world praised his political actions including the speeches which showed a bravery. However, many critics brought him down. George W.

Bush Jr’s language used in political speeches become an interesting subject to be analyze since he raised many critics or complimentary about those.

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2. T h e P r o b l e m s o f T h e S t u d y

Based on the background above, the problems are formulated as the following :

1. What Vague statements are delivered by President George Walter Bush Jr in his Political speeches?

2. How the vague statements are delivered by President George Walter Bush Jr in his political speeches?

3. Why vague statements are delivered by President George Walter Bush Jr in his political speeches

3. The Objective of the Study

In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are :

1. To identify the vague statements which delivered by President George Walter Bush Jr in his Political Speeches.

2. To identify how President George Walter Bush Jr delivered vague statements in his Political Speeches.

3. To identify why President George Walter Bush Jr delivered vague statements in his Political Speeches.

4. The Scope of The Study

This thesis will discuss about the use of vagueness in President George Walter Bush. The focus of the thesis will be on the political speeches that the President George Walter Bush delivered in his presidential period when he was claimed as the controvecial President in 2001 - 2008. these years of period is

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administered because those were the year when Bush received strong critics and rejection from the public.

5. The Significances of The study

The valuable input can enrich the study on the development of language analysis especially in discourse analysis. It is hoped that the findings will contribute valuable ideas to the theoritical and practical aspects.

1) Practically the findings can be made as a guideline for public speakers or politicians in the process of delivering speech in a public. It is very useful to be careful with the language choice during speech is given,avoid the unclear meaning which can be spreaded as negative rumours in public.

2) Theoritically the findings will be useful to add more horizon in Pragmatics and sociolinguistics studies. These findings will be an idea for other reasearchers to investigate the language used in social context and its function in the society.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5 .1 Conclusion

From the data and findings presented in the previous chapter, it concluded that : 1. President George Walter Bush Jr. uttered vague expressions in his political speeches.

The vague categories which found were : Noun vague expressions, verb vague expresssions, approximator vague expressions, quatifier vague expressions and hedges of uncertainty vague expressions.

2. President George Walter Bush Jr uttered a different characteristic of vague noun category in his speech. it can be found in the use of ‘ a message’ and ‘ our discoveries’

3. President George Walter Bush Jr uttered a new Category, vague verb category. There are several examples of the utterances of the verb category in the speech : 'act' 'protect', heed and 'dealt with'.

4. There were several reasons why President George Walter Bush uttered vague expressions in his political speeches. The reasons are :

a. The politics issue is emotional

By uttering vague expressions, Bush tried to have a good strategies to maintain his position as the President of America. To keep his people trust in him amd to gain more support from the other countries.

b. Politics is designed to motivate action and commitmentBush uttered the vague expressions to motivate actions and commitments from their people to support him.

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c. Politicians seek to build winning coalitions of people with different views. By many ways of vague utterances, Bush tried to defend his position as the President of America . This aim could be his important part in politic, so then he could be successful in his political action.

As stated by Beard ( 2000 ) from a linguistic point of view political campaign are of interest because they show language being used for such a clear and central purpose.

d. A Mass democratization.

Bush tried to be clueless by uttering the approximator vague expressions, where the enemy would be left questioning about it. Bush also displayed a positive attitude in his speeches to save hi face in order to win the mass and public opinion.

5.2 Suggestion

In relation to the conslusions above, suggestions are offered as the followings : 1. The use of vagueness is a natural phenomena of language which enriches the knowledge of language used in contexts. in the politic context, language used seemed to be vary and unpredictable. politicians need to be someone who can perform language positively. not only using vagueness to express his intention, but to improve the stability of the politic issue.

3. Politicians need to be aware of the development of laguage in the field of pilitics. The awareness can avoid misissue and misunderstanding among politicians and also among the hearers.

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2. From the side of the hearers, it is important to realize that political issue is always influential. politic discourse usually offers some information, deals, reconciliation, decisions and regulations which is covered in a form of language from an influential person in the community. the hearers should not be provocated negatively about the issue, as they have to be detail to seek the fact about it. 3. Linguists as the language observers and learners have to enrich their knowledge about language used in contexts to be able to update these vagueness phenomena. As language develops, different contexts will have different phenomena. As in politics, linguists have to be updated, as it may be used in another context.

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