v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xiii
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of study
1 1.2
Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives
3 1.4
Scope of study 3
2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1 Glass waste
4 2.1.1 Definition of glass
4 2.1.2 Definition of glass waste
5
vi
2.1.3 Type of glass 5
2.1.4 Soda lime glass 6
a Chemical composition
7 b
Characteristics 8
c Application
8 2.2
Natural waste 8
2.2.1 Definition of natural waste 8
2.2.2 Spent Bleach Earth SBE 9
2.2.3 Studies on SBE 9
2.3 Composite
10 2.3.1 Definition of composite
10 2.3.2 Type of composite
10 2.3.3 Ceramic matrix composite
11 2.3.4 Studies on glass waste composite
12 2.4
Sintering 12
2.5 Properties characterization
13 2.5.1 Definition of properties characterization
13 2.5.2 X-ray Diffraction XRD
14 a
Working principle 15
2.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM 15
a Working principle
16 2.5.4 Vickers Microhardness Testing
17
vii
a Working principle
17 2.5.5 Flexural testing
18 a
Working principle 18
2.5.6 Density, Water absorption, and Porosity 19
2.6 Conclusion
20
3. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
21
3.1 Scope of work
21 3.2
Powder preparation 23
3.2.1 Glass waste powder 23
3.2.2 Spent bleach earth powder 23
3.3 Sample preparation
24 3.3.1 Batching
24 3.3.2 Mixing
24 3.3.3 Forming
25 3.3.4 Sintering
25 3.3.4.1 Sintering profile
26 3.4
Properties characterization 28
3.4.1 Bulk density, porosity, and water absorption 28
3.4.2 Hardness test 30
3.4.3 Flexural test 30
3.4.4 X-ray diffraction XRD 32
viii
3.4.5 Scanning electron microscopy SEM 32
3.5 Conclusion
33
4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
34
4.1 Physical properties analysis
35 4.1.1 Physical observation
35 4.1.2 Porosity, water absorption, and bulk density
36 4.2
Mechanical properties analysis 38
4.2.1 Microhardness testing 38
4.2.2 Flexural testing 39
4.3 Material characterization
41 4.3.1 X-ray diffraction XRD
41 4.3.2 Scanning electron microscope SEM
42 4.4
Conclusion 44
5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
45
5.1 Conclusion
45 5.2
Recommendation 46
6. REFERENCES
