Review of Related Studies

10 developed characters and his or her roles in a story is just to support the development of the major character 1999: 20. In the intrinsic elements, characters are the actors involved in the plot of the story, including their moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities. Abrams got new terms to distinguish the kind of character in a story. He introduced flat and round characters. A flat character is a character of a single idea or quality and does not have much individualizing detail. A round character is a character of complex ideas in temperament and motivation and this character can surprise us just like the person in a real life Abrams, 1999: 33. Charactes are closely related with characterization. Characterization discusses the presence of people in the story in which it portrays on the character’s action, speech, or physical appearance. One character can be differentiated with another character because they have their own personality and physical attributes. Murphy 1972: 161-173 explains some details of the way how to characterize a character in a novel. He explains through the nine ways in order to make the reader aware in characterizing the c haracter’s personality. a. Personal Description The author can describe a character’s appearance like the face, body, cloth of the character. The personal description is very important because it can give clues to the character. b. Character as Seen by Another Instead of describing a character directly the author can depict him thoroughly the eyes and opinions of another. 11 c. Speech The author can give some clues or insight to the character through what the character says. Whenever the character is having a conversation with another, he or she indirectly gives a clue for the readers to interpret what their characteristic is. d. Past Life By permitting the readers learn something about people past life, the author can give some clues to the events that have helped to shape a person character. e. Conversation of others The author can also give the reader some clues to person’s character through the conversation of other people and the thing they say about him. f. Reaction The author can also give the readers som e clues to a person’s character by permitting us know how that person reacts to various situation and events. g. Direct Comment The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about what is the person’s mind and he feels reflect on his character. h. Thoughts The author gives the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about and it reflects his personality. 12 i. Mannerism The character’s mannerism and habits in his or her life can describe the character’s personality.

2. Theory of Humanity

Based on the Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary, humanity means the quality or state of being kind to other people or to animals 2006: 980. That definition is being agreed by Debbarma in his journal. It is believed that various global and national problems may be solved through the practical application of human values in every society. In order to fulfil this, goal humanity is to be considered as the highest value in the global human society. For, the test for humanity is to achieve unity among the living and non-living creatures of the world with the preservation of historical, ethnic and cultural differences as well as the distinctiveness of nation states and communities. Such human unity can be driven home only by recognizing human values such as truth, kindness, benevolence, peace, love, dignity, respect, forgiveness, etc 2014: 2. According to Dean, humanity must be treated as an inwardly goal. From another point of view the principle of humanity must be understood as a necessity of creating an efficient policy whose final goal is to reach the submission of the human rights. In the principle of humanity vision all human beings who suffer must be helped, wherever they are 2006: 79. Moreover, Vanier 2007: 19 states that there are five principles of humanity. As follow: a. All humans are sacred, whatever their culture, race, religion, whatever their capacities and incapacities, whatever their strengths and weaknesses may be. All of us need help in order to become all that we may be. For example, if we are going through a hard time in our life, we need all the help we can get in order to