Purpose of Research Place and Time of Study

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Purpose of Research

The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness of pre-reading activities to improve students reading comprehension.

B. Place and Time of Study

This study focuses on techniques of teaching reading through pre-reading activity. The research took place at the second year students of SMA Budi Mulia at Jl. H.O.S Cokroaminoto no. 1 Sudimara Jaya Ciledug Kota Tangerang. The research was held on 9 th – 18 th October 2006. C. Method of Research 1. Population and Sample In SMA Budi Mulia Ciledug there are 7 classes of second year students. From those classes, the writer chose two classes of the second grade as experiment class and controlled class. If the population of the sample is more than one hundred the researcher can take 10-15 or 20-25 from the sample, especially if they have the same characteristic. 25 The two classes are taken randomly, as the controlled class and experiment class. Before the research both controlled and experiment class are tested to make sure that they have the same level of background knowledge. 25 Prof. Dr. Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktek Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2002 p. 112 From each of the classes she chose 30 students as sample because there were several students who did not come to class in every meeting. For kinds of reason, they did not come completely four meetings in the research. 2. Operational Determination of Variable The writer used two variables X and Y. Each of these variables represents the score of the class. Variable X as the score of experiment class XI-IPA 1 and Y as the score of controlled class XI-IPA 2. The experiment class is taught using pre-reading activity and the controlled class is taught without pre-reading activity. 3. Method of the research The writer did filed research in completing the research. The research is an experimental research which is aimed at getting the effectiveness of pre-reading activity to improve students reading comprehension. The research was conducted by the writer. The research was conducted in four meetings in each meeting she taught the students using pre-reading activity and after that she gave reading comprehension test. 4. Instrument of the research In this research, the writer used reading comprehension test which has already been prepared by the teacher to find out the effectiveness of pre-reading activity. There are 20 multiple choice items. For each test it consists of 5 test items for a meeting, with one theme. The experiment was held in four meetings. 5. Presentation 1. Pre-Reading Activity Process The experiment is done in two classes as experiment class and controlled class. Both the experiment class and the controlled class are given the same material with the different technique of presentation. The presentation is given in the forth meeting for each class. At experiment class, as the experiment class, pre-reading activity is used to present the material and at controlled class, the presentation of material is without pre-reading activity. The student in experiment class is taught by asking them a few questions which is connected to the theme. For the example in culture and art the text is about bull race. She asks about what the students know about traditional culture. After that she showed them the picture of bull race and then asks them “what is this picture talking about?” then she asks three students to answer it. Later she asks them to mention everything in the picture. 2. Reading Process After finishing the pre-reading activity she gave reading text to the students. She asked a few students to read it and write on the white board the word that is incorrect in the students’ pronunciation. She corrects the incorrect pronunciation and asks the students to read together. After that she asks about the difficult words to the students and asks the other students to translate it until they find the correct answer or she gave a clue about the word to the students. Then she gave the students test about the reading comprehension according to the text. 26 6. Technique of Data Analysis 26 See Appendix 1 T o = M x = M y = SD x = SD y = SE Mx = To analyze the data, the writer used statistic calculation of the t-test to determine the final calculation of t o T observation that is done to measure the last score of the experiment class and controlled class by using statistic calculation of the t-test with significance degree 0.05 and 0.01 as follows: 27 M x - M y SE Mx – M y But before accounting using T-test, the procedure of calculation as follow: 1. Determining mean variable X M x , with formula: Σ X N 2. Determining mean variable Y M y , with formula: Σ Y N 3. Determining deviations standard X SD x , with formula: Σ X 2 N 4. Determining deviations standard Y SD y , with formula: Σ Y 2 N 5. Determining standard errors mean variable X SE Mx , with formula: Σ SD x 27 Prof. Dr. Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005 p. 314 – 316 SE My = N - 1 6. Determining standard errors mean variable Y SE My , with formula: Σ SD y N - 1 7. Determining the differences of mean variable X and mean variable Y, with formula: SE Mx – My = SE Mx 2 + SE My 2 After all of the data are calculated, the last procedure is determining df degree of freedom with formula: Df or db = N x + N y - 2 Where M : The Average of Student Score SD : Standard Deviation SE : Standard Errors X : Experiment Class Y : Controlled Class N : Total of the Students df : Degree of Freedom

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING