Protecting people and the environment: Lessons learnt from Br azil’s Bolsa Verde,
China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, South Africa and 56 other experiences
57
special interest. Possible organizations would need to be identified and included into the process of developing training and supporting participants to migrate to those jobs.
The inclusion of employment services and the provision of childcare and transportation if necessary would also be useful. If a community approach is
introduced at some point in future, the community development plans could be institutionalized.
Training could be combined with short-term public employment for participants,
similar to South Africa’s Working for Water programme. Public works that improve
sustainability would allow participants to gain work experience, self-esteem, and receive related training simultaneously. This combination could increase the
chance of finding employment afterwards . It should be guaranteed that participants
are covered by social security while working within the programme. Childcare and transportation to the workplace would also be essential. Employment services should
be included to support the transition from the scheme to jobs. If this option is considered, it would be useful to look more closely at the experiences of South Africa
Working for Water, Working for Wetlands, among others and India MGNREGS.
Figure 5. Possible exit doors
“Exit doors”
Training on skills for urban employmentemployment
servicechildcare transportation
Training on sustainable green jobsemployment service
possible childcarepossible transportation
Public workstraining and skills development
employment servicesformal social securitychildcare
transport Training for jobs in social
economyinformation about jobsemployment service
childcaretransportation Rural self-employment
PES public or private focused
exclusively on environmental
objectives without pro-poor targeting
Urban employment in nearby cities or
rural areas Training on sustainable agri-
cultureagroforestryland tenure securityinformation
about classical PES scheme support application
Urbanrural employment in
social economy
Urbanrural employment
Urbanrural employment
green jobs Training on sustainable agricul-
tureagroforestrytechnology micro-entrepreneurship
trainingforest management plansmicrofinanceland tenure
securityrural infrastructure
58
Protecting people and the environment: Lessons learnt from Brazil’s Bolsa Verde,
China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, South Africa and 56 other experiences
The development of any of these strategies needs careful consideration and the inclusion of different stakeholders. If a social dialogue is promoted, as suggested above,
it is advisable that it includes the question of possible exit strategies. For any strategy, adequate, well-designed training is essential. It is also crucial to coordinate policies to
create coherence between employment programmes and local development plans. Coordinating training with educational policies could be taken into consideration, for
example, by including youth from participating families and providing opportunities for adults to complete their formal schooling. Developing appropriate exit strategies will take
time, effort, and resources.
Protecting people and the environment: Lessons learnt from Br azil’s Bolsa Verde,
China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, South Africa and 56 other experiences
59
7. Bibliography
Alix-Garcia, J.; de Janvry, A.; Sadoulet, E.; Torres, J. M. 2005. An assessment of Mexicos payment for environmental services program. Report for FAO. Available at:
ftp:ftp.fao.orgesESARoapdfaug05-env_mexico.pdf [22 Oct. 2015]. —; —; —; —. 2009. “Lessons Learned from Mexico`s Payment for Environmental
Services Program”, in Lipper, L.;
Sakuyama, T.; Stringer, R.; Zilberman, D. eds.:
Payment for Environmental Services in Agricultural Landscapes. Economic Policies and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries London, Springer.
—; Sims, K.; Yanez-Pagans, P.; Radeloff, V.; Shapiro, E. 2012. Two-dimensional evaluation: The environmental and socioeconomic impacts of Mexico`s Payments
for Hydrological Services Program unpublished. Behrendt, C. 2013a. “Building national social protection floors and social security systems:
The ILOs two- dimensional social security strategy”, in Bender, K.; Kaltenborn,
M.; Pfleiderer, C. eds.: Social Protection in Developing Countries: Reforming Systems
London, Routledge,
pp. 207-218.
Available at:
http:www.routledge.combooksdetails9780415641036 [22 Oct. 2015]. —. 2013b. “Investing in people: Extending social security through national social
protection floors”, in Beyond macroeconomic stability: Structural transformation and inclusive development London, Palgrave Macmillan and Geneva, ILO, pp.
228-261. Bennett, T.; Xu, J. 2003. China`s Sloping Land Conversion Program: Institutional
innovation or business as usual? Workshop on Payments for Environmental Services PES
– Methods and Design in Developing and Developed Countries, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Available
at: http:www.cifor.orgpespublicationspdf_filesChina_paper.pdf [22 Oct.
2015]. Bertranou, F.; Paz, J. 2007. Políticas y programas de protección al desempleo en
Argentina Buenos Aires, ILO.
Campos, A. 2013. “Bolsa Verde beneficia 42 mil famílias aliando preservação ambiental e aumento da renda”, in Agência Brasil Empresa Brasil de Comunicação [7 Feb.
2014]. Cassola, R. 2010a. TEEBcase: Payments and technical support for reforestation and soil
conservation for watershed protection, Brazil, mainly based on Veiga Neto, F 2008.
Available at:
http:img.teebweb.orgwp- contentuploads201301Payments-and-technical-support-for-reforestation-and-
soil-conservation-for-watershed-protection-Brazil.pdf [22 Oct. 2015]. —. 2010b. TEEBcase: Conserving forests through periodic grants: Bolsa Floresta, Brazil.
Available at: http:www.teebweb.orgwp-contentuploads201301Conserving- forests-through-grants-Brazil.pdf [22 Oct. 2015].
Corbera, E.; González Soberanis, C.; Brown, K. 2009. “Institutional dimensions of
payments for ecosystem services: An analysis of Mexicos carbon forestry programme”, in Ecological Economics, Vol. 68 No. 3, pp. 743-761. Available at:
http:www.sciencedirect.comsciencearticlepiiS0921800908002632 [22 Oct. 2015].
60
Protecting people and the environment: Lessons learnt from Brazil’s Bolsa Verde,
China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, South Africa and 56 other experiences
Cremaschi, D.; Lasco, R.; Delfino, R. 2013.
“Payments for watershed protection services: Emerging lessons from the Philippines”, in Journal of Sustainable Development,
Vol. 6,
No. 1.
Available at:
http:www.ccsenet.orgjournalindex.phpjsdarticleview19637 [22 Oct. 2015]. De Brauw, A; Gilligan, D. O.; Hoddinott, J; Roy, S. 2014. The Impact of Bolsa Família on
schooling: Girls` advantage increases and older children gain, International Food Policy Research Institute IFPRI Discussion Paper 01319. Available at:
http:www.ifpri.orgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsifpridp01319.pdf [22
Oct. 2015].
De Koning, F.; Aguiñaga, M.; Bravo, M.; Chiu, M.; Lascano, M.; Lozada, T; Suarez, L. 2011.
“Bridging the gap between forest conservation and poverty alleviation: The Ecuadorian Socio Bosque program”, in Environmental Science and Policy, Vol.
14, pp.
531 –542.
Available at
: http:theredddesk.orgsitesdefaultfilesresourcespdf2012articulosociobosquere
vista.pdf [22 Oct. 2015]
. Del Ninno, C.; Subbarao, K.; Milazzo, A. 2009. How to make public works work: A review
of the experiences, SP Discussion Paper No. 0905. Washington, DC, World Bank.
Available at:
http:siteresources.worldbank.orgSOCIALPROTECTIONResourcesSP- Discussion-papersSafety-Nets-DP0905.pdf [22 Oct. 2015].
Department of Water Affairs, Republic of South Africa. 2014. Welcome to the Working for Water. Available at: http:www.dwaf.gov.zawfw [22 Oct. 2015].
Echevarría, M. 2002. “Financing watershed conservation: The FONAG water fund in Quito, Ecuador” in S. Pagiola, J. Bishop, and N. Landell-Mills eds.: Selling forest
environmental services: Market-based mechanisms for conservation and development London, Routledge, pp. 91
–102. Ecosystem Marketplace. 2010. Payments for ecosystem services. Available at:
http:www.ecosystemmarketplace.compayments-ecosystem-services [22 Oct. 2015].
Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation ESPA. 2014. Webpage. Available at: http:www.espa.ac.uk [7 Feb. 2014].
Espinosa, C. 2005. Payment for water- based environmental services: Ecuador’s
experiences, lessons learned and ways forward, IUCN Water, Nature and Economics Technical Paper No. 2 Colombo, IUCN
— The World Conservation Union. Available at: https:portals.iucn.orglibrarynode8914 [22 Oct. 2015].
Fehse, J. 2012. “Private conservation agreements support climate action: Ecuador`s Socio
Bosque programme ”, in Climate Development Knowledge Network, inside
stories on
climate compatible
development. Available
at: http:cdkn.orgresourceprivate-conservation-agreements-support-climate-action-
ecuadors-socio-bosque-programme [22 Oct. 2015]. Ferreira dos Santos, R. 2009. Projeto apoio aos diálogos setoriais união europeia Brazil.
—. 2012a. Estudo 1 – Primeiro Relatório. Estratégias Internacionais de uso de pagamentos por servios ecossistémicos, Projeto apoio aos diálogos setoriais União
Europeia Brasil.
Protecting people and the environment: Lessons learnt from Br azil’s Bolsa Verde,
China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, South Africa and 56 other experiences
61
—. 2012b. Estudo 1 – Segundo Relatório. Lições de experiência s internacionais de uso de pagamentos por serviços ecossistémicos, Projeto apoio aos diálogos setoriais
União Europeia Brazil. Fiszbein, A.
Schady, N.; Ferreira, F.; Grosh, M.; Keleher, N.; Olinto, P.; Skoufias, E. 2009. Conditional cash transfers: Reducing present and future poverty Washington,
DC, World
Bank.. Available
at: https:openknowledge.worldbank.orghandle109862597 [22 Oct. 2015].
Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal FONAFIFO. 2007. Servicios ambientales: Pilares
fundamentales del
PPSA. Available
at: http:www.fonafifo.go.crpsaindex.html [3 Feb. 2014].
—; Comisión Nacional Forestal CONAFOR; Ministry of Environment. 2012. Lessons learned for REDD+ from PES and conservation incentive programs: Examples
from Costa
Rica, Mexico,
and Ecuador.
Available at:
http:www.forestcarbonpartnership.orgsitesforestcarbonpartnership.orgfilesDoc umentsFull20version20of20PES20Lessons20for20REDD+20Marc
h202012.pdf.
Food and Agriculture Organization FAO. 2011. Payments for ecosystem services and food
security Rome,
FAO. Available
at: http:www.fao.orgdocrep014i2100ei2100e00.htm [22 Oct. 2015].
—. 2013. Case studies on Remuneration of Positive Externalities RPEPayments for Environmental Services PES: Forest Conservation in Mexico: Ten years of
Payments for Ecosystem Services, prepared for the Multi-stakeholder Dialogue, Rome,
12-13 Sep.
Rome, FAO.
Available at:
http:www.fao.orgfileadminuser_uploadpes-projectdocsFAO_RPE- PES_PSAH-Mexico.pdf [3 Feb. 2014].
Fundação Amazonas Sustentável FAS. 2013. Programa Bolsa Floresta: Número de beneficiados
Março 2013.
Available at:
http:fas- amazonas.orgversao2012wordpresswp-
contentuploads200910BalanC3A7o-PBF_MarC3A7o-2013.pdf [7 Feb. 2014].
—. 2014. Programa Bolsa Floresta. Available at: http:fas-amazonas.orgprograma-bolsa- floresta [7 Feb. 2014].
Gobierno Nacional de la República de Ecuador. 2014. Buen Vivir. Plan Nacional. Available at:
http:plan.senplades.gob.ecwebguestpresentacion [22 Oct. 2015]. Governo do Estado Paraná, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos. 2014.
ICMS –
Ecológico no
Paraná. Available
at: http:www.meioambiente.pr.gov.brmodulesconteudoconteudo.php?conteudo=24
6 [22 Oct. 2015].
Governo Federal Brasil. 2013. Programa de Apoio à conservação ambiental. Bolsa Verde: Erradicar a extrema pobreza e conservar o meio ambiente.
—. 2014. Plano Brasil Sem Miséria. Available at: http:www.brasilsemmiseria.gov.br [7 Feb. 2014].
Grieg-Gran, M.; Porras, I; Wunder, S. 2005. “How can Market Mechanisms for Forest
Environmental Services Help the Poor? Preliminary Lessons from Latin America”,
62
Protecting people and the environment: Lessons learnt from Brazil’s Bolsa Verde,
China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, South Africa and 56 other experiences
in World Development Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 1511 –1527. Available at:
http:www.sciencedirect.comsciencearticlepiiS0305750X05000999 [20 Oct. 2015].
Harsdorff, M.; Lieuw-Kie-Song, M.; Tsukamoto, M. 2011. Towards an ILO approach to climate change adaptation, Employment working paper, No.104 Geneva, ILO.
Available at: http:www.ilo.orgwcmsp5groupspublic---ed_emp---emp_policy- --investdocumentspublicationwcms_174612.pdf [20 Oct. 2015].
Hesterman, D. 2011. “Reforesting rural lands in western China pays big dividends,
Stanford researchers
say”, in
Stanford Report.
Available at:
http:news.stanford.edunews2011mayreforesting-rural-china-051111.html [10 Feb. 2014].
Hiraldo, R; Tanner, T. 2011. The global political economy of REDD+. Engaging social dimensions in the emerging green economy, UNRISD and FES Occasional Paper
Four Geneva,
UNRISD. Available
at: http:www.unrisd.org80256B3C005BCCF9LookupAllDocumentsByUNIDB0
B96C3130210583C12579760057FA24?OpenDocument [22 Oct. 2015]. Hoornweg, D.; Bhada-Tata, P. 2012. What a waste: A global review of solid waste
management. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers World Bank Washington
DC. Available
at: http:siteresources.worldbank.orgINTURBANDEVELOPMENTResources3363
87-1334852610766What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf. Imazon. 2011. Marco Regulatório sobre Pagamento por serviços Ambientais no Brasil.
Available at: http:www.imazon.org.brpublicacoeslivrosmarco-regulatorio- sobre-pagamento-por-servicos-ambientais-no-brasil-1 [22 Oct. 2015].
Institute for Applied Economic Research IPEA. 2013. Programa Bolsa Família: Uma década
de inclusão
e cidadania
Brasilia. Available
at http:bolsafamilia10anos.mds.gov.brlinhadotempo [7 Feb. 2014].
Inter-American Development Bank IDB. 2010. Ecuador to improve rural land markets and
reduce poverty
with IDB
support. Available
at: http:www.iadb.orgennewsnews-releases2010-11-18ecuador-agriculture-
idb,8665.html [22 Oct. 2015]. International Institute for Environment and Development IIED. 2012a. China
– Sloping Lands Conversion Programme SLCP: “Grain for Green”. Available at:
http:www.watershedmarkets.orgdocumentsChina_SLCP_eng.pdf [22
Oct. 2015].
—. 2012b. Watershed Markets. Case Studies. Costa Rica - National PES programme London.
Available at:
http:www.watershedmarkets.orgdocumentsCosta_Rica_National_PES_eng.pdf [3 Feb. 2014].
—. 2014. Bolsa Verde. Available at: http:www.iieb.org.brindex.phpprogramas-e- projetosprojetos-ieb-belembolsa-verde [7 Feb. 2014].
International Labour Organization ILO. 2009. Bolsa Família in Brazil: Context, concept and
impacts Geneva,
ILO. Available
at: http:www.ilo.orgpubliclibdocjobcrisisdownload109B09_28_engl.pdf [22 Oct.
2015].