Human Beings And Water

REFERENCES

Addison, H. 1985. Land, Water, and Food. London: Champman& Hall. Frank, Bernard. 1980. Water, Land, and People. New York: Knoft. Lane, F.C. 1982. The World’s Grate Lakes. New York: Doubleday.

Moleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologiPenelitianKualitatif. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya. Surachmad, Winarno. 1982. PengantarPenelitianIlmiah. Bandung: Tarsito.

Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. MetodologiPenelitian. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada. Suryabrata. 1984. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: angkasa.

3. THE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Human Beings

A society is a group of human beings who have the same needs. The members of the society cannot live their lives without having the group. Individuals needs to add himself the group for the purposes of livings. One individual cannot live his lif by himself. The members of the group must have the mutual assistance. The first thing that required by the individual to have the group is a language. It cannot be denied that without the present of a language to the members of the group will be impossible to have the society. It will be the same thing to the function of the water to the individual of the human beings. Without the present of water to the human beings they cannot escaped from death.

The fact that the surface of the earth is chiefly water is something which we, as dwellers on the land, are apt to ignore or completely forget. As noted earlier, the Pacific Ocean alone covers nearly one-third of the globe. The combined areas of all water bodies, including oceans, seas, and lakes, add up to nearly two and one half times that of all the land of the earth. In other words, about seventy one per cent of the earth’s surface is water. In addition to the large expanses just mentioned, there are small ponds, waters which run as streams on the top of the land, and other waters which lie or move within the upper portion of the earth’s crust. There is water in vapor form and in condensed form in the atmosphere. Thus, water is an important and practically all-pervasive element in human beings’ habitat.

Water is fundamentally important for drinking purposes. Town and city dwellers, accustomed to obtaining drinking water by the mere turning of a faucet handle, are generally unaware of the amount they use and cannot fully appreciate this type of water use. However, countless millions of persons who live in the world’s rural areas and have to spend much time

in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting it from a well, know its significance frilly. Most aware are those who live in steppes and deserts, where drinking water is most precious because it is most scarce. Other home, or domestic, uses of water are many: for cooking, washing, bathing, and for lawn and garden. On the farm, the daily consumption of water, per capita, ranges from in to o gallons. This does not include many more gallons used by farm animals. A milk cow, for example, consumes about 50 litres each day. In the city, the quantity of water used is far greater. One can appreciate the problem of ordinary domestic water supply in a city of several million persons, particularly in those cities which have outgrown their local supplies and must send many miles away for the bulk of their water.

In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of islands or it can be said about 40 per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. Currently, this amounts to about 100 billion gallons per day. Figure out how many gallons this means each year.

Indonesia has two great aqueducts which reach out across hills, deserts, and mountains for about 300 miles. So dependent is Indonesia is that major abandonment would quickly follow if the water supply were stopped. Other large urban centers, even those in more humid regions, are only slightly less dependent.

In town or city wherever manufacturing and processing are going on, there is demand for water far in excess of domestic requirements. Water is needed to wash materials, to add to materials and goods, to flush sewage, to make steam in boilers, to cool or air-condition equipment and buildings, and to serve many other purposes. Jakarta alone is said to use from one billion to two billion gallons of water each day, the larger portion being used outside of the home. Just to supply. Jakarta with water is a gigantic business in itself.

Particularly in the dry regions, man needs water for other than drinking and household uses. He needs water for stock and still more where his economy depends on the

production of irrigated crops. Irrigation water may come from shallow or deep wells, from springs, from rivers, or it may be imported over long distances by means of ditches and pipes. The amount of water available largely determines the size and importance of any region’s development.

The following short discussion suggests some of the aspects of change wrought in the economy of a small segment of the landscape of the introduction of adequate water supply to an area of meager precipitation and scant and intermittent surface water.

Until fairly recent years, most of the North Sulawesi appeared to all who saw it as merely another dry-land waste with little apparent economic use, even as seasonal grazing land.

It was not until nearly two decades after became a state, and other neighboring areas had been largely settled, that individuals first came into the any idea of taking up lands and establishing permanent settlements. By then, a meager water supply had been found in a few shallow, dug wells. With such small promise of water for man and animals, the initial settlers moved into the valley in 1867 and established the first small and feeble beginnings of the thriving economy of the valley today. Today more wells producing water for domestic and animal uses, the economic fortunes of the valleys had improved considerably. But during the dry seasons the valley experienced a nearly total drought and all dry-farmed crops failed completely. Considered in retrospect, this catastrophe was a blessing in disguise, for out of it came .the introduction of irrigation. Irrigation was first practiced in very simple form, using water from dug wells, but slowly increasing demands for irrigation water eventually brought about the necessary developments of deep, drilled wells and large power pumps.

Many kinds of irrigated crops, from grains to tree fruits, were experimented with through the early years of the present century. But commercial vegetable production, first introduced in the mid-twenties, expanded phenomenally until by 1930 it outranked all other

crops combined. By this time, it utilized most of the valley’s irrigated acreage and accounted for most of the commercial income. The expansive trend of commercial vegetable agriculture has continued unabated to the present time, keeping pace with the increasing availability of water supply, as more and more deep, drilled wells have tapped the invisible underground water.

Thus, with successive increases in water supply during the past few decades, the economic fortunes of the valleys have been reassessed many times. Each stage has been more elaborate than its predecessor, and each stage has also been far more economically productive and financially profitable than the stage before. Land-use adjustments have been implemented almost continuously, until they have become practically a way of life and an economic creed. They have brought this once nearly barren land to an extremely high state of productivity, a productivity based upon an ever-expanding irrigation system and a commercial specialty foodstuff production with large surpluses for export to national markets.

It should he pointed out, too, that the use of water for irrigation is not restricted to regions deficient in precipitation. Near large cities in humid lands great amounts are used to encourage a rapid and certain growth of truck crops for urban markets. In the extensive and humid rice-lands of the Orient, the wet-land or paddy rice requires untold billions of gallons of slowly circulating irrigation water throughout the season of growth, even in those parts of the rainy tropics which receive very heavy precipitation.

Since primitive man first made a raft or hollowed out a log canoe, water has served as a highway, a highway built and maintained by nature and so buoyant that carriers using it can support and move burdens far greater than can be supported in land or air vehicles. To this day, despite auto trucks, freight trains, and cargo planes, many of the world’s water

toads, whether the Rhine river or the North Atlantic, continue to be vital links in transportation.

Modern men are becoming increasingly aware of the resources contained in the many waters of the world. From the seas and oceans come foods in the form of fish, plants, and other marine life. Many persons believe that the world will become more and more dependent on food from the oceans as population increases and as much of the land is worn out by continued crop production. Seaweed, in addition to furnishing food, provides potash and iodine as well as stuffing for cushions and mattresses. Salt water furnishes salt and, recently, has furnished large quantities of magnesium. It is even a possible large-scale source of an additional fresh water supply, since saltwater conversion processes have been perfected. The sea contributes other materials also, from furs and hides to pearls and sponges. Similarly, many fresh waters also provide fish, shells, and furs.

Whether seashore, tree-lined brook or river, small pond, or large lake, water is useful to swim in, to go boating and fishing on, or just to look at. Many a small lake has proved to be a “gold mine” when developed for resort purposes, and many a piece of land has sold for a sum far above ordinary market price merely because it contained a bubbling spring or a small stream. Even the little lily ponds or artificial lagoons in a city park reflect the artistic and the recreational value of water.

3.2 Oceans and Seas

As previously noted, most of the earth is covered by interconnected bodies of water. Not only do these bodies vary great1 in size and depth, but also in the many patterns which they produce as they trace their edges against the land. To draw the outlines of the major water bodies is to delineate automatically the outlines of the land masses.

Names and Terms. In order of decreasing size, the oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indonesian, Oceans is sometimes referred to as a sea.The term sea is indefinite. It is applied, in general, to bodies of water which are conspicuously smaller than the oceans and which are “tucked into” the land in such fashion as to leave only narrow oceanic connections or no connections at all. Ocean bottoms and depths. Formerly, it was thought that the bottoms of the great water bodies were mainly comprised of smooth plains and monotonous plateaus. It was reasoned that sediments washed in from the land, materials dropped physically and precipitated chemically in waters far offshore, and the accumulation of skeletons of myriads of marine organisms would collect in low places until inequalities of sea bottom would cease to exist. It is now known that the floors of the seas and oceans possess landforms nearly as varied as those of the continents themselves. There are towering mountain ranges, broad plateaus, hilly regions, and plains of varying relief.

In addition to the major landforms. There are countless smaller ones. Even the ancient notion of ocean basins has broken down partly. For example, we still speak of the Pacific Basin as though it were a washbowl whose sides slope uniformly downward to a central low spot. The facts were brought to light largely through the invention and use of the sonic depth finder. This instrument sends an impulse downward through the water and receives the echo of that impulse back at the instrument a bit later. The speed of the impulse through the water is known and by recording the time necessary for it to travel to the bottom and back, and dividing by two, the depth of the water can be calculated. The depth finder has been so perfected that a vessel traveling at full speed can make a continuous record of depths along its course. With thousands of soundings thus quickly and cheaply obtained, it is a relatively simple matter to prepare contour maps of the ocean bottom.

As might be expected, most of the shallow waters are adjacent to the edges of the continents and large islands, although there are some which occur even in mid-ocean. The

shallow waters next to the continents lie on the continental shelf a gently sloping extension of the continent itself and a reminder of the times when large shallow seas covered most of what are now the land masses, either in whole or in part at a given time. The oceanic regions of greatest depth have their bottoms so far below the surface that they are known as deeps. Those huge synclinal (down-folded) depressions which lie out in front of great mountain arcs are known as fore-deeps. They owe their existence to the same crustal deformations which produced neighboring hills or mountains.

Water Movements. While one may think of the seas and oceans in only two dimensions, as “so long and so wide,” they are actually three-dimensional. Their restless waters move not only horizontally, but also vertically and obliquely. Some of these movements result in the transportation of significant amounts of water from one part of the ocean to another, like the flow of polar waters equator ward and of tropical waters toward the poles, or like the up-welling of water from a depth of several hundred feet and the slow descent of surface waters.

Other movements, such as storm, tidal, and seismic waves, do not result in any significant transportation. In tidal movements, the waters merely bulge in obedience to the mass attraction df the moon and sun. Because the earth notates, the bulges travel, but the water in them merely goes up and down and there is little, if any, transportation. The movements which do result in transportation of large quantities of ocean water are called currents. These are of many sorts, some are cold and others warm, some are highly saline arid others only weakly saline, some operate at great or intermediate depths and others move at and near the surface. Of them all, it is those at or relatively near the surface which are most significant geographically. It is these surface currents which affect ship navigation, the presence and numbers of commercial fish, and water and air conditions in shore and

near-shore areas. Their effects on air (climatic) conditions will be mentioned later in the discussion of climatic controls in

The warm surface waters which move toward and tend to pile up against the Eastern parts of islands and continental shores of much of the tropics are forced to turn poleward. This is a result primarily of their bumping into the land and secondarily of deflection incident to their movement on the surface of a rotating earth.

Ice conditions. Some small icebergs are derived from local valley glaciers along mountainous coasts, like those of southeastern Alaska, but they are short-lived and few in number. The bergs which are large and numerous come from the Greenland ice and from the vast ice layers of Antarctica. The tabular Antarctic bergs, unlike the jagged Greenland type do not menace any major shipping lanes, nor do they regularly move as far from points of origin. Only the occasional whaling and scientific exploration vessel must be on guard against them, particularly during fogs or storms. The extreme equatorial limits of icebergs sizable enough to be hazardous are shown.

Considering the great size of the seas and oceans, the smaller water bodies seem insignificant. However, significance cannot be measured by size alone. A lake, or group of lakes, may have a local or even an extralocal importance far out of proportion to the area or depth of water involved. Lakes may furnish domestic and industrial water, transportation, fish, and recreational opportunities. in such mariner, they may be more truly and directly entwined with the lives of many people than are seas and oceans.

In contrast to the vast regions with few or no lakes, there are others in which lakes are numerous. Most of the large regions with numerous lakes are areas of glaciation, chiefly of continental glaciation and to a lesser extent of valley glaciation. In such regions, the characteristic unevenness resulting from both glacial scour and glacial deposition normally results in numerous depressions which have no low-level outlet. It so happens that most such

depressions are in humid climates so that there is abundant water to fill them. Streams are busily engaged in cutting through the rims, but there has been insufficient time since the glaciers disappeared for the streams to have drained the lakes of their waters or for the lakes to have become filled with plants and sediment. Some lake regions were not glaciated and lakes in them owe their origin to other causes.

The lines of moving water which thread their way across the surface of the land vary in size from mere rills and brooks to broad, full-flowing rivers. Where land masses and drainage basins are large and precipitation plentiful, streams are numerous and permanent; where drainage basins are small and especially where precipitation is meager, streams are small and intermittent.

The presence or lack of streams affects man’s movements and settlements in a wide variety of ways. Primitive man camped at places along or neat streams where water and fish were available and where he had a highway for his raft or crude boat. Man, primitive or not, has often settled on islands in rivers where the encompassing water provided a barrier against enemies. River junctions have been strategic points for the control of, and participation in, the trade which moved on the streams. Rivet mouths, making union with the sea, gave access to ocean routes. When industrial centers arose, the riverbank position provided large quantities of water for rapidly growing urban populations and supplied water for power and the processing of materials. In many areas, the fine dark alluviums of river flood plains attracted agricultural populations. In the eastern United States and to a lesser extent in the drier West, the bulk of the westward movement was locally carried and directed by the streams which floated men and their belongings. These are only a few of the ways in which rivers and men have been and, in many ways, still are related.

In regions of humid climate, all except the smallest tributaries are normally permanently flowing waters. Their volumes may vary with seasonal differences in the

amount of water available from precipitation, surface drainage, and underground drainage. High and low stages represent ordinary behavior, but the streams are always there. In some streams, there may be little difference between highest and lowest water. This is true particularly where rainfall is of comparatively even distribution throughout the year and where waters are not partly locked up in the form of ice during the winter season. Variations in flow are significant as part of the physical picture of an area, but they are more significant in their relations to man and his activities. It is readily apparent that a permanent stream which is in, high flood during part of the year and barely flows at another time is of much less utility than one which maintains a relatively uniform level.

The most common stream pattern is the dendritic pattern. The term “dendritic” means treelike, and a stream system with this plan possesses a main trunk and branches which join it at acute angles. This pattern develops where the running water is cutting rocks, whether loose or consolidated, which are relatively uniform in their reaction to erosion. Thus, this pattern will occur in a region where streams are running on granite alone, or on a homogeneous sandstone, or wholly on loose clays, and so on. Presents the actual plans of some streams large and small, which have the dendritic pattern.

Other major stream patterns are the trellis, radial, annular, braided, and glacially deranged. Over the land surface as a whole, they are much less common than the dendritic pattern, but in areas where they do occur, they are just as observable and significant. The trellis pattern is comprised of relatively straight lines which join each other at right angles. This pattern occurs where there is a definite banding of the rocks or a pattern of structural weakness in the earth’s crust. The radial pattern is found where there is a centrally located area of higher land from which the streams flow out in all directions like spokes from the hub of a wheel. Also occurs in areas where there is a ceritral low section and streams flow in from all, or many, directions. The annular, or ring, pattern occurs most frequently as a result of the

erosion of structural domes. Its plan reflects rock controls which are made operative as soon as the donies have passed the initial stage in their dissection. In a sense, the annular pattern is a curved or bent trellis pattern. The braided pattern, characteristic of streams which are overloaded and have hence dropped materials to clog their former channels, is one of many joining and rejoining lines. indicates, better than words, the nature of this pattern. The glacially deranged pattern will be discussed which includes mention of continental and valley glaciation.

Stream patterns are important in many ways. They provide part of the physical plan of a countryside and they affect the distribution of other physical features. One example is seen in the streams of Kansas; their patterns are largely dendntic and so are the patterns of the accompanying flood plains. Water is more abundant in the flood-plain soils and trees are able to maintain themselves there. Thus, fingers and lines of trees stand out in dendritic pattern and in sharp contrast to the drier, grassy interstream areas. In the ridge-and-valley region of eastern Tennessee, the stream pattern is trellised and this is the key to distribution of the richer bottomland soils, as well as- to the location of those types of natural vegetation which require more moisture than do the types on the ridges. These are only two examples, chosen more or less at random, but they serve to illustrate some of the relationships between stream patterns and other natural features.

There are also significant relationships be Streams tween road patterns and drainage patterns. The problems of road alignment and bridge construction in an area of glacially deranged drainage are very different from the same problems in a region of dendritic stream pattern. Again, the above are only a few examples of the relationships between stream patterns and cultural patterns; they could be multiplied many times.

There has been a growing emphasis on the development of power from streams. Particularly is this true of rivers in humid middle latitude regions or those which obtain enough water from humid areas to enable them to continue as streams through dry country.

At this point, it should be noted that, although important, only a small part of the world’s electricity is produced from water power. Most of it is produced by means of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Even today, hydroelectric energy in the United States supplies only a small part of the total energy used. Further, this part may well be challenged by expansion in the field of nuclear energy.

Beyond engineering know-how, location in reference to markets, size of markets, and the like, the generation of hydroelectricity has certain physical requirements. There must be a large volume of water of relatively steady flow and a sufficient fall of that water. In addition, if artificial dams have to be built to improve natural conditions, there must be sites available where construction is safe and economically feasible. The dams must be located in parts of valleys where sufficient amounts of water can be impounded. Thus, purely physical conditions such as nature of bedrock and shape of valley become significant. The physical conditions requisite to water-power production are most fully met in regions of continental and valley glaciation.

As we shall see later, stream behavior in regions of arid or semiarid climates s much different from that in humid lands. The streams, except for those which are exotic, are intermittent rather than permanent and they are smaller and less numerous. Yet these intermittent streams present many vexing problems. They pour floodwaters onto settlements and play havoc with transportation system. Extensive flood prevention works are necessary for the protection of towns and cities, as well as of roads and railroads. It is somewhat paradoxical that floods arid flood damage may be as severe in deserts as in lands of plentiful moisture.

The reasons for these difficulties lie basically in the amount and distribution of precipitation; that is, the problems are fundamentally climatic in origin. Because the water does not flow permanently, it drops flood-stage loads and channels are clogged. The next floodwater spreads out over wide areas, carving new channels soon glutted with debris as the water disappears. Except where channels are deeply entrenched, such behavior means that flood areas are usually broad and not too well defined; nevertheless, they are the natural drain ways, and man must pay the penalty if he settles in them and builds his transport lines across them. Very often, he seems to know so little about stream behavior under such conditions that he fails to recognize that he is in the natural line of water flow.A portion of the moisture derived from the air sinks into the upper part of the earth’s crust to become ground water. Though not visible, it is just as important as surface water. From it come springs and well water and some of the moisture which is so necessary for the growth of natural vegetation and crops. As water moves downward from the surface, it fills the spaces among soil particles arid also the crevices and cracks of the bedrock as far down as such exist in the earth’s crust. The zone in which all spaces ate filled is the zone of saturation. The top of the zone is the water table. The water table follows approximately the profile of the land above, al though. It is closer to the surface in low places than in high places. Where it intersects the surface in low spots, the results are swamps, ponds, lakes, or springs. In general, the groundwater table lies closer to the surface in regions of humid climates than it does in the areas of arid or semiarid climates. Even in the latter areas, it may reach the surface in a few low spots and in these, salt marshes are the normal result.

The amount of moisture present in the soil is a very critical factor in the growth of natural vegetation and crops. Soil moisture is of three kinds: gravitational water, hygroscopic water, and capillary water. Gravitational water is the water which moves downward, by force of gravity, toward the zone of saturation. If gravitational water is too abundant, soils become

waterlogged and useless for crops although such drowned soils are still capable of supporting several types of swamp vegetation. Hygroscopic water exists as an extremely thin film around each soil particle, somewhat as though each particle were “wrapped in cellophane.” It is often referred to as “unavailable water” because plants cannot obtain it. Capillary water is the water which moves by capillary action, or attraction, in the same fashion that spilled ink may be drawn into and among the fibers of a blotter. Its ability to move even against the pull of gravity is significant for, as topsoils dry out, capillary water is drawn to the upper portion of the soil where it supplies the needs of plants. However, if such action is too long continued, particularly if the water is drawn all the way to the surface, soils become either weakly or strongly saline. This occurs when the water, drawn to the surface, is evaporated and leaves its minerals behind. If there is insufficient precipitation to wash the minerals, or mineral salts, back down into lower parts of the soil, permanently saline soils are created. If they are mildly saline, a few mineral salt-tolerant crops may be grown; with high salinity, no crops can grow although a few specially adapted types of natural vegetation (halophytes) may be able to exist.

3.3 Some Water Problems

The preceding discussions have shown that man is confronted with many problems as he attempts to use or to protect himself from the earth’s waters. The problems are more numerous and, some of them, more serious than ever before because man himself has created many of them and has often made those of natural Origin more pressing.

To suppose that the struggle for control of the seas and oceans is over, merely because they are no longer effective defenses against swift ships and supersonic aircraft and rockets, is to be unrealistic. They are still vitally important sources of food and other products of which many nations are growing increasingly aware.

These are both friend and enemy to man: friend in that they serve so many of his needs; enemy in that they go on rampages of destruction or change their courses and thus confuse property limits and political boundaries, or become polluted and carry filth and disease.

The problem of high water is acute in densely populated regions, especially where the presence of fertile flood plains and strategic trade and manufacturing foci has lured large populations not only into the lower areas but to the very edge of the low-water channels. It has been said that the problem is not so much to keep the rivers away from the people as to keep the people out of the rivers. The magnitude of the problem is partly indicated by the fact that one serious flood on the Tsunami in Aceh may take scores of lives and cause hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, may drown thousands of persons and cause untold damage to fields and sorely needed crops, not to mention the famine and pestilence which ride hard on the heels of such a flood.

The control of river waters to the point of preventing serious floods is neither easy nor inexpensive. Normally it requires careful study and artificial controls of entire drainage basins from uppermost tributaries to stream mouths and the costs run into millions of dollars. Also, it requires the cooperation of many agencies and of the public as a whole. Yet it may be cheaper to pay for proper controls than to pay the bills for flood damage, particularly if man continues to crowd the rivers. Stream control itself is only part of the price man pays for cutting away the forests, breaking the sod of grasslands, running cultivation furrows up and down the slope instead of aligning them with the contours, and settling in the natural drainways. Remedies lie in reforestation, regrassing, contour plowing, strip cropping, construction of large and small dams—in general, in wise land-use policies operating throughout entire drainage areas, including suitable adjustments in the use of areas of flood hazard.

There is always a certain amount of erosion under perfectly normal conditions, but it is seldom, except in dry regions, that normal erosion causes any widespread difficulties. It is when natural balances are upset and waters speed unchecked that erosion rises far above normal, and land, soils, and the works of man are then destroyed. It may be possible to rebuild rather quickly the works of man, whether bridges, highways, or homes, but destroyed soils cannot be replaced for many genezations and, in most instances, they are gone for all time. When one realizes that soil is the most valuable of all the resources of the earth—coal, iron ore, and others not excepted—it is startling to learn that we in the United States already have allowed erosion to steal about one third of our best topsoil. That, to use a very trite expression, “is something to think about.” It is also a situation to do something about.

In regions where water is naturally scarce or in humid areas where demands on surface and ground waters are especially heavy, there arise many conflicts over rights to water. The majority of such conflicts revolve around stream water. in the “old days,” the disputes were normally settled by force; today they are settled in court and in terms of laws and procedures which have become very complicated. It is not unusual for litigation of a given dispute to continue for several years, or even for decades. Problems of water rights are particularly complicated in connection with streams which flow through two or more states or in more than one country.

Countless streams formerly clean and attractive have already been polluted by man. This results not merely from increased loads of sediment coming from man-induced erosion of the land, but also from dumping sewage, trash, and industrial wastes into the nearest convenient stream. The problem has become so serious and widespread that laws to prevent pollution of streams have been adopted in many regions. Such laws are, however, too few in number, and they are honored more in the breach than in the practice. Until industrial wastes

and domestic sewage are properly treated, far too many of our streams will continue to resemble moving cesspools.

Some of the dangers already noted apply to waters within the earth as well as to those on the surface. The destruction of natural vegetation cover, abnormal erosion, and rapid water loss affect the amount and character of ground water as well as the behavior and nature of streams. When surface waters are not conserved, it is only a short time before the water table is lowered and springs and wells diminish or dry up entirely. Indiscriminate pumping also may drain the ground water reserves and lower the water table to the point where pumping costs are prohibitive. This can happen even in humid areas.

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

As the writer of this paper has finished writing chapter one, two, and three now he comes to write chapter four, conclusion and suggestion.It very true that human beings need water fundamentally. Human beings cannot keep their lives without the present of water. Human beings use water for domestic use, cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, and drinking purposes. However, countless millions of persons who live in the world’s rural areas and have to spend much time in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting it from a well, know its significance frilly. In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of islands or it can be said about 40 per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. We can see that there are a lot of people busy looking for water during the dry season. It cannot be denied that human beings cannot lives their lives without the present of water. Human beings caanot do cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, drinking, etc that using water. Plants and other animals also cannot keep their lives without the present of water, therefore of course human beings will be disappeared very promptly.

4.2 Suggestion

The writer of this paper encourages the other scholars to write any out of languages, culture, or tourist objects. It will be very important to write about environtment. Because there are so many people do not realise that the environt,ent is a fundamental situation for

human beings to keep and own long life. To keep environtment well is a very good ideas. For instances, the individual can lives without having a society. A society will not existed well without taking care of human beings. Therefore it can be said that invirontment is very important for human beings. People cannot escape from from paying attention to the wnvirontment very closely. It is true that language, culture, and society are three different things which are linked to one another, it is also true that human beings and water cannot be seperated.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Guth (1970:16) says, ”Language is man’s greatest invention and most precious possession. Without it, trade, government, family life, friendship, religion, and arts would be either impossible or radically different. How we use language, and how well, has much to do with what kind of people we are.” So according to the statements of Guth that we may believe that language is very important for human beings. It also may mean that no human can live without the present of a language.

Perrin (1980:243) says, ”Linguistics has been defined as the scientific study of language.” So it means that when someone wants to discuss the aspects of language he or she may not escaped from using linguistics as the science.

The interpenetration of language with so many areas of human experience is well reflected in the difficulty of arriving at satisfactory criteria for the demarcation of boundaries between one language and another and one dialect and another (and, moreover, between one variety of style and another), hence for the definition of all such terms. Labov (1967) shows for example how in certain respects the assumption of linguistically discrete boundaries between social dialects does not seem to hold for human beings speech. He shows how in this setting variations in the pronunciation of the 'phonological variables' represented by small capitals in such words as car, bad, off, thing, and this, form extensive and unbroken articulatory continua, and are statistically related both to the level of carefulness or casualness in each particular interaction and to measures of socio-economic stratification. The latter, it is important to note, influences people's choice of language not only in respect of economic, educational and other observable forms of mobility, but also in respect of subjective evaluations of the desirability or correctness of the various pronunciations. People in the same age-group and of the same mobility type are remarkably similar in the way they evaluate the desirability of various pronunciations, far more so than in their actual speech.

Evaluations of this sort therefore help the analyst in interpreting or explaining behavior. For example, the close correspondence between 'lower middle class upward mobility type' and 'upper middle class' speech particularly in non-casual relationships is matched by even stronger subjective endorsement of the norms in question on the part of the former than on the part of the latter.

Possible criteria for demarcating boundaries among languages and dialects, or indeed for demonstrating the occasional irrelevance of boundaries, are numerous. Those favoured by descriptive linguistics concern various types of structural distance which may themselves yield quite different boundaries: syntactical boundaries may not be identical with lexical boundaries for example. But these are only the most obvious and should be measured against others which include the following: sociolinguistic observations of performance ('who speaks what language to whom and when'): Fishman (1965) assessments of mutual or non-reciprocal intelligibility Wolff (1959) beliefs of language users political or other institutional considerations, attitudes of one sort or another historical or 'diachronic' as well as non-historical or 'synchronic' relationships, and so on. There is probably no simple or single key to the complex incompatibilities found among these Various criteria. But in many cases this proved not to be so. Indications of non-reciprocal intelligibility pointed rather to the play of local economic and power relationships, along with feelings of 'ethnic self-sufficiency', giving rise to 'pecking orders of intelligibility'. These examples could easily be multiplied, but what is important to realize is that they are not examples of absence of system in language, but rather indications of probably very complex systems which take in more than purely structural relationships. A good deal of light can be thrown on the nature of the problem of identifying factors other than the purely structural which are relevant to the discrimination - both by the linguist and by the language user-of dialects, varieties, and styles of language,-by investi-gating different kinds of code-switching behaviour in which the alternatives are unambiguously distinct languages. In such cases one can be more reasonably

sure of what is being switched with what, whereas in the case of dialects, etc., the problem of demarcation is more difficult.

The study of language is Linguistics. The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language. It can be divided into several subfield, such as Morphology, Syntax, Phonology, Semantics, Sociolinguistics, and Pragmatics. Aside from language structure, other perspectives on language are represented in specialized or interdisciplinary branches, such as Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Ethnolinguistics (or Anthro-pological Linguistics), Dialectology, Computational Linguistics, Neuro-linguisticsand etc.

Sociolinguistics is the study of relation between language and society.Sociolinguistics is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with different social identities (e.g. gender, age, race, ethnicity, class) speak and how their speech changes in different situations.Gumperz (1971:223) says that he has observed the study of sociolinguistics as an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur.Chambers (2002:3) says, ‘Sociolinguistics is the study of the social uses of language, and the most productive studies in the four decades of sociolinguistic research which have emanated from determining the social evaluation of linguistic variants.

According to the messages above, we can conclude that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which concerned with language and social life. It explains the way language use understood well after connecting it to the situation where, when, and by whom it is played.When someone goes somewhere, he or she needs to learn another language to communicate with the other. As they came back, some of them are getting easier to communicate by using another language that they got from another place than their own language.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Writing

This paper is talking about society (human beings) and water. It can be said that human beings cannot be separated with water. It cannot be denied that wter is one thing that is very important hting for human beings to keep their lives. It can be realized that no individual can live his life without the present of water. It is very similarly to the functions of a language to human beings. Any people will agree that none can keep alive without the present of language in his lives. It can be said that none can do anything without the present of a langugage. It is as the same as the functions of water for human beings.

Sociolinguisticsis not simply an amalgam of linguistics and sociology (or indeed of linguistics and any other of the social sciences). It embraces, in principle at least, every aspect of the structure and use of language that relates to its social and cultural functions. It will be clear enough from the present time that sociolinguistics is a very wide brief.

The study of language as part of culture and society has acquired the now commonly accepted label 'sociolinguistics'. But any single name for such a vast field of inquiry would be misleading if interpreted too literally. Just as the study of culture and society cannot be the prerogative of any one discipline, so that of their linguistic aspects cannot properly be represented as some kind of amalgam of sociology and linguistics. It is-instructive to consider the spread of expressions which have been used at one time or another, including: 'the sociology of language', 'social linguistics', 'sociological linguistics', 'anthropological linguistics", 'linguistic anthropology', 'ethnolinguistics', and 'the ethnography of communication'. Furthermore, what may be the most fruitful growing points for future development (namely, where linguistics meets with social anthropology and social psychology) are not likely to be terminologically recognized at all, for obvious reasons (although 'the social psychology of language choice' comes quite near to the latter).

1.2 The Problems of this Writing

In writing a writing skill there can be stated various problems. In this writing that the problems statements are listed as follows. It is not strange for the society about the terms of society and water, but to the statements what they are may become new and a little bit complicated.

a) What is human being? b) What is water?

c) How do human beings and water related to one another?

1.3 The Scopes of Writing

In writing something there can be tramendous things to be talked about. Therefore while someone wants to write he needs to make a limitation to his writing to be made it as a guide line. In this writing, the writer will write down the description of socieiety or human beings and so the description of water. The writer will write also the uses of water for the human beings. In describing the water he will also write down the descriptions of water body.

1.4 The Purposes of Writing

There are two main points in writing this paper. One, he is interested in finding the relationship between water and human beings. It seems to the writer that water is very important and crucial for the life of human beings, but sometimes it can be seen that water make disaster to human beings. Two, the writer of this paper is one of the seniors students of the Diploma Programe of the English Department at the Faculty of Science Study of North Sumatera University and wishes to finish his study. And one the requrement to it is to make a writing skill and report it to the Deparment, therefore he is writing the use of water for human beings.

1.5 Reasons for Choosing the Topic

There are possibilities to be writen to a topic of writing skill to be made as the repoting of a final task for a student in order to finished his study from the Diploma Programe of English Department at the Faculty of Culture Study of North Sumatera University, but on this circumstance the writer is interested in writing the human beings and its relation to the water. This topic is relatively new since there has been none has ever written on it. There can be many scolar have written about society and so water, but they have never been talked as the writer of this paper writes in this writing.

1.6 The Methods of Writing

When someone wants to write something there can be some methods he applies to the writing. The choice of the method will be dealing with technique he applies in order to get the data for further analysis. On this occasion the writer of this paper applies the method of library deals with the technique he finds the data. In order to find the data he collects some books which are dealing with the water, therefore he finds the data through written texts. Although he uses field method in order to get some additional data, but the main data are taken from written texts.

ABSTRACT

The writer of this paper on this writing is talking about the human beings and water. Water is one of the very fundamentally things that human beings need to keep their lives. Human beings sometimes do not realise that the water is very important for them because they actually cannot live their lives without the present of water. Human beings can keep their lives without rice, but cannot without water. For instances the use of water for human beings are domestic use, cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, and for drinking purposes. However, countless millions of persons who live in the world’s rural areas and have to spend much time in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting it from a well, know its significance frilly. In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of islands or it can be said about 40 per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. We can see that there are a lot of people busy looking for water during the dry season. The technique used in writing this paper is library approach.

ABSTRAK

Paper iniadalahsuatutugasakhir yang membicarakantentangkehidupanmanusiadanair.Airmerupakanhal yang sangat fundamental

sekalibagikelangsunganhidupmanusia.Kadang-kadangmanusialupabahwamerekatidakbisahiduptanpa

air.Manusiabisasajahiduptanpaadanyaberas, tetapitanpa air sudahpastitidakbisa. Secarasimpeldannyatabahwa air diperlukanuntukminumansehari-hari (setiap orang harusmengkonsumsi air paling sedikitdua liter setiaphari), memasak, mencuci, mandi, menyiramtanaman, danhewan-hewan. Bilakitamemperhatikankedunialuasmakadapatkitaketahuibahwabanyaksekali orang-orang mengambil air darisuatutempat yang jauhdarialiransungai, mengambil air dengancarapompanisasi, irigasi, dan lain-lain. Seperti Indonesia kitamengetahuibahwaalamnya kaya danterdiridariberibu-ribupulau yang memerlukan air

melaluiirigasi.Waktumusimkemaraubanyaksekalimasyarakat yang bersusahpayahuntukmengadakan air.Pendekatan yang

HUMAN BEINGS AND WATER

A PAPER

WRITTEN

BY

PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN

NIM: 122202002

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

Approved by

Supervisor,

Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A. NIM: 19581017198601001

Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program

Approved by

The chairperson of English Study Diploma III,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP : 19521126 198112 1 001

Approved by the English Study Diploma III Program, Faculty of Culture Study,

University of North Sumatera

As a paper for the examination board December 2015

Accepted by :

The examination board in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study of University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on: December 2015

Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera Dean,

Dr. SyahronLubis, M.A. NIP : 19511031 197603 1 001

Board of examiners:

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) ……….

2. Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A. (Supervisor) ……….

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ………

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN Title of paper : HUMAN BEINGS AND WATER Qualification : D-III/AhliMadya

Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

Signed : ………

ABSTRACT

The writer of this paper on this writing is talking about the human beings and water. Water is one of the very fundamentally things that human beings need to keep their lives. Human beings sometimes do not realise that the water is very important for them because they actually cannot live their lives without the present of water. Human beings can keep their lives without rice, but cannot without water. For instances the use of water for human beings are domestic use, cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, and for drinking purposes. However, countless millions of persons who live in the world’s rural areas and have to spend much time in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting it from a well, know its significance frilly. In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of islands or it can be said about 40 per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. We can see that there are a lot of people busy looking for water during the dry season. The technique used in writing this paper is library approach.

ABSTRAK

Paper iniadalahsuatutugasakhir yang membicarakantentangkehidupanmanusiadanair.Airmerupakanhal yang sangat fundamental

sekalibagikelangsunganhidupmanusia.Kadang-kadangmanusialupabahwamerekatidakbisahiduptanpa

air.Manusiabisasajahiduptanpaadanyaberas, tetapitanpa air sudahpastitidakbisa. Secarasimpeldannyatabahwa air diperlukanuntukminumansehari-hari (setiap orang harusmengkonsumsi air paling sedikitdua liter setiaphari), memasak, mencuci, mandi, menyiramtanaman, danhewan-hewan. Bilakitamemperhatikankedunialuasmakadapatkitaketahuibahwabanyaksekali orang-orang mengambil air darisuatutempat yang jauhdarialiransungai, mengambil air dengancarapompanisasi, irigasi, dan lain-lain. Seperti Indonesia kitamengetahuibahwaalamnya kaya danterdiridariberibu-ribupulau yang memerlukan air

melaluiirigasi.Waktumusimkemaraubanyaksekalimasyarakat yang bersusahpayahuntukmengadakan air.Pendekatan yang

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bismallahirrahmaanirrahim

First of all the writer of this paper would like to say thanks ALLAH SWT who has given a lot of of blessing to him in writing this paper. Therefore he is able to finish writing this paper. The writer believes that without the blessing that god send him, this paper cannot be finished as it is

Secondly, the writer also wants to send thanks to the people or friends who has given him spiritual encouragements to finish this paper. The writer also believes that this paper has not reached its perfectness so he would be very happy when its readers want to give some valuable suggestions for its perfectness.

The writer does not forget to give special thanks to :

1. Dr. SyahronLubis, M.A., the dean of the faculty of culture study for the facilities during her study at the faculty

2. Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A,.the chairperson of the English department of the D-3 program

3. Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A., his supervisor for his valuable corrections

4. Drs. Siamirmarulafau, M.Hum, the adviser and reviewer of this paper for his valuable correction.

5. All lectures in English Diploma study program for giving me great advices and lessons. I would like to say thanks to my beloved family especially to my parents, my father Ali AmranPakpahan and my dearest mother Poppy Veronica. Thank you for all your prayers, loves, motivation, and spirit. I present this paper for them. Thank to my brother RamadhanPakpahan, and my best friend Kiki Harahap, I really thank you for being supportive, being collective, and being silence.

I would like to thank to SMA Kartika 1-2, thank you for support and care.

I would like to thank to all of SOLIDAS friends, thanks you for your good time during my study.

Medan, Des 2015 The writer

Putra AndikaPakpahan Reg. No.122202002

THE CONTENTS

Chapters Subjects Pages

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF THE CONTENTS

i ii iii iv v vii 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 INTRODUCTION

The Background of Writing The Problems of Writing The Scopes of Writing The Purposes of Writing

The Reasons for Choosing the Topic The Methods of Writing

1 1 2 2 3 3 3 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 THE DESCRIPTION Human Beings Ocean and Seas Some Water Problems

9 9 14 26 4. 4.1 4.2

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion

Suggestion

30 30 31

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ………

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN Title of paper : HUMAN BEINGS AND WATER Qualification : D-III/AhliMadya

Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

Signed : ………

ABSTRACT

The writer of this paper on this writing is talking about the human beings and water. Water is one of the very fundamentally things that human beings need to keep their lives. Human beings sometimes do not realise that the water is very important for them because they actually cannot live their lives without the present of water. Human beings can keep their lives without rice, but cannot without water. For instances the use of water for human beings are domestic use, cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, and for drinking purposes. However, countless millions of persons who live in the world’s rural areas and have to spend much time in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting it from a well, know its significance frilly. In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of islands or it can be said about 40 per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. We can see that there are a lot of people busy looking for water during the dry season. The technique used in writing this paper is library approach.

ABSTRAK

Paper iniadalahsuatutugasakhir yang membicarakantentangkehidupanmanusiadanair.Airmerupakanhal yang sangat fundamental

sekalibagikelangsunganhidupmanusia.Kadang-kadangmanusialupabahwamerekatidakbisahiduptanpa

air.Manusiabisasajahiduptanpaadanyaberas, tetapitanpa air sudahpastitidakbisa. Secarasimpeldannyatabahwa air diperlukanuntukminumansehari-hari (setiap orang harusmengkonsumsi air paling sedikitdua liter setiaphari), memasak, mencuci, mandi, menyiramtanaman, danhewan-hewan. Bilakitamemperhatikankedunialuasmakadapatkitaketahuibahwabanyaksekali orang-orang mengambil air darisuatutempat yang jauhdarialiransungai, mengambil air dengancarapompanisasi, irigasi, dan lain-lain. Seperti Indonesia kitamengetahuibahwaalamnya kaya danterdiridariberibu-ribupulau yang memerlukan air

melaluiirigasi.Waktumusimkemaraubanyaksekalimasyarakat yang bersusahpayahuntukmengadakan air.Pendekatan yang

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bismallahirrahmaanirrahim

First of all the writer of this paper would like to say thanks ALLAH SWT who has given a lot of of blessing to him in writing this paper. Therefore he is able to finish writing this paper. The writer believes that without the blessing that god send him, this paper cannot be finished as it is

Secondly, the writer also wants to send thanks to the people or friends who has given him spiritual encouragements to finish this paper. The writer also believes that this paper has not reached its perfectness so he would be very happy when its readers want to give some valuable suggestions for its perfectness.

The writer does not forget to give special thanks to :

1. Dr. SyahronLubis, M.A., the dean of the faculty of culture study for the facilities during her study at the faculty

2. Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A,.the chairperson of the English department of the D-3 program

3. Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A., his supervisor for his valuable corrections

4. Drs. Siamirmarulafau, M.Hum, the adviser and reviewer of this paper for his valuable correction.

5. All lectures in English Diploma study program for giving me great advices and lessons. I would like to say thanks to my beloved family especially to my parents, my father Ali AmranPakpahan and my dearest mother Poppy Veronica. Thank you for all your prayers, loves, motivation, and spirit. I present this paper for them. Thank to my brother RamadhanPakpahan, and my best friend Kiki Harahap, I really thank you for being supportive, being collective, and being silence.

I would like to thank to SMA Kartika 1-2, thank you for support and care.

I would like to thank to all of SOLIDAS friends, thanks you for your good time during my study.

Medan, Des 2015 The writer

Putra AndikaPakpahan Reg. No.122202002

THE CONTENTS

Chapters Subjects Pages

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF THE CONTENTS

i ii iii iv v vii 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 INTRODUCTION

The Background of Writing The Problems of Writing The Scopes of Writing The Purposes of Writing

The Reasons for Choosing the Topic The Methods of Writing

1 1 2 2 3 3 3 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 THE DESCRIPTION Human Beings Ocean and Seas Some Water Problems

9 9 14 26 4. 4.1 4.2

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion

Suggestion

30 30 31