HezbollahÂ’s Intervention in The Syrian Conflict

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Hezbollah’s Intervention in The Syrian Conflict

Undergraduate Thesis

Provision to get a bachelor's degree in The Department of International Relations

Compiled by: Ferri Jubair

09260037

International Relations Studies Program Faculty of Social and Political Sciences University of Muhammadiyah Malang

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ENDORSEMENT SHEET

Name : Ferri Jubair Student Number : 09260037

Department : International Relations Faculty : Social and Political Science

Ttile : Hezbollah‟s Intervention in The Syrian Conflict

This thesis has been defended in front of Board of Thesis Examiners Faculty of Social and Political Science

Department of International Relations and hereby stated PASSED

On Saturday Date: 15 March 2014

Place: The Teachers Hall of International Relation, UMM

Endorse,

Dean of Faculty and Social and Political Science, UMM

Dr. Asep Nurjaman, M. Si

Board of Thesis Examiners

1 Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M. Si ( )

2 Demeiati Nurkusumaningrum, MA ( )

3 Helmia Asyathri, S. IP ( )

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iii

THESIS APPROVAL SHEET

Name : Ferri Jubair Student Number : 09260037

Department : International Relations Faculty : Social and Political Science

Ttile : Hezbollah‟s Intervention in The Syrian Conflict

Approved,

Advisor I Advisor II

Helmia Asyathri, S. IP Gonda Yumitro, MA

Endorse,

Dean of Faculty Head of Department

of Social and Political Science of International Relations

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ORIGINALITY PRONOUNCEMENT

The person who has signed below, Name : Ferri Jubair

Birth Place, date : Amsterdam, 24 January 1990 Student Number : 09260037

Faculty : Social and Political Science Department : International Relations

States that a thesis entitled:

Hezbollah’s Intervention in The Syrian Conflict

Is neither partly nor entirely taken from another resource, except in the quotation from where the sources had been stated.

Hereby this pronouncement sheet is made authentically, and if this statement proven the opposite then I am ready to obtain sanction which is appropriate with the valid regulation.

Malang, 20 February 2014

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v PREFACE

A big shout out to The Most High for blessing me with this opportunity to write this thesis and blessed me with motivation so I could full fill my thesis. In which, I am, very thankful. The reason why I write my first paper about Hezbollah's intervention in Syria is simply be-cause to me it's interesting how a non-state political religious military group are dragged to make a military intervention in the Syrian conflict and risks their assets in their own Lebanon (which does not agree with Hezbollah's intervention in Syria, alongside with the majority of the Lebanon people) while they intervene in Syria also for the Lebanon cause.

However, while doing this research, the author does realize that the paper is still imperfect and could need some improvements at certain points. Therefore, is constructive feedback very much be welcomed in order that this paper could become more authentic and welcomed in Education.

The author hopes that this paper could contribute valuable and useful information to the International Relations field, especially to the International Relations students in the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

Malang, 20 February, 2014

Author,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND MOTTOS “Be the type of person you want to meet.”

A big shout out to The Most High “Allah”.

1. This thesis could not exist if it wasn‟t because my parents who supported me and

financed my whole study in the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. My beloved father Thoriq Jubair and my beloved mother Loraine Meka whom mean the world to me. They supported me by prayer and blessed me with energy, in which I could full fill my study and thesis. Also a shout out to my younger brother Alvin whom always was there for me, when I needed him. I am thankful.

2. Also a very big shout out to my wife Wahdhatul Aulia and our beloved son, who made me realize that time is too precious to be wasted, in which I decided to write this thesis in an continues tempo. If they weren‟t besides me giving me the support then I was probably still not even touching my thesis. Also I share my thank fulness to my parents in Law, mother Tuti Suryani and father Abdul Wahid Masru who supported me spiritually and shared many of their knowledge with me. Also my aunt Lutfiah Jubair for always praying and guiding me. I love you all and I am thankful for the kindness.

3. Huge respect and many thanks goes to my two amazing patient supervisors Helmia Asyathri, S. IP and Gonda Yumitro, MA who not only supported my but really guided and learned me amazing things which really boosted me in starting writing this thesis. I know I sometimes really forced them to take a look at my research and always stole their time, so I am very thankful for the time they spent in guiding me, in which I hope this thesis should not disappoint them.

4. Also many thanks to all the other amazing teachers in our International Relations department from Mr. Tonny Dian Effendy, Mr. Qobid, Mr.Yatno, Mr. Syaprin, Mr. Rully, Mrs. Ayus, Mrs. Dyah and all the other teachers that I might forget mentioning. The knowledge you guys shared to the students are worth every penny.

5. Also a big shout out to my friends who I really consider to be family, Elsha Baikuni, Tito Arif Yanuar, Nur Luthfi Hidayatullah, Asti, Nicho Prasetyo, Galih Suwarna, Dhimasz N. Wijaya, Ganar Timur, Fadlansyah Havid, my Encompass Trust family, Solemnly Production family and many others who I just couldn‟t all mention by name. Thanks for all the moments that shaped my mutual motivation.

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Ferri Jubair, 09260037, “HEZBOLLAH’S INTERVENTION IN THE SYRIAN

CONFLICT”, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Muhammadiyah

Malang, Advisor 1 Helmia Asyathri, S.IP, Advisor 2, Gonda Yumitro, MA

ABSTRACT

The aim of this thesis is to investigate and identify the present status of Hezbollah in Syria. What the driving factors of Hezbollah‟s intervention in Syria is and by what historical factors their intervention is based upon. This research also analyzes the Syrian conflict and tries to describe why the Syrian conflict is a very complicated matter, why there are so many actors involved and what the possible outcome of the conflict could become. The Syrian chemical issue and the Geneva II conference has also been highlighted in this thesis. Also the point of view from Hezbollah‟s standpoint towards the Syrian conflict will be highlighted.

Data for this research were gathered by literature and available web documents. This research uses an explanative methodology method to investigate the matter. The Interventionisme theory has been used to describe Hezbollah‟s methods of intervention.

The results reveal that Hezbollah‟s Military Intervention in Syria has the purpose to save the Syrian government and people from the violations made by the Syrian opposition in order to maintain the stability of the Axis of Resistance. The Syrian conflict proved to be not a sunni-Syiah war in which the mainstream media portrays it is. Hezbollah intervenes in the conflict with an aggressive method in which an estimated 16,25% of Hezbollah‟s total military man power is now in Syria.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Sheet Front Cover ………. i

Endorsement Sheet ……….….... ii

Thesis Approval Sheet ……… iii

Originality Pronouncement Sheet ………iii

Preface ………. iv

Acknowledgements and Mottos ………..……. v

Abstract ………...……. vi

Table of Contents………...……….. vii

CHAPTER 1 Introduction ……….……….. 1

1.1 Background ……….... 1

1.2 Research Question ………. 5

1.3 Research Objectives …………...……… 5

1.4 Previous Research ……… 5

1.5 Conceptual Framework ………. 13

1.6 Analytical Framework ……….. 19

1.6.1 Level Analysis ………. 19

1.6.2 Type of Research ………... 19

1.6.3 Data Collection Technique ……….. 19

1.7 Scope of Study ……… 20

1.7.1 Types of Research ……… 20

1.7.2 Limitation of Time ………...……… 20

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CHAPTER 2: THE COMPLICATED SYRIAN CONFLICT ………. 25

2.1The Beginning ………25

2.2 The Complication of The Syrian Conflict ………. 28

2.3 Why the Conflict Invites Foreign Actors into the Conflict ………33

2.4 Development of the Conflict ……….. 35

2.4.1 Chemical Weapons Involved ……….. 36

2.4.2 The Geneva II Conference ………. 37

CHAPTER 3: HEZBOLLAH’S ETHICAL CODE……… 39

3.1The Ethical Code ………. 39

3.1.1 Hezbollah‟s Organizational Structure……….. 41

3.1.2 The Funding Behind Hezbollah ………..……….…… 43

3.1.3 Hezbollah‟s Social Services………. 45

3.1.4 Hezbollah‟s Military Power………. 46

3.2 The Alliance Strategy ………. 49

3.2.1The Syria, Iran and Hezbollah Alliance ……… 49

3.2.2 The Consequences of The Alliance ………. 51

CHAPTER 4: HEZBOLLAH’S INTERVENTION IN SYRIA……….…… 53

4.1 The Reasons and Methods of Intervention ……….. 53

4.1.1 Historical Factors ………. 53

4.1.2 Fundamental Reasons and Methods ………. 56

4.1.2.1The Fundamental Reasons ………. 56

4.1.2.2The Aggresive/Non-Aggresive Methods ……… 57

4.2 Hezbollah‟s Military Intervention……… 59

4.3 Hezbollah„s Diplomatic Approach ……….. 64

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ……….……….. 67

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x References

http://un.org/News/dh/infocus/Syria/FinalCommuniqueActionGroupforSyria.pdf http://www.syrianembassy.us/

http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/04/08/new-start-treaty-and-protocol

http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/01/19/why_is_russia_freaking_out_more_than_c hina

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/12/fact-sheet-united-states-trans-pacific-partnership

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/04/world/asia/chinas-president-pushes-back-against-western-culture.html?_r=1&src=tp

http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/thomas-koenig/russia-and-china-aligned-after-all http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/22/geneva-ii-syria-5-things

http://www.globalresearch.ca/war-propaganda-as-with-iraq-u-s-media-disseminates-lies-and-fabrications-on-syrias-wmds/5348821

http://www.globalresearch.ca/israeli-warplanes-attacked-syria-tel-aviv-outraged-by-us-intelligence-leaks-concerning-strike/5356535

http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/176403#.UutMm5xaees

http://www.globalresearch.ca/breaking-news-syria-arab-league-head-of-mission-refutes-western-media-propaganda/28379

Kioko, Ben (2003). "The Right of Intervention under the African Union's Constitutive Act; Non-interference to Non-Intervention". (International Review of the Red Cross) Page : 807-825.

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001). The Right to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottowa: International Development Research Centre. Available at:

http://www.iciss.ca/report-en.asp

Bussiness Insider. (2013) The U.S. Is Supplying the Syrian Opposition. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-is-supplying-the-syrian-opposition-with-major-funding-and-wants-assad-gone-2013-2

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BBC News. (2013) Syria crisis: Obama wins backing for military strike Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23950253

CNN‟s Chronology of Syrian Conflict (2013) Available at:

http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/meast/syria-civil-war-fast-facts/

Edward Gibbon (2004) History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Wildside Press.

Barnard, Anne (May 20, 2013). "Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the

Lebanese".http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/world/middleeast/syriadevelopments.html?p agewanted=all&_r=0

Time Warner Content. Available at: http://www.timewarner.com/our-content/turner-broadcasting-system/

http://finance.yahoo.com/q/mh?s=TWX

Rockefeller Museum, Israel - Israel Ministry of Tourism. Available at :

www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Articles/Attractions/Pages/Rockefeller%20Museum%20je w.aspx

Bowie N., Cartaluci T. (2013). War on Syria: Gateway To World War III.

Hosein,I.(2012)Islam & Politics In The Context of Islam: Syria. India: Mogamat Abrahams Media.

Sulaeman, D. (2013). Prahara Suriah: Membongkar Persenkongkolan Multinasional. (Translated as: Syrian Hurricane: Exposing the Multinational Conspiracy. Jakarta: Mizan Media Utama.

Tarpley, W. (2012) Death Squads in Syria. Massachusetts: Progressive Press

Goodarzi, J. (2013). Syria and Hezbollah: Alliance Cooperation in aChanging Regional EnvironmentOrtadoğu Etütleri.

NY Times: Behind The Arab Springs(2011) Available at:

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/world/15aid.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3&emc=eta1& Kioko, Ben (2003). "The Right of Intervention under the African Union's Constitutive Act; Non-interference to Non-Intervention". (International Review of the Red Cross) Page : 807-825.

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US Department of State (1999). "Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations"Available here: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm

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1 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Syrian Conflict is an interesting issue, because Syria is a Muslim country which goes through many conflicts, eventhough the Islamic point of view clearly indicates that an Islamic brotherhood has a very noble value in the well-being of a country and nation. In the reign of Islam, Syria had been the center of an Islamic caliphate that controls a larger area than that of the Roman empire where even Christians and Jews can live peacefully under Islamic rule1.

However, the conflict in Syria that we know of today turned into a battle of Islamic groups fighting each other. An identity crisis which is most commonly known as Shia Jihadist groups against Sunni Jihadist groups. The Syrian conflict has turned into such a complicated issue that even between these Sunni groups there are groups fighting each other. However, the focus on this research would be the Shiist group Hezbollah which has played an already vital role into the Syrian conflict and has been considered to be even more powerful than the Libanese army2. It‟s proven that the role of Hezbollah‟s intervention has been of major support to the Syrian government, which interests the author, especially since Hezbollah belongs to the fewIslamic groups that actually support the Syrian government and go into intervention asa supportto the government.

Gibbon, E. (2004) History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Wildside Press. 2

Barnard, A. (2013). "Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese". Available at:

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The Syrian conflict itself started to attractits worldwide attention since the

Arab Springrevolution came into Syria, which sought to reduce the government powers owned by Bashr al-Assad. Instead heard as an input, it looked like the Syrian government bombards their people with bullets and mortars, which caused many deaths among protesters since March 20093. The Syrian war which should have only occured between the people of Syria and the government, suddenly expanded. President Assad's allegates that some foreign insurgents deliberately funded covert operations by the opposition parties, which could explain why they are strong and many.

Many journals regarding the conflict of Syria depicted that certain foreign state actors in Syria helped the destabilization of Syria bysiding up with the Syrian opposition which are the state actors like the U.S., Israel, Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. There are also other writings which indicates that there are state-actors in the likes of Russia, China, Iran and Lebanon who help the Syrian government in their efforts to stop the destabilization in Syria. As been said before, this research will put its focus on the non-state actorHezbollah, that due they are the main leading actors which supports the Syrian government by literally making military interventions into Syria against the opposition.

When seen from a media perspective, we‟ll come to know that there‟s a different twist in stories about the Syrian conflict. There we have mainstream news like Al-Jazeera, BBC, CNN and Fox Newswhich indicates that the Syrian conflict is a civil war resulted from an authoritarian regime that violate human

3_{CNN‟s Chronology of Syrian Conflict (2013) Available at:}

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rights and doesn‟t make effective democractic efforts4. Then we have media likeAl-Manar TVwhich is owned by Hezbollah and clearly tries topoint out that the Syrian conflict is an Israeli plot designed to create discord between Sunnis and Shiites, who are fighting on opposite sides of Syria‟s war. Al-Manar TV also concludes that the Sunni jihadist groups received training from the CIA and were created by Saudi Arabia and Qatar, but the head of financing was by the United States.

Either way, the state-actors involved in the Syrian conflict uses strategy in the forms of different physical means. For instance we can clearly see that since 2011 Nations from the West like the US are struggling for an humanitarian intervention into Syria starting with a military air strike5. But on the other side we also have Nations from the East like Russia and China who are shipping weapons, sending humanitarian aid and diplomatic staff as support to the government of Syria. So far we can see that a state or a non-state actor makes its intervention throughtwo main actions. One will conclude by military means and the other factor will be by diplomatic means, which include public diplomacy and propaganda.

As been said before the Media plays an important role, at certain aspects it has effectively conditioned public opinion regarding whether or not a state-actor or non-state actor should intervene into Syria. For instance, we can clearly see that The United Nations and states from the West like the U.S. use media forces in the likes as CNN as their main broadcast weapon. It‟s easily to conclude that

CNN plays a vital role in the agenda of states from the West and The United

Bussiness Insider. (2013) The U.S. Is Supplying the Syrian Opposition. Available at:

http://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-is-supplying-the-syrian-opposition-with-major-funding-and-wants-assad-gone-2013-2

BBC News. (2013) Syria crisis: Obama wins backing for military strike Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23950253

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Nations to support the Syrian opposition, but an interesting fact to know is that CNN is owned by Time Warner6.Time Warner which is known as the world‟s

most powerful film and entertainment industry and is owned by JP Morgan Chase & Company and Dodge & Cox Inc7. CNN also has one direct holder in the name of Jeffrey L. Bewkes, whom is known to be a politician and main member of the

Council of Foreign Relations. The CFR is foundated and owned by Rotchild and Rockefeller.TheRockefeller family is known to be one of the first and mostwealthiest bussiness families living on Earth. David Rockefeller, a spokesman of the Rockefeller family is known as Earth‟s very few trillionaires which contribute an tremendous amount of money for the State of Israel yearly8. This is an interesting fact to know when the author analyzes the Syrian conflict, especially since Syria is a neighbouring country to Israel.

The conflict in Syria can be regarded as a complex situation. Syria‟s conflict turns out not to be only domestic, but has become a conflict at a global scale with chemical weapons involved. The conflict in Syria also doesn‟t seem to be an economic issue but has grown into an identity crisis with Hezbollah playing a vital role in the conflict. Thus, in this study, the author would like to describe the ethical and instrumental code9of Hezbollah‟s intervention into Syria.

Read Time Warner Content. Available at: http://www.timewarner.com/our-content/turner-broadcasting-system/

http://finance.yahoo.com/q/mh?s=TWX 8

Rockefeller Museum, Israel - Israel Ministry of Tourism. Available at

:www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Articles/Attractions/Pages/Rockefeller%20Museum%20jew.aspx 9

Context of Ethical code is; How Hezbollah take measures into the Syrian conflict. Context of Instrumental code is; How Hezbollah obtains what they want to achieve in The Syrian Conflict.

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1.2 Research Question

As been explained in the introduction above, it is necessary to formulate the problem that this research is focused to. The formulation of the problem in this study is "How Is Hezbollah’s Intervention In the Syrian conflict?"

1.3 Research Objectives

A study basically has a specific goal thats needs to be achieved. Research purposes must also be clear to provide direction in the implementation of the study. The purpose of this study is to analyze Hezbollah‟s significance in the Syrian Conflict.

1.4 Previous Research

Several previous series of studies has been a consideration to this study, the first study has been conducted by Tony Cartaluci10that accurately tries to describe the chronology of events that leaded to the current conflicts in Syria before the demonstrations begun in March 2011. Tony Cartaluci answered the following question from his research: "How does the Syrian conflict becameamain trigger into World War 3?". To answer this question, Tony Cartulluci used a neo-realist point of view so according to Tony‟s analysis the Syrian conflict could very possibly be the cause of World War 3, because it turns out that the Syrian conflict does not exclusively take place in Syria but also endures outside Syria.

The study also found out that the conflict in Syria is caused by various factors, such as: the existence of foreign armed groups which shoot Syrian civilians, a group of protesters who turned out to get support in the form of

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materials, training and operational funding from a variety of foreign groups andthe foreign media such as Fox News and Al-Jazeera which plays a crucial role groups in conditioning public opinions regarding the Syrian conflict. Those factorscaused the current conflict to grow immense, which has as impact that the situation becomes difficult to analyzedue to the fact that many foreign actors are involved with many different possible reasons. The main weakness in this study is that Tony Cartalucidoes not take into account the identity of the Syrian people, the religious traditions followed by many Syrians and the diversity in religion which plays an important role in the Syrian conflict and the author would like to complement the weaknesses with this research.

In addition to Tony Cartulucci‟s research the author also uses a study by Sheikh Imran Hosein11. This second study was conducted with the Long Cycle Theorywhich in brief indicates that world leadership changes cyclically by wars. In this context Sheikh Imran Hossein explaineshow this next cycle comes into existence with the help of the American government‟s involvment in Syria which will cause it‟s own economic fall if it intervents into Syria which will has as effect that Israel becomes the next Superpower. The Syeikh also puts a brief history of Syrian politics and democracy efforts in view which have brought the Syrian government to the place we recognize them today. Sheikh Imran Hossein answers the question;"Is it true that different sects of Islam has led to a civil conflict in Syria?".This study has found that the conflict in Syria has not been caused by the varity of Islamic sects in Syrian territory but rather due to external factors that deliberately wanted to decrease the Islamic image in the Middle East by causing identity conflicts between the varity of Isamic sects. There are various groups of

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foreigners involved in pitting the Alawy tribes and Shia against Sunni. Syria has become the center of distraction regarding an Islamic identity crisis with as true goal to weaken Islam.

The study also found a variety of possible attacks by the Turkish-led NATO as a consequence of media propaganda in the Middle East to remove the current Syrian government and replace it ala Libyan style with a different government posing as an Islamic government. Sheikh Imran Hosein also explain a causation if Russia and China (which both supports the Syrian military) respond to the Turkish military invasion in Syria, it will eventually provoke the great

Malhama (the great war) as has been predicted by the Prophet Muhammad. The weakness of this study is that the research is more directed to an Islamic point of view, and does not discuss in more detail issues of National interest held by outside actors in their efforts to intervene in Syria which the author tries to do with this research.

The third study is conducted by Dina Y. Sulaiman12and uses Conflict Resolution methodology. This study points out that analyzing the Syrian conflict, will result that at least four factors are involved, which are namely triggers,

pivotal (cause), mobilizing (leadership role during conflict) and aggravating

(factors that aggravate the conflict). According to Dina Sulaiman these factors generally run together in a conflict. In this book the author's observation indicates that main factor which causes the Syrian conflict would be the trigger factor. In its analysis, the authorof this book persuades its readers that conflict mediators should find the real root of the conflict. And to get that the view of the Syrian

Sulaeman, D. (2013). Prahara Suriah: Membongkar Persenkongkolan Multinasional.

(Translated as: Syrian Hurricane: Exposing the Multinational Conspiracy. Jakarta: Mizan Media Utama.

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conflict should be expanded. The author of this book explain in great detail each aspect of the factors behind the Syrian Conflict.

The weakness in this study is that this research does not portray the attitude of further intervention by foreign groups that have led the Syrian crisis. Besides that, the impact of the Syrian conflict to it‟s nation and countries among Syria has not been described in great detail. So the author would like to complement the weaknesses with this research.

The fourth study has been conducted by Webster G. Tarpley13. In this journal, it is explained that behind the establishment of the opposition movement, the Free Syrian Army some foreign organisations are involved. The involvment does also imply for aiding, training and suplying many various materialistic needs for the group, including weaponry. Some of theseforeign organisastions areMossad, CIA and Al-Qaeda. Mossad plays an significant role in physical training and movement strategies behind the FSA.The CIA has a role in funding operations and training. The Syrian Army has also found traces of FSA agents that are actually working for the CIA. Another interesting factor is that these agents were found to be from Caucasian race and share no Arabic identity whatsoever. The data provided by Webster Tarpley‟s research also indicates that these agents disguised as Syrian civilians are paid by the CIA. Moreover Webster G. Tarpley analyzes how various media propaganda has been carried out against the government of Bashar Al Assad.

Eventhough this research has been done with field observations, it is pretty one sided. It does not conclude any data of harm doings by the Syrian government, or the possibilities if the Syrian government has covert operations

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against it‟s own people. So the author would like to complement these

weaknesses with this research.

The fifth research by Jubin M. Goodarzi14provides an analytical framework to understand the forces which have shaped and influenced the evolution of the Syrian-Hezbollahalliance.Furthermore, it highlights the importance of the axis, and major mythsand misconceptions concerning it. It also presents a general overview ofthe various phases in the development of the relationship, and its futureprospects.

It also concludes that the current crisis is the greatest challenge facing the thirtythree-year-old Syrian-Hezbollah alliance. If the Assad government is toppled,this would represent a major setback for Hezbollah. Overall,it could be argued that if such an event were to occur, it would bethe greatest loss for the Axis, which also means a loss for Iran. It would also constitute a major blow, particularlyin terms of the Hezbollah‟s ideological and foreign policy objectives. The overthrow of the Syrian government could transform the regional situation overnight. In conclusion, Hezbollah will do all it can to ensure that Bashar Assad will not be toppled. There is no doubt that the Syrian-Hezbollah alliance is at a critical crossroads. It should be understood however, that irrespective of how much longer the Syrian-Hezbollahalliance endures, its impact on Mideast politics over the past three decades has been significant. It has undoubtedly left its mark on the political landscape of the modern Middle East.

The weak point of this study is that it does not provide any data of the Hezbollah involvement in Syrian politics after the 2011 demonstrations. It also doesn‟t describe the influence of Hezbollah into Syrian internal affairs.

Goodarzi, J. (2013). Syria and Hezbollah: Alliance Cooperation in aChanging Regional EnvironmentOrtadoğu Etütleri.

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TABLE 1.1 RESEARCH POSITION NO. TITLE AND NAME

OF RESEARCHERS

MIN (-) POINTS OF RESEARCH

RESULT 1. Journal:

War on Syria: Gateway To World War III By: Tony Cartalucci& Nile Bowie

(-) Does not take into account the identity of the Syrian people, the religious traditions followed by many Syrians and the diversity in religion which plays an important role in the Syrian conflict.

This study found out that there are organizationsin the U.S. involved in the recruitment, training, and supporting of youth activists ahead of the

Arab Spring, which incidentally even has been written in an article in April 2011 of the New York Times15. The Organization is called

Movements.org and

Alliance of Youth Movements.

This research also found out that these

organizations admitted their involvement in funding the Arab Springin Syria. 2. Journal :

Islam & Politics In The Context of Islam: Syria

By: Syeikh Imran N. Hossein

(-) the research is more focused as an Islamic point of view, and does not discuss in more detail issues like National interest of outside actors.

This research

succesfully analyzed into which direction the Syrian conflict will be heading to according to

Islamic History and Perspective. What the Syeikh found out is that there are several hadiths that indicates that the Great War will be provoked by Russia and China that will respond to a U.S. and Turkish military invasion. And the Turkish military invasion in Syria will eventually lead to a civil war in Turkey itself. The incident will eventually result in the realization of one of the

NY Times : Behind The Arab Springs(2011) Available at:

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other predictions in the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad, namely:

"You (Muslims) will make an alliance with Rum."

Rum in the Qur'an is also called the

Byzantine Empire East. But having conquered Constantinople in 1453, Moscow became the capital of Rum. 3. Journal:

Syria: Debunking The Multinational Conspiracy

By: Dina Y. Sulaiman

(-) The research does not portray the attitude of further intervention by foreign groups that have led to the Syrian crisis.

(-)The impact of the Syrian conflict to its own people and countries among Syria has not been described in great detail.

The four important factors behind the conflict inSyria:

1) Triggers: The National interest of U.S., Israel, Saudi Arabia and Qatar

2) Pivotal: Creation of internal conflicts in Syria by foreign groups.

3) Mobilizing:

Bashar Al-Assad receives foreignreporters in Damascus and bids Interviewswith intention to remove the misconception the world has about the Syrian conflict.

4) Aggravating:the

mainstream news as well as the United Nations which has been proved to contain propaganda.

4. Journal:

Death Squads In Syria By: Wesbter G.

Tarpley

(-) The Research became one sided after it‟s first chapter. That because, it does not provide any data of harm doings by the Syrian government, or the possibilities if the Syrian government has covert operations against

it‟s own people.

Operational funding Free Syrian Army (Free Syrian Army) came from Qatar, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. Of existing statistical data according to a report from the CIA, 6/7 Syrian Liberation Army air operations in Syria have Passport

foreigners, in other words they are a foreign person.

Preaching by CNN and the BBC about the demonstration in the city of Homs proven

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untrue and proven devoid of propaganda against the government of Bashar al-Assad and Syrian civilians.

5. Journal:

Syria and Hezbollah: Alliance Cooperation in a

Changing Regional Environment By:

Jubin M. Goodarzi

(-) The research does not provide any data of the Hezbollah involvement in Syrian politics after the 2011 demonstrations. It also doesn‟t describe the influence of

Hezbollah into Syrian internal affairs.

Syria serve as a major conduit for Iranian arms shipments and material support to Hezbollah. Since the end of the 2006 Lebanon conflict, Damascus and Tehran have built up Hezbollah into a formidable force with an arsenal of some 40,000 rockets and missiles. Not only would Hezbollah lose an important Arab ally, but also its ability to provide support for Iran and to influence the situation in Lebanon and in the Arab-Israeli arena would be severely curtailed. The

nightmare scenario for Hezbollah would be for

the Syrian Ba‟ath to be

replaced by a Sunni fundamentalist regime that is staunchly anti-Iran and anti-Shia, and closely allied with Saudi Arabia. In conclusion, Hezbollah will do all it can to ensure that Bashar Assad will not be toppled.

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1.5 Conceptual Framework

The concept that is being used in this research is the concept of Interventionism (Foreign Intervention). Interventionism is a broad concept and most scholars of the International Relations field have their own interpretations about it. Eventhough the concept can be found in studies of international law, political science, ethics and international affairs, we can agree that Interventionism is usually based in military and economy aspects of one country.

According to the oxford dictionary „intervention‟ simply means interference by a state in another‟s affairs. However the type of intervention that had been used by Hezbollah in their intervention into Syria is a military intervention, therefor will humanitarian and liberal intervention not be discussed in this thesis. A broadly shared definition of „Military Intervention‟ is provided by the author Daniele Archibugi in his book “Cosmopolitan Guidelines for

Humanitarian Intervention” in which he defines military intervention as:

“A military intervention in an area for the purpose of saving peoples from

democide or other major violations of human rights occurring and carried out by

foreign institutions without the consent of a legitimate government.”16

Eventhough Hezbollah has a military intervention into Syria, there are two very important factors that should be noted:

1. Hezbollah is not a State-Actor, but rather a non-state political organization.

2. It‟s having an intervention into Syria with the consent of the Syrian

government.

16_{Archibugi, D. (2003) “Cosmopolitan Guidelines for Humanitarian Intervention”. Italian National} Research Council. Available here:

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This is why the defintion by Danielle Archibugi could not fit perfectly in

Hezbollah‟s case of intervention as the concept applies that Hezbollah could only

carry out its military intervention without the consent of the Syrian government, as this is could not fit in Hezbollah‟s context, as many other definitions couldn‟t also, because other concepts only relates military intervention with the UN Security Council. So the author finds it necesarry that a new definition of interventionism should be made that could fit inside the context of this thesis.

In Hezbollah‟s case, Hezbollah is doing a millitary intervention for the

purpose of saving people and avoid further destabilization to the Axis of Resistance with the consent of the Syrian governmentagainst foreign groups.

This type of intervention has not been discussed a lot in International Relations studies, but as you can note, the Syrian government gives consent to Hezbollah to intervene in Syria, it means that there is a form of cooperation between Hezbollah and Syria. Therefor the theory of “Alliance Formation and War” as defined by Alastair Smith could fit the context.17

In this book Alastair Smith concludes on page 419 (or page 15 of the e-book) the role of alliances in International Relations and the interaction between the nations of the alliance. How the cost of alliances, could change the behavior of states, because the behaviour of state effect the behaviour of other states.

Eventhough an alliance with a non-state force has not been considered by this theory, we could imply parts of this theory to understand Hezbollah‟s alliance with the Syrian government as the author agrees that the Alliance of War is basically a military cooperation between two or more parties to gain a common

17_{Smith, A. (1995) “Alliance Formation and War”. New York University Available here:} http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/smith/smith95.pdf

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objective. In this case the objective is to avoid further destabilization to the Axis of Resistance.

The author could come to the conclusion that Hezbollah‟s intervention in Syria is a military intervention for the purpose of saving peoples and avoid further destabilization to Syria and the Axis of Resistance with the consent of the Syrian government against foreign groups inside Syria. This intervention exists, because there is a tight form of cooperation between Syria and Hezbollah, which will be discussed furthermore.

from democide or other major violations of human rights occurring and carried out by foreign institutions without the consent of a legitimate government.”

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Foreign Intervention,

based upon 4 fundamentals18

Objectives Relations Agressive

Methods

Non-Aggressive Methods

Objectives: can be philosophical, religious or scientific based on the different ideological foundations supporting the policy.

Examples: national security, support for world

government, scientific systemic concern of systemic bias in international relations theory, policy of balancing as a goal for balance of power in international relations or balance of threat.

International relations are developed through international cooperation and international

organizations giving rise to military alliance,

cooperation through a trade pact or development of a trade bloc.

These can set common policies of foreign intervention through bilateralism or multi-lateralism, and international agreement on a treaty. The development of international law is also done through international cooperation and organizations with implications for foreign intervention actions.

Aggresive Methods: Military, international, corporate, media, technical, religious and public efforts reflecting their respective objectives, interests and

ideologies.

Non- Aggresive

Intervention (these foreign intervention methods are physically passive and do not use violence): economic sanctions, embargo, boycott, trade sanctions, political sanctions, international sanctions.

Promotion of efforts for media or information methods may be used: Information warfare, propaganda, advertising, political symbolism, media democracy, freedom of information to gain political capital and support for political reform. Publicly organized efforts also appear; like the peace movement and nonviolence organizations, sometimes by religious organizations.

The debate on possible intervention in Syria has moved beyond the discussion of whether any such action would be justified by reference to a principle of international law of humanitarian intervention. As a matter of international law, any considered „legal‟ humanitarian intervention is permissible if authorized by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Although many governments and non-state groups have taken the position that such intervention may in some cases be morally justified even if not authorized by the Security Council, most states and international legal experts do not regard that as lawful.

Source of the tabel is concluded from the book by Williams, M. (2000) “Intervention and the Use of

Force” Available here: http://www.cap.lmu.de/transatlantic/download/williams.doc and Daniele Archibugi used the term „democide‟ which was introduced by Rudolph Rummel (1994), „Power,

Genocide and Mass Murder‟, Journal of Peace Research, 31, 1 (1990) pp. 1-10, to cover genocide and mass murder.

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The main source of international law on this issue is the United Nations Charter (Chapter VII resolution of the UN Security Council), which prohibits the use of military force against or in another state without its consent except when authorized by the UNSC or in self-defense against armed attack. The UNSC has authorized humanitarian interventions in cases such as Somalia and Haiti, but it is often difficult to obtain the necessary votes in the UNSC and to overcome resistance by permanent members Russia and China, which are generally opposed to these actions.

In recent years, states have reached general consensus that they have a "Responsibility to Protect" populations from mass atrocities, and that when a government fails in this responsibility towards its own people, international action is appropriate. Many states, however, maintain the position that only the UNSC can authorize armed intervention.

According to the UN Charter, states are only allowed to threaten or use force against another state for reasons of self-defense or when it is authorized by the Security Council as necessary "to maintain or restore international peace and security" (Chapter VII). In other situations, the UN Charter recognizes the territorial integrity and political independence of all States. The notion of international peace and security is flexible enough to allow for a broad range of interpretations and on occasion the Security Council has invoked it as justification for actions that seem primarily humanitarian in character.

Legally in view of International law do all acts of intervention that require use of force need approval by the UN. However, since humanitarian crisis is not explicitly recognized in the UN Charter as a legitimate reason for intervention, members of the Security Council have sometimes been able to block proposed

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interventions through the use or threat of their veto. The decision to intervene for humanitarian reasons is predominantly based on public opinion and pressure exerted on intervening states, international activists, media coverage, and political consideration of Security Council members.

Most countries and non-state actors claim to act in humanitarian intervention based upon the reason that there has been a tremendous tragedy in an certain country which may threaten international peace and security. Developments in the international law have also indicated that human rights isnowadays one of the important universalissue and value, so that the protection of such rights shall take precedence in inter-State relations. The indication can be seen with the birth of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (1966). These fundamentals also became the main excuse for some countries that humanitarian intervention does not violate international law.

In the early acceptance and enforcement of human rights, each State had a fundamental difference in interpretating it. However, the 1993 Vienna Declaration stated that each State has committed that every human right is universal, cannot be separated (indivisible), mutual dependence (interdependence), and interrelated (interrelated).

When an intervention is done with a purpose which has been prohibited by the international law, then the motivation would be measured from it‟s national interest. These interests can include various things, such as: economic interests, political, defense,security, and perhaps alloys of these interests.

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1.6 Analytical Framework

1.6.1 Level Analysis

Analysis techniques used by the author to conduct this study is limited to the unit of a domestic level. The domestic level, gives the attentionto domestic trends and pressures that led to changes in the interaction and intervention between states/non-states.

Joshua S. Goldstein who divides the level analysis of International Relations into four levels of analysis: the individual level, the domestic level, the

level of inter-state and global-level explains that the four above levels are important to use as a scale when analyzing an International phenomena19.

1.6.2 Type of Research

In this study the author uses a descriptive method to describe the research systematically, factual, and accurate to analyze the problem so the problem could be well ellaborated.

1.6.3 Data Collection Technique

Techniques used for data collection are as follows:

1. Literature technique

One of the techniques used by the author is the use of previous literature studies, and web documents related to the study as a guideline to the results obtained from the fields theory of existing disciplines.

Goldstein, Joshua. (2010) InternationalRelations by: Prof. Joshua S. Goldstein. Available at: www.internationalrelations.com

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1.7 Scope of Study

1.7.1 Types of Research

Method is a procedure or way of knowing something, which has systematic steps (Senn, 1971:4). Established research method is based on the research objectives and the expected level of generalization (Suriasumantri, 1998:309). This study uses a descriptive method. In this study, the author uses a descriptive research to describe the object of research, which is; Hezbollah‟s intervention in the Syrian conflict.

1.7.2 Limitation of Time

The scope of this research is limited between March 2011- January 2014. The reason why the the author analyzes the crisis since March 2011 is because the Syrian Conflict circulated by that time through the Arab Spring and put Syria into a global spotlight and the reason why till January 2014 is dueto Syria has joined the Geneva II peace conference in Geneva. The author will conduct research at the non-state level.

1.8 Basic Argument

Hezbollah is not the only group that has made its way into intervention in Syria and even though there are more actors involved that support the Syrian government, Hezbollah has played a vital role on the fields of the conflict and has been of major backup to the Syrian government. Cooperative efforts by Hezbollah to the Syrian government includes by military alliance, media, diplomatic and public efforts in which Hezbollah leaders show their respective support towards the Syrian government. As been said by the concept of Interventionism, one of the

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4 fundamentals behind any foreign intervention is the relations fundamental

which indicates that a military alliance is possible if there is a trade pact and development of a trade bloc. This has been the case with Hezbollah. Hezbollah has built a strong relation with Syria economically and alongside with Iran, they form the Axis of Resistance20. In the past Syria has also aided finance, diplomatic and organizational aid to Hezbollah21.Another important relation fundamentalfactor would be thatHezbollah depends on Syria for its arms flow from Iran.

The military means of Hezbollah‟s interventionis by for instance, making

checkpoints in 23 strategically located villages which are inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship. Sometimes there are two checkpoints at busy streets, by using yellow Hezbollah armbands and equipped with radios and blue gloves they search car trunks and truck beds looking for any dangerous suspicious equipment that could harm any Syrian, Lebanese or Shiite civilians.

Another fundamental reason of intervention is named the methods fundamental in which Hezbollah‟s intervention is physically passive and doesn‟t

use violence. In this case Hezbollah had made religious, media and public efforts as a method for resolving the Syrian conflict. For instance Hezbollah leader

Hassan Nasrallah has made a public speech on Al-Quds day22 through Al Manar TV in which he states that the Syrian conflict is an Israeli plot designed to create discord between Sunnis and Shiites, who are designed to fight on opposite sides

The Axis of Resistance is a term that refers to the anti-Israel and anti-western of alliance between Iran, Syria and the Lebanese militar group Hezbollah

US Department of State (1999). "Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations"Available here: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm 22

Last Friday of the month of Ramadhan. A month wherein muslims fast as an act of worship to God for a whole month from sunrise to sunset.

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of Syria‟s war23, but that Hezbollah puts in favor a diplomatic mean to resolve the

issue.Hassan Nasrallah also stated that if the Syrian government will fall apart than it will have serious consequences to the safety and prosperity of Lebanon itself. This also is a major explanation behind Hezbollah‟sinvolvement in the Syrian conflict, in which they probably could have decided to support the Syrian government under consultations with the Iranian Wilayatul Faqih. However

Hezbollah‟s alliance with Syria has been proven to be powerful and successful in

winning key battles so the Syrian government can maintain their strategic military cities. The military branch of Hezbollah is also known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Resistance).Because of the tense situation in Syria, Hezbollah had introduce a change to its rotation from its previous policy for its fighters from 7 days fighting followed by 7 days leave to an increase of 20 days fighting followed by 7 days leave for its fighters24

The reason behind Hezbollah‟s intervention is because Hezbollah sees the Syrian conflict as a threat not only to Syria, but also to Palestine and Lebanon. However their real aim seems to be Israel. According to the data obtained by the author, Syria, Lebanon and Iran are the backbone of resistance against Israel and its known that one of the main principle aims of Hezbollah in the future is to have a final war against Israel. That could only be accomplished if their Middle Eastern resistance against Israel keeps being strong and that would in no way possible if the Syrian government would be replaced with a pro-western alliance which also takes Iran as an enemy. However the benefit behind both parties alliances is not the focus of the study, but a logical claim would be that, to Hezbollah, their

Video of English translated speech can be accesed here:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KfGvoxRLNU

Washington Post (2013) "In Syria, Hezbollah forces appear ready to attack rebels in city of Aleppo" http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/hezbollah-boosting-assads-forces-in-northern-syria/2013/06/02/3bb59c7e-cb9e-11e2-8f6b-67f40e176f03_story_1.html

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involvement in the Syrian conflict could have it benefits in the forms of turning a new generation of young recruits into battle-hardened veterans. This experience definitely makes them a more capable combat force in the event of another war against Israel.

It‟s definitely clear that the Hezbollah army have learned valuable

lessons in offensive and defensive operations in urban and rural environments. They have learned how to coordinate with other forces, such as the Syrian army and loyalist paramilitaries and learned how to build supply lines to sustain long periods of fightingand simply experience the chaos of combat. Andif Hezbollah and Syria win this battle than their relationship and alliance will get stronger and the axis of resistance will share a stronger leadership and influence in the Middle East and against Israel.

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1.9 Systematics Writing

Systematics of writing is used to obtain a comprehensive picture of the discussion paper in accordance with the rule or standard rules of writing a scientific paper. The composition of the systematic writing as follows:

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the author will put into the lightthe background of the problem, the formulation of the problem, purpose of the study, previous studies, foundation concepts, research methodology, scope of research, literature review, basic argument and systematic writing.

CHAPTER 2: THE COMPLICATED SYRIAN CONFLICT Principal discussion in Chapter II is:

2.1The Beginning

2.2 The Complication of The Syrian Conflict

2.3 Why the Conflict Invites Foreign Actors into the Conflict 2.4 Development of the Conflict

2.4.1 Chemical Weapons Involved 2.4.2 The Geneva II Conference CHAPTER 3: HEZBOLLAH’S ETHICAL CODE

Principal discussion in Chapter III is: 3.1The Ethical Code

3.1.1 Hezbollah‟s Organizational Structure 3.1.2 The Funding Behind Hezbollah 3.1.3 Hezbollah‟s Social Services 3.1.4 Hezbollah‟s Military Power 3.2 The Alliance Strategy

3.2.1The Syria, Iran and Hezbollah Alliance 3.2.2 The Consequences of The Alliance

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CHAPTER 4: HEZBOLLAH’S INTERVENTION IN SYRIA Principal discussion in Chapter IV is:

4.1 The Reasons of Intervention 4.2.1 Historical Factors

4.2.2 Fundamental Reasons and Methods 4.2.2.1The Fundamental Reasons

4.2.2.2The Aggresive/Non-Aggresive Methods

4.2 Hezbollah‟s Military Intervention

4.3 Hezbollah„s Diplomatic Approach CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

The concluding chapter will give a brief analysis on the final conclusion of thediscussion and formulate the answer to the problem, and concludesuggestions based on the results of the entire study.

(1)

1.7 Scope of Study

1.7.1 Types of Research

Method is a procedure or way of knowing something, which has systematic steps (Senn, 1971:4). Established research method is based on the research objectives and the expected level of generalization (Suriasumantri, 1998:309). This study uses a descriptive method. In this study, the author uses a descriptive research to describe the object of research, which is; Hezbollah‟s intervention in the Syrian conflict.

1.7.2 Limitation of Time

1.8 Basic Argument

(2)

4 fundamentals behind any foreign intervention is the relations fundamental which indicates that a military alliance is possible if there is a trade pact and development of a trade bloc. This has been the case with Hezbollah. Hezbollah has built a strong relation with Syria economically and alongside with Iran, they form the Axis of Resistance20. In the past Syria has also aided finance, diplomatic and organizational aid to Hezbollah21.Another important relation fundamentalfactor would be thatHezbollah depends on Syria for its arms flow from Iran.

The military means of Hezbollah‟s interventionis by for instance, making checkpoints in 23 strategically located villages which are inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship. Sometimes there are two checkpoints at busy streets, by using yellow Hezbollah armbands and equipped with radios and blue gloves they search car trunks and truck beds looking for any dangerous suspicious equipment that could harm any Syrian, Lebanese or Shiite civilians.

Another fundamental reason of intervention is named the methods fundamental in which Hezbollah‟s intervention is physically passive and doesn‟t use violence. In this case Hezbollah had made religious, media and public efforts as a method for resolving the Syrian conflict. For instance Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah has made a public speech on Al-Quds day22 through Al Manar TV in which he states that the Syrian conflict is an Israeli plot designed to create discord between Sunnis and Shiites, who are designed to fight on opposite sides

The Axis of Resistance is a term that refers to the anti-Israel and anti-western of alliance between Iran, Syria and the Lebanese militar group Hezbollah

US Department of State (1999). "Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations"Available here: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2801.htm 22

Last Friday of the month of Ramadhan. A month wherein muslims fast as an act of worship to God for a whole month from sunrise to sunset.

(3)

of Syria‟s war23, but that Hezbollah puts in favor a diplomatic mean to resolve the issue.Hassan Nasrallah also stated that if the Syrian government will fall apart than it will have serious consequences to the safety and prosperity of Lebanon itself. This also is a major explanation behind Hezbollah‟sinvolvement in the Syrian conflict, in which they probably could have decided to support the Syrian government under consultations with the Iranian Wilayatul Faqih. However Hezbollah‟s alliance with Syria has been proven to be powerful and successful in winning key battles so the Syrian government can maintain their strategic military cities. The military branch of Hezbollah is also known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Resistance).Because of the tense situation in Syria, Hezbollah had introduce a change to its rotation from its previous policy for its fighters from 7 days fighting followed by 7 days leave to an increase of 20 days fighting followed by 7 days leave for its fighters24

Video of English translated speech can be accesed here:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KfGvoxRLNU

(4)

It‟s definitely clear that the Hezbollah army have learned valuable lessons in offensive and defensive operations in urban and rural environments. They have learned how to coordinate with other forces, such as the Syrian army and loyalist paramilitaries and learned how to build supply lines to sustain long periods of fightingand simply experience the chaos of combat. Andif Hezbollah and Syria win this battle than their relationship and alliance will get stronger and the axis of resistance will share a stronger leadership and influence in the Middle East and against Israel.

(5)

1.9 Systematics Writing

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: THE COMPLICATED SYRIAN CONFLICT

Principal discussion in Chapter II is: 2.1The Beginning

2.2 The Complication of The Syrian Conflict

2.3 Why the Conflict Invites Foreign Actors into the Conflict 2.4 Development of the Conflict

2.4.1 Chemical Weapons Involved 2.4.2 The Geneva II Conference

CHAPTER 3: HEZBOLLAH’S ETHICAL CODE

Principal discussion in Chapter III is: 3.1The Ethical Code

3.1.1 Hezbollah‟s Organizational Structure 3.1.2 The Funding Behind Hezbollah 3.1.3 Hezbollah‟s Social Services 3.1.4 Hezbollah‟s Military Power 3.2 The Alliance Strategy

3.2.1The Syria, Iran and Hezbollah Alliance 3.2.2 The Consequences of The Alliance

(6)

CHAPTER 4: HEZBOLLAH’S INTERVENTION IN SYRIA

Principal discussion in Chapter IV is: 4.1 The Reasons of Intervention

4.2.1 Historical Factors

4.2.2 Fundamental Reasons and Methods 4.2.2.1The Fundamental Reasons

4.2.2.2The Aggresive/Non-Aggresive Methods 4.2 Hezbollah‟s Military Intervention

4.3 Hezbollah„s Diplomatic Approach

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

The concluding chapter will give a brief analysis on the final conclusion of thediscussion and formulate the answer to the problem, and concludesuggestions based on the results of the entire study.

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