CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this part, the researcher needs some theories as references related to the study and related to the problems discussed in this thesis.
2.1 Language
Language is used as a tool in communication between people. Language is a communication of thought and feelings trough a system of arbitrary signals, such as
voice sounds or spoken language, gestures, or written symbols as sign language. It is a system that has rules for combining its components become words, sentences or
phrases. Language is also a system that is used by a nation, people or other distinct
community. Every nation in the world has its own language or often called dialect. Those who know nothing of foreign languages, knows nothing of their own. -
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe 1749-1832. He wants to explain that people in the world need language to communicate. People should not just understand and expert
in their own language, they need foreign language to get know what and how the people in other country are. They need language to make a deal with other people,
especially from abroad.
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We invent the world through language. The world occurs through language. - Mal Pancoast. He means that the world is growing because of language. Without
language, the better world will never happen.
2.2 Translation
Translation is the act of translating, removing, or transfering data from source languageSL into target languageTL. In his attempt to transfer meaning from one
language SL to another TL by means of the universally known practice of translation, the translator faces a plethora of linguistic, stylistic and even cultural
problems. In this regard, Popovič 1970: 79 confirms that this transfer is not performed directly and is not without its difficulties. This means that the act of
translation can be analyzed along a range of possibilities, which brings about a number of shifts in the linguistic, aesthetic and intellectual values of the source text
ST. Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication
situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning
using lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context.Larson, 1984: 3.
It can be said that in the translation work, the translators should understand all about the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural
context of the source language, so they can analyze the meaning of the text and then they could reconstruct it into target language using lexicon and grammatical structure
which are appropriate in the original language in order to deliver the message of the text.
Translation Process:
Figure 2.2 The approa Figure 2.1 Translation Process
oaches to analyzing how to start translating b 1988: 21
by Newmark,
It can be shown that the process of translation starts from analyzing the original text Source Language, translators should read the data more than two times
to undesrtand the intention and what it is about of the text. After they read the text, they should learn the stylistic scale degree of language and learn the readership in
order to determine the average age, education and gender of their target readers. The translators maybe face possible structural problems due to differences rule and
structure between source language and target language, so they will need relevant sources such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, textbooks and etc.
In analyzing the source language, the reading activity is very needed to get the main ideas of each paragraph and the relationship between those ideas in the original
text. Then make it as a draft by transferring their ideas and understanding of the text into target sentences and checking the grammatical errors and consistency in using
terms. The next step is finalizing, the translators restructed the translation into translation text Target Language and it is ready for submission.
2.3 Shift
