at least a course that provides its student with information how to pass the test; some test-takers can afford to pay in order to join the course,
but the rest probably cannot.
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Other example is the impact of the test on test-takers’ preparation that takes more their time for study than
socialize with their neighbors or friends.
e. Face Validity
Face validity, the last part of validity, can be described as a test- takers’ view on the test.
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This validity is a subjective matter of the test- takers that not even expert can judge that the test has high face validity
or not. Let me put it like this, for example, a test may have low face validity because the test-takers think that the test is misplaced. They
believe that there is a better test that more appropriate to be tested because they were not prepared for the test, and they thought that it
must me something else.
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McNamara,
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Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 54.
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H. Douglas Brown,
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s New York:
Pearson Education ESL, 2004, 26.
Validity
Construct Validity Content Validity
Consequential Validity
Face Validity Content Validity
Criterion Validity Content Validity
Figure 2.2 Brown’s five validities In short, validity is the pin point of any research or testing in this case
language testing to make the research acceptable in the scholars’ point of view. In language testing, validity has five types of validation: content
validity, criterion validity, construct validity, consequential validity, and face validity. All of those types are connected each other even construct
validity only used in large scale of proficiency test as measurement.
4. Predictive Validity
Predictive validity is a validation procedure taken to show effectiveness of a test in predicting future-like performance of people in certain activity.
As explained in the first chapter, collage entrance test, driving test, and other admission batteries including language proficiency test are tests or
assessments that need predictive validity approach to help officer or institutions to choose or pick person needed.
Ary et al stated that predictive validity is a relationship between a score measured and score from a criterion.
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Also, the researcher has mentioned above that predictive validity is part of criterion validity that measure
prediction of test in indicating test-takers future performance. As part of validity, this predictive validity has big role in delineating institutions
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Donald Ary, et al.,
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, USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010, 229.
future success, in small scale, test-takers’ delineation in performing their abilities to work or study as the institution demanded.
How to find whether the predictive validity of a test is high or not? to know it, we have to use correlation analysis. In examining the prediction
of a test, Kusuma in his book, Evaluasi Pendidikan, Pengantar, Kompetensi dan Implementasi, stated that there are two important
technical terms: predictor and criterion.
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Predictor is a test that its predictive validity is being measured; meanwhile, criterion is predicted
performance of test-taker by the test that indicating success in a learning process, and usually takes some period time to be reached. Donald Ary et
al. also stated that criterion only available in future time.
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It must be kept in researcher, teacher, and institution minds that creating criterion is little bit tricky, because they must consider base rate of the test-
taker. Base rate is test-taker’s ability used to reach the criterion made; the higher test-taker’s base rate means that the criterion is too easy, just the
opposite, the lower test-taker’s base rate means that the criterion is too hard to reach.
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Mochtar Kusuma,
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ikan, Pengantar, Kompetensi dan Implementasi , Yogyakarta:
Parama Ilmu, 2016, 50.
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Donald Ary, et al., Introdcution To Research In Education, USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2010, 229.
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Mochtar Kusuma, Evaluasi Pendidikan, Pengantar, Kompetensi dan Implementasi, Yogyakarta: Parama Ilmu, 2016, 51
