Suggestion for the Future Researchers Suggestion for Teaching-Learning Process

50 gets full love of Takichiro’s family as she is their only daughter. Chieko’s tragic life has cultural value.

C. Suggestions

There are two parts in this section. The first part consists of suggestions for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the same novel. The second part consists of suggestions for learning process.

1. Suggestion for the Future Researchers

The Old Capital by Yasunari Kawabata is an inspiring and an interesting novel. The following are some suggestions for further researcher, based on the writer’s reading and analysis of the novel. Firstly deals with feminism versus traditional values. There is something interesting in this novel about daughters. Most daughters in The Old Capital obey their parents very much. Although they do not like to the orders, they will always obey them. Secondly is about the symbolism in the novel. There are some symbols in the story which give pictures with mysterious meanings, such as the violet flowers, the lattice door, the obi, etc. 51

2. Suggestion for Teaching-Learning Process

Literary works, such as novels, can be used as a source of learning process. The writer has some part of Yasunari Kawabata’s The Old Capital to teach paragraph writing. Writing is one of the four language skill. Practice in writing is important for student, as it allows them to learn to express and develop their ideas and feelings into words and sentences. Therefore, the novel can help students to improve their English vocabulary. In this study, the writer used the novel The Old Capital to teach paragraph writing to second semester students of the English Education Department. There are several models of writing; descriptive, narrative, procedure, persuasive, and argumentative. In the learning process, the writer gave some paragraphs taken from Yasunari Kawabata’s The Old Capital as a source of narrative writing when teaching. Using the excerpts, the students are able to understand the typical features of narratives. The students also learn how to make several narrative paragraphs using the sentences given as reference material. 52 REFERENCES Aida. August 20, 2000. Bobot, bibit and bebet. The Jakarta Post. Abrams, M. 1993. A glossary of literary terms. Orlando: Hat, Rinehart Winson, Inc. Barrow, L Martin, P. 1975. Understanding loneliness. Sydney: Antipodean Publishers. Drakakis, J Liebler, N. 1998. Tragedy. London: Longman. Duvall, E. 1996. Love and the facts of life. New York: Association Press. Gordon, E. 1973. Introduction to tragedy. Rochele Park, NJ: Hayden Book Company, Inc. Holman, C Harmon. 1986. A handbook to literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Kawabata, Y. Translated by Holman, M. 1962. The old capital. Berkeley: Counterpoint. Milligan, I. 1983. The novel in English: An introduction. London: Sutton Publishing. Murphy, M. 1972. Understanding unseen: An introduction to English poetry and the English novel for overseas students . London: George Allen Unwin Ltd. Rohrberger, M Woods, S. 1971. Reading and writing about literature. New York: Random House, Inc. Shils, E. 1981. Tradition. London: Faber Faber. Stanton, R. 1965. An introduction to fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, Inc. Van De Laar, E Schoonderwoerd, N. 1963. An approach to English literature. Hertogenbosch: L.G.C. Malmberg. Vansina, J. 1965. Oral tradition. Middlesex: Penguin Books. ______. 1995. Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 53 Internet Sources: Anonymous. 2000 History of Japanese obi. Retrieved on March 12, 2012, from http:www.gojapango.comfashionobi_history.html Anonymous. 1936. Science: Japanese twins. Retrieved on February 15, 2012, from http:www.time.comtimemagazinearticle0,9171,770452,00.htmlixzz1 CCBfvn3C Anonymous, _____. Retrieved on February 20, 2012, from http:gatheringbooks.wordpress.com20110131the-old-capital-by- yasunari-kawabata Anonymous. _____. Retreived on January 20, 2012 at 7 PM, from http:commons.wikimedia.orgwikiFile:Yasunari_Kawabata_1912.jpg Anonymous. _____. Retreived on January 20, 2012 at 7 PM, from www.readwritethink.org Wollacott, Mark. January 27, 2011. Kawabata Yasunari-author of snow country and nobel prize winner . Retreived on January 20, 2012 at 7 PM, from http:mark-wollacott.suite101.comkawabata-yasunari-a339022 APPENDICES 54 APPENDIX A THE SUMMARY OF THE OLD CAPITAL The novel tells about an adopted child of Takichiro and Shige, named Chieko. Takichiro is a Kyoto kimono designer and Shige is Takichiro’s wife who helps him run the slowly declining business. When Chieko in middle school, Shige tells the truth Chieko is not her own daughter. Shige says they steal a lovely baby under the cherry blossoms at night at Gion Shrine and escape in a car. Chieko is not sure of her parents’ stories because they have slip up and tell her different stories about where they get her. In fact, Chieko is abandoned by her biological parents in front of the lattice door of Kyoto’s traditional kimono shop. One day, Chieko tells about herself that she is an abandoned child, a foundling to Shin’ichi. Since childhood, Chieko and Shin’ichi had been friends. Shin’ichi secretly loves Chieko. At the festival the God of Yasaka in Otabisho Chieko accidentally meets her twin sister Naeko. She does not believe that she has a sibling. Naeko lives on 54 55 her own in small village in Kitayama. From Naeko, she learns what happens to her biological parents. They look identical so that Hideo, a weaver, makes a mistake in predicting Naeko is Chieko. Hideo will weave an obi for her as a gift of her twenties. Both Shin’ichi and Hideo love Chieko. One day, Chieko goes to Kitayama to meet Naeko. Chieko tells Naeko that Hideo will weave an obi for her, Naeko. She has explained to Hideo that it is not Chieko when he promises the obi at the festival. He mistakes someone else for her. Hideo goes to Kitayama village. He meets Naeko to give her an obi and invites her to go to the Festival of Ages. Unpredictable, he wants her to marry him. Naeko asks Chieko to come to Kitayama village. She wants to tell what Hideo says to her. Naeko thinks Hideo wants to marry her more because she is an illusion of Chieko than as a substitute for Chieko. Before Chieko goes home, she invites Naeko to come to her house. Takichiro’s shop is having financial difficulties and Ryusuke, Shin’ichi’s brother helps him. Actually Ryusuke’s father will marry of his son with Chieko. But after he knows the truth that Chieko is a foundling, the marriage is canceled. One night, Naeko comes to Chieko’s house. That is the first and the last time she comes to Chieko’s house. Naeko does not want to stay with Chieko. She wants to live alone without disrupting Chieko’s live. 56 APPENDIX B THE BIOGRAPHY OF YASUNARI KAWABATA Yasunari Kawabata was born in Osaka, Japan June 14, 1899, into well- established doctor’s family. He was orphaned when he was four, after which he lived with his grandparents. He had an older sister who was taken in by an aunt, and whom he met only once thereafter, at the age of ten. Kawabatas grandmother died when he was seven, and his grandfather when he was fifteen. Having lost all close relatives, he moved in with his mothers family. However, in January 1916, he moved into a boarding house near the junior high school comparable to a modern high school to which he had formerly commuted by train. Through many of Kawabata’s works the sense of distance in his life is represented. He often gives the impression that his characters have built up a wall around them that moves them into isolation. After graduating from junior high school in March 1917, just before his 18th birthday, he moved to Tokyo, hoping to pass the exams of Dai-ichi Koto-gakko First Upper School, which was under the direction of Tokyo Imperial 56 57 University. He succeeded in the exam the same year and entered the Humanities Faculty as an English major July 1920. Kawabata graduated in 1924, by which time he had already caught the attention of Kikuchi Kan and other noted writers and editors through his submissions to Kikuchis literary magazine, the Bungei Shunju. He also worked as a reporter, most notably for the Mainichi Shimbun. Although he refused to participate in the militaristic fervor that accompanied World War II, he also demonstrated little interest in postwar political reforms. Along with the death of all his family while he was young, Kawabata suggested that the War was one of the greatest influences on his work, stating he would be able to write only elegies in postwar Japan. Still, many commentators detect little thematic change between Kawabatas prewar and postwar writings. In late 1960s there was much talk of a Japanese novelist winning the Nobel Prize for Literature. The nation had never won the prize and was in the midst of a stunning national rebirth, economically. Many felt Mishima Yukio was the favorite to win the prize. However, the honor went to Kawabata instead. Kawabata died in 1972. He apparently committed suicide, but a number of close associates, including his widow, consider his death to have been accidental. One thesis, as advanced by Donald Richie, was that he mistakenly unplugged the gas tap while preparing a bath. Many theories have been advanced as to his reasons for killing himself, among them poor health, a possible illicit love affair, or the shock caused by the suicide of his friend Yukio Mishima in 1970. Unlike Mishima, Kawabata left no note, and since again unlike Mishima he had not 58 discussed significantly in his writings the topic of taking his own life, his motives remain unclear. However, his Japanese biographer, Takeo Okuno, has related how he had nightmares about Mishima for two or three hundred nights in a row, and was incessantly haunted by the specter of Mishima. In a persistently depressed state of mind, he would tell friends during his last years that sometimes, when on a journey, he hoped his plane would crash. Kawabata’s Books Year Japanese Title English Title English Translation 1926 伊豆の踊子 Izu no Odoriko The Dancing Girl of Izu 1955, 1998 1930 浅草紅團 Asakusa Kurenaidan The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa 2005 1935-1937, 1947 雪國 Yukiguni Snow Country 1956, 1996 1951-1954 名人 Meijin The Master of Go 1972 1949-1952 千羽鶴 Senbazuru Thousand Cranes 1958 1949-1954 山の音 Yama no Oto The Sound of the Mountain 1970 1954 みづうみ（みずうみ） Mizuumi The Lake 1974 1961 眠れる美女 Nemureru Bijo The House of the Sleeping Beauties 1969 1962 古都 Koto The Old Capital 1987, 2006 1964 美しさと哀しみと Utsukushisa to Kanashimi to Beauty and Sadness 1975 1964 片腕 Kataude One Arm 1969 - 掌の小説 Tenohira no Sh ōsetsu Palm of the Hand Stories 1988, 2006 59 Kawabata’s Pictures Graduation from elementary school Kawabata in 1917 Kawabata with his wife Hideko秀子 to his left Kawabata at work at his house in and her younger sister Kimiko君子 to his right Nagatani of Kamakura 1946 1930 Taken from http:mark-wollacott.suite101.comkawabata-yasunari-a339022 and http:commons.wikimedia.orgwikiFile:Yasunari_Kawabata_1912.jpg accessed on January 20, 2012 at 7 PM 60 APPENDIX C LESSON PLAN Subject : Paragraph Writing Topic : Writing Narrative Paragraphs Semester : 2 Time Allocation : 2 x 50 minutes Material : Page 16 of Kawabata’s The Old Capital Teaching Method : Lecturing, Discussion, Individual Work

A. Competence Standards