Concept of Speaking LITERATURE REVIEW

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of Speaking

Speaking is very important abillity in doing daily activities. Because people can react to other person and situation and express our ideas, thought, and feeling through spoken language. Haris 1974: 9 says that speaking is encoding process whereby, we communicate our ideas, thought, and feeling through, one or other forms of language. So we can produce spoken massage to someone. Spoken massage is our ideas, thought, and feeling that we want to share, influence, or interact to other people. So, here, speaking situation involves a speaker who put a massage with words or sentence that has content and a listener. According to Byrne 1984 speaking is oral communication. It is a two ways process between speaker and listener and involve productive and reactive skill of understanding, while Welty 1976 states that speaking is the main skill in communication. Based on this idea it is understood that through speaking some one can communicate or express what she or he wants in order to understand one another. Burns and Joyce 1997, speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information. Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which occurs, including the participants themselves and the purposes for speaking. But speaking requires not only understand when, why, and in what ways to produces the language sociolinguistics competence but also that they know how to produce specific points of language such as grammar, pronounciation, or vocabulary linguistics competence. Lado 1976: 240 defines speaking as an ability to converse or to express a sequence of ideas fluently. It means that in the process of speaking there must be at least two people, one is the speaker and one other as the listener. In communication or speaking process, the speakers must be able to share the ideas clearly, so that the listener can receive what the speaker communicates, he or she must comprehend in coming massage and the organize appropriate response for production. Rivers 1978: 162 says through speaking someone can express her or his ideas, emotions and reactions to other person or situation and influence other person. Furthermore, someone can communicate or express what he or she wants from other and response to other speaker. It means that in order to express someone’s ideas, the speaker must also attend the aspect of speaking, in order that the massage is understandable to the listener. According to Doff 1987: 2 in all communication or conversation, two people are exchanging information or they have a communication or conversation need. It means that the reason for the people to communicate with other is in order to tell people tings, which they do not know, or to find things out from other people. Tarigan 1982: 18 refers to speaking as the ability to produce articulation, sounds or words to express, to say, to show and to think about ideas, taught and feeling. Celcea Murica 1978: 91 says speaking is the primary element of language and it can be developed from the beginning when someone was born, from the first contact with the language. Brown 2001: 271 says that speaking ability class is the ability to perform the language in task. Speaking in this present research is defined as the ability to express our ideas, feelings, opinions, and wishes in carrying out speaking task in the classroom. Haris 1974: 75 says that speaking has some aspects as described below. 1. Pronounciation refers to be the person’s way of pronunciation words. One who larns English as foreign language must be able to use English pronunciation as well as other skills Oster, 1985: 431. 2. Grammar is the study of rule is the study of language infletion. It is a system of units and patterns of language Lado, 1969: 221 3. Vocabulary refers to the words used in language. Phases, clauses, and sentence are built up by vocabulary. In short, vocabulary is very important because without words we cannot speak at all Wilkins, 1983: 111 4. Fluency refers to the one who express quickly and easily Ostler, 1985: 210. It means that when a person making a dialogue with another person, the other person can give respond well without difficulty. 5. Comprehension denotes the ability of understanding the speaker’ intention and general meaning Heaton, 1991: 35. It means that if person can answer or express well and correctly, it shows that he comprehends or understands well. 6. Accurancy is related to the closeness of a measurement, within certain limits, with the true value of the quantity under measurement. For instance, the accurancy of dose determinations by LTD is given by the difference between the measured valu British Calibration Society, BCS Draft Document 3004.

2.2 Types of Speaking