PRE-DESIGN FACTORY OF XYLITOL WITH XYLOSE HYDROGENATION PROCESS CAPACITY 25.000 TONS/YEAR (Design Evaporator (EV-301 and EV-302)) PRARANCANGAN PABRIK XYLITOL DENGAN PROSES HIDROGENASI XYLOSE KAPASITAS 25.000 TON/TAHUN (Perancangan Evaporator (EV-301 dan E
ABSTRACT
PRE-DESIGN FACTORY OF XYLITOL
WITH XYLOSE HYDROGENATION PROCESS
CAPACITY 25.000 TONS/YEAR
(Design Evaporator (EV-301 and EV-302))
By
NORMARITA ASTUNINGSIH
Xylitol is one of industrial chemical products used as a low calorie sweetener.
Xylitol sweetness equivalent to sucrose, but contains a lower calorific value
makes Xylitol is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Xylitol needs in Indonesia has increased each year and for the needs of the
materials are imported from abroad. In addition, the needs of Xylitol in the world
also increased along with the increasing development of the industry-industrial
users Xylitol. Therefore, the construction of the plant Xylitol is needed to support
the industrial development especially in the country.
Xylitol manufacture on a large scale, carried on Pre-design Factory of Xylitol
with Xylose Hydrogenation Process capacity of 25,000 tons/year with Xylose
obtained from Denmark 's Danischo and Hydrogen from PT Air Liquide
Indonesia in Cilegon, Banten.
Xylitol is produced by reacting Xylose with hydrogen in the reactor at a
temperature of 130 °C and a pressure of 40 bar at 99% conversion. Results below
the reactor in the form of Xylitol solution then flowed into the evaporator to be
concentrated up to 83% purity.
The production capacity of the plant is planned 25,000 tons/year with 330 days of
work for 24 hours in 1 year. Planned plant location was established in Tarahan,
Katibung, South Lampung. Labor required as many as 182 people with a form of
business entity Limited Liability Company (PT) which is headed by a Director
who is assisted by the Director of Production and Director of Finance with line
and staff organizational structure.
Provision needs such as utility plants and water treatmen system, steam supply
systems, instrument air supply systems, and power generation systems. Analysis
Pre-design Xylitol Plant as follows :
Fixed Capital Investment (FCI)
Working Capital Investment (WCI)
Total Capital Investment (TCI)
Break Even Point (BEP)
Pay Out Time before Taxes (POT)b
Pay Out Time after Taxes (POT)a
Return on Investment before Taxes (ROI)b
Return on Investment after Taxes (ROI)a
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Shut Down Point (SDP)
= Rp 1.176.821.334.889,= Rp 207.674.353.216,= Rp 1.384.495.688.104,= 42,56%
= 1,5 years
= 1,8 years
= 47,84 %
= 38,27 %
= 74,60 %
= 29,09 %
Considering the above summary, it is proper establishment Xylitol plant is studied
further, because it is a profitable factory and has good prospects.
ABSTRAK
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK XYLITOL
DENGAN PROSES HIDROGENASI XYLOSE
KAPASITAS 25.000 TON/TAHUN
(Perancangan Evaporator (EV-301 dan EV-302))
Oleh
NORMARITA ASTUNINGSIH
Xylitol merupakan salah satu produk industri kimia yang digunakan sebagai pemanis
rendah kalori. Tingkat kemanisan Xylitol yang setara dengan sukrosa, namun kandungan
nilai kalori yang lebih rendah membuat Xylitol banyak digunakan pada industri makanan
dan farmasi.
Kebutuhan Xylitol di Indonesia semakin meningkat tiap tahunnya dan selama ini
kebutuhan bahan tersebut masih diimpor dari luar negeri. Selain itu, kebutuhan Xylitol di
dunia juga semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya perkembangan industri –
industri pengguna Xylitol. Oleh karena itu, pembangunan pabrik Xylitol sangat diperlukan
untuk mendukung perkembangan industri khususnya di dalam negeri.
Pembuatan Xylitol pada skala besar, dilakukan pada Prarancangan Pabrik Xylitol dengan
Proses Hidrogenasi Xylose kapasitas 25.000 ton/tahun dengan Xylose diperoleh dari
Denmark’s Danischo dan Hidrogen dari PT Air Liquide Indonesia di Cilegon, Banten.
Xylitol diproduksi dengan cara mereaksikan Xylose dengan Hidrogen di dalam Reaktor
pada suhu 130 oC dan tekanan 40 bar dengan konversi 99%. Hasil bawah Reaktor berupa
larutan Xylitol kemudian dialirkan ke evaporator untuk dipekatkan hingga mencapai
kemurnian 83%.
Kapasitas produksi pabrik direncanakan 25.000 ton/tahun dengan 330 hari kerja selama
24 jam dalam 1 tahun. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Desa Tarahan, Kecamatan
Katibung, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan sebanyak 182
orang dengan bentuk badan usaha Perseroan Terbatas (PT) yang dipimpin oleh seorang
Direktur Utama yang dibantu oleh Direktur Produksi dan Direktur Keuangan dengan
struktur organisasi line and staff.
Penyediaan kebutuhan utilitas pabrik berupa sistem pengolahan dan penyediaan air,
sistem penyediaan steam, sistem penyediaan udara instrumen, dan sistem pembangkit
tenaga listrik. Analisa kelayakan prarancangan pabrik Xylitol sebagai berikut :
Fixed Capital Investment (FCI)
= Rp 1.176.821.334.889,Working Capital Investment (WCI)
= Rp 207.674.353.216,-
Total Capital Investment (TCI)
Break Even Point (BEP)
Pay Out Time before Taxes (POT)b
Pay Out Time after Taxes (POT)a
Return on Investment before Taxes (ROI)b
Return on Investment after Taxes (ROI)a
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Shut Down Point (SDP)
= Rp 1.384.495.688.104,= 42,56%
= 1,5 tahun
= 1,8 tahun
= 47,84 %
= 38,27 %
= 74,60 %
= 29,09 %
Mempertimbangkan paparan di atas, sudah selayaknya pendirian pabrik xylitol ini dikaji
lebih lanjut, karena merupakan pabrik yang menguntungkan dan mempunyai masa depan
yang baik.
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK XYLITOL
DENGAN PROSES HIDROGENASI XYLOSE
KAPASITAS 25.000 TON/TAHUN
(Perancangan Evaporator (EV-301 dan EV-302))
Oleh
NORMARITA ASTUNINGSIH
(Skripsi)
Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar
Sarjana Teknik
Pada
Jurusan Teknik Kimia
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2014
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Penulis dilahirkan di Jakarta, pada tanggal 26 Maret 1990,
sebagai putri pertama dari empat bersaudara, dari pasangan
Bapak Suparso dan Ibu Suji Astuti.
Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan Sekolah Dasar Negeri 05 Cipinang Besar
Selatan Jakarta Timur pada tahun 2001, Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama Negeri
1 Tanjung Bintang Lampung Selatan pada tahun 2004, dan Sekolah Menengah
Atas Gajah Mada Bandar Lampung pada tahun 2007.
Pada tahun 2007, penulis terdaftar sebagai Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Kimia
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung melalui Seleksi Penerimaan Mahasiswa
Baru (SPMB) 2007.
Pada tahun 2011, penulis melakukan Kerja Praktek di PT PUPUK SRIWIDJAJA
Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dengan Tugas Khusus
“Evaluasi Kinerja
Methanator 106-D”. Selain itu, penulis melakukan penelitian dengan judul
“Deaktivasi Coerdierite sebagai Katalis pada Reaksi Transesterifikasi”.
MOTTO
Do our best at any moment that we have
Sebuah Karya kecilku....
Dengan segenap hati kupersembahkan tugas akhir ini kepada:
Allah SWT,
Atas kehendak-Nya semua ini ada
Atas rahmat-Nya semua ini aku dapatkan
Atas kekuatan dari-Nya aku bisa bertahan.
Ayahanda dan Ibundaku sebagai tanda baktiku, terima kasih atas
segalanya, doa, kasih sayang, pengorbanan, dan keikhlasannya.
Ini hanyalah setitik balasan yang tidak bisa dibandingkan dengan
berjuta-juta pengorbanan dan kasih sayang
yang tidak pernah berakhir.
Adikku atas segalanya, kasih sayang dan doa.
Guru-guruku sebagai tanda hormatku,
terima kasih atas ilmu yang telah diberikan.
Serta tak lupa kupersembahkan kepada Almamaterku tercinta,
semoga kelak berguna dikemudian hari.
SANWACANA
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT yang Mahakuasa dan Maha
Penyayang, atas segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, sehingga tugas akhir ini dengan
judul “Prarancangan Pabrik Xylitol dengan Proses Hidrogenasi Xylose Kapasitas
Dua Puluh Lima Ribu Ton per Tahun” dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
Tugas akhir ini disusun dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat guna
memperoleh derajat kesarjanaan (S-1) di Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Lampung.
Penyusunan tugas akhir ini tidak lepas dari bantuan dan dukungan dari beberapa
pihak. Oleh karena itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:
1. Bapak Ir. Azhar, M.T., selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Kimia Universitas
Lampung dan juga selaku Dosen Penguji II yang telah memberikan saran dan
kritik.
2. Bapak Darmansyah, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I, yang telah
memberikan pengarahan, masukan, bimbingan, kritik dan saran selama
penyelesaian tugas akhir. Semoga ilmu yang diberikan dapat berguna
dikemudian hari.
3. Bapak Muhammad Hanif, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing II, atas ilmu,
saran, masukan dan pengertiannya dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir.
4. Ibu Simparmin br Ginting, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Penguji I yang telah
memberikan saran dan kritik, juga selaku dosen pembimbing akademik atas
semua arahan dan masukan serta ilmu yang telah penulis dapatkan.
5. Seluruh Dosen Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung, atas semua ilmu dan
bekal masa depan yang akan selalu bermanfaat.
6. Keluargaku tercinta, Ayahandaku bapak Suparso, Ibundaku ibu Suji Astuti
serta adik-adikku Ahmad Dwi Wijaya, Dimas Ardianto, dan Febrian Fadhil,
atas pengorbanan, doa, cinta dan kasih sayang yang selalu mengiringi disetiap
langkahku.
Semoga Allah
yang Mahakuasa dan Maha Penyayang
memberikan perlindungan dan Karunia-Nya.
7. Nina Juliana R. Turnip sebagai rekan perjuangan suka dan duka dalam
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini, atas kerjasama yang baik selama ini.
8. Teman-teman seperjuangan 2007 di Teknik Kimia Mutiara Dzikro yang telah
selalu ada untuk membantu dan menyemangati, Indra, Ika, Kinkin, Nanda,
Wenny, Erna, Rina, Marga, Agsyel, Sulistiono, Binur, Fath, Atunk, Andika,
Diki, Catur, dan semua teman – teman 2007 lainnya. Adik-adik angkatan
2008 dan 2009, terimakasih atas bantuannya selama penulis menyelesaikan
tugas akhir ini.
9. Semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini.
Semoga Allah membalas semua kebaikan mereka terhadap penulis dan semoga
skripsi ini berguna.
Bandar Lampung, Mei 2014
Penulis,
Normarita Astuningsih
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................
i
DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................
ii
DAFTAR TABEL ..............................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR...........................................................................................
viii
I. PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang ............................................................................................
B. Kegunaan Produk ........................................................................................
C. Ketersediaan Bahan Baku............................................................................
D. Analisis Pasar .............................................................................................
E. Kapasitas Pabrik ..........................................................................................
F. Lokasi Pabrik ...............................................................................................
1
4
4
5
10
10
II. DESKRIPSI PROSES
A. Jenis-Jenis Proses ........................................................................................
B. Pemilihan Proses .........................................................................................
C. Uraian Proses ..............................................................................................
13
16
21
III. SPESIFIKASI BAHAN DAN PRODUK
A. Bahan Baku ...............................................................................................
B. Produk ........................................................................................................
24
28
IV. NERACA MASSA DAN ENERGI
A. Neraca Massa ............................................................................................
B. Neraca Energi .............................................................................................
30
32
V. SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN
A. Peralatan Proses .........................................................................................
B. Peralatan Utilitas .......................................................................................
35
48
VI. UTILITAS DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH
A. Unit Pendukung Proses .............................................................................
1. Unit Penyediaan Air..............................................................................
2. Unit Penyedia Steam .............................................................................
3. Unit Penyediaan Udara Tekan...............................................................
68
68
80
80
4. Unit Penyediaan Listrik ........................................................................
5 Unit Pengadaan Bahan Bakar................................................................
B. Pengolahan Limbah ...................................................................................
C. Laboratorium .............................................................................................
D. Instumentasi Dan Pengendalian Proses.....................................................
81
85
86
92
96
VII. TATA LETAK DAN LOKASI PABRIK
A. Lokasi Pabrik ............................................................................................
B. Tata Letak Pabrik ......................................................................................
104
108
VIII. SISTEM MANAJEMEN DAN ORGANISASI PERUSAHAAN
A. Bentuk Perusahaan ....................................................................................
B. Struktur Organiasi Perusahaan ..................................................................
C. Tugas dan Wewenang................................................................................
D. Status Karyawan dan Sistem Penggajian .................................................
E. Manajemen Produksi ...............................................................................
F. Pengaturan Waktu Produksi .....................................................................
G. Pembagian Jam Kerja Karyawan...............................................................
H. Penggolongan Jabatan dan Jumlah Karyawan .........................................
I. Kesejahteraan Karyawan ............................................................................
113
114
116
123
124
128
128
131
135
IX. INVESTASI DAN EVALUASI EKONOMI
A. Investasi..................................................................................................... 141
B. Evaluasi Ekonomi...................................................................................... 145
C. Discounted Cash Flow .............................................................................. 147
X. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
A. Simpulan ................................................................................................... 149
B. Saran .......................................................................................................... 149
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN A PERHITUNGAN NERACA MASSA
LAMPIRAN B PERHITUNGAN NERACA ENERGI
LAMPIRAN C SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN
LAMPIRAN D UTILITAS
LAMPIRAN E INVESTASI DAN EVALUASI EKONOMI
LAMPIRAN F TUGAS KHUSUS
iii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
1.1. Jenis-jenis Gula Alkohol dengan Kegunaannya ....................................
2
1.2. Beberapa Produsen Pengguna Xyliol ......................................................
3
1.3. Data Impor Other Polyhydric Alcohol Indonesia (Kg/tahun) ................
5
1.4. Penggunaan Xylitol di Indonesia ............................................................
6
1.5. Jumlah Penduduk Indonesia ...................................................................
7
1.6. Industri Xylitol di Dunia dan Kapasitas Produksinya ............................
8
1.7. Harga Bahan Baku dan Produk ..............................................................
10
2.1. Perbandingan Proses Pembuatan Xylitol ................................................
20
4.1. Neraca Massa Mixing Tank (MT-101)....................................................
30
4.2. Neraca Massa Reaktor (RE-201) ...........................................................
30
4.3. Neraca Massa Internal Filter (S-201) ...................................................
31
4.4. Neraca Massa Evaporator (EV-301) .....................................................
31
4.5. Neraca Energi Mixing Tank (MT-101) ...................................................
32
4.6. Neraca Energi Preheater (HE-101) .......................................................
32
4.7. Neraca Energi Storage Hidrogen (ST-101) ............................................
32
4.8. Neraca Energi Preheater (HE-102) .......................................................
33
4.9. Neraca Energi Reaktor (RE-201) ............................................................
33
4.10. Neraca Energi Evaporator (EV-301) ......................................................
33
4.11. Neraca Energi Evaporator (EV-302) ......................................................
33
4.12. Neraca Energi Cooler (CO-301) .............................................................
34
4.13. Neraca Energi Cooler (CO-302) .............................................................
34
5.1. Solid Storage (SS-101)............................................................................
35
5.2. Screw Conveyor (SC-101) ......................................................................
36
5.3. Bucket Elevator (BE-101) .......................................................................
36
5.4. Feeder (FE-101)......................................................................................
37
5.5. Mixing Tank (MT-101) ...........................................................................
37
5.6. Xylose Solution Storage Tank (ST-101)..................................................
38
5.7. Preheater (HE-101) ...............................................................................
39
5.8. Hydrogen Storage Tank (ST-102)..........................................................
40
5.9. Expansion Valve (EX-101) .....................................................................
40
5.10. Preheater (HE-102) ...............................................................................
41
5.11. Reaktor (RE-201) ...................................................................................
41
5.12. Expansion Valve (EX-102) .....................................................................
42
5.13. Expansion Valve (EX-103) .....................................................................
43
5.14. Cooler (CO-301) ....................................................................................
43
5.15. Evaporator Efek I (EV-301) ...................................................................
44
5.16. Evaporator Efek 2 (EV-302) .................................................................
44
5.17. Cooler (CO-301) ....................................................................................
45
5.18. Product Storage Tank (ST-103 ) ............................................................
45
5.19. Process Pump (PP-101) .........................................................................
46
5.20. Process Pump (PP-102) .........................................................................
46
5.21. Process Pump (PP-103) ..........................................................................
47
5.22. Process Pump (PP-104) ..........................................................................
47
5.22. Bak Sedimentasi (BS-401) .....................................................................
48
5.23. Bak Penggumpal (BP-401) ....................................................................
48
5.24. Tangki Alum (ST-401) ...........................................................................
48
5.25. Tangki Soda Kaustik (ST-402) ..............................................................
49
5.26. Tangki Kaporit (ST-403) ........................................................................
50
5.27. Clarifier (CL-401)...................................................................................
50
5.28. Sand Filter (SF-401) ...............................................................................
51
5.29. Filter Water Tank (FWT-401) ...............................................................
51
5.30. Domestic Water Tank (DOWT-401) ......................................................
52
5.31. Hydran Water Tank (HWT-401)............................................................
52
5.32. Hot Basin (HB-401) ................................................................................
53
5.33. Cooling Tower (CT-401) .......................................................................
53
5.34. Cold Basin (CB-401) .............................................................................
54
v
5.35. Tangki Asam Sulfat (ST-404) ................................................................
54
5.36. Tangki Dispersant (ST-405) ..................................................................
55
5.37. Tangki Inhibitor (ST-406) ......................................................................
55
5.38. Cation Exchanger (CE-4-1) ...................................................................
56
5.39. Anion Exchanger (AE-401) ....................................................................
56
5.40. Demin Water Tank (DWT-401) .............................................................
57
5.41. Deae8rator (DE-401) .............................................................................
58
5.42. Tangki Hidrazin (ST-407) ......................................................................
58
5.43. Boiler Feed Water Tank (BFWT-401) ...................................................
59
5.44. Boiler (B-401) ........................................................................................
59
5.45. Tamgki Bahan Bakar (ST-408) ..............................................................
60
5.46. Diesel Generator (GS-401) ....................................................................
60
5.47. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 1 (PU-401) ...................................................
61
5.48. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 2 (PU-402) .................................................
61
5.49. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 3 (PU-403) ..................................................
61
5.50. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 4 (PU-404) ..................................................
62
5.51. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 5 (PU-405) ..................................................
62
5.52. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 6 (PU-406) ..................................................
63
5.53. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 7 (PU-407) ...................................................
63
5.54. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 8 (PU-408) ...................................................
64
5.55. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 9 (PU-409) ...................................................
64
5.56. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 10 (PU-410) ................................................
65
5.57. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 11 (PU-411) ................................................
65
5.58. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 12 (PU-412) ................................................
66
5.59. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 13 (PU-413) ................................................
66
6.1. Baku Mutu Air Domestik .......................................................................
69
6.2. Baku Mutu Air Proses (Termasuk Air Umpan Boiler) ...........................
71
6.3. Kebutuhan Air Proses ............................................................................
72
6.4. Kebutuhan Air Pendingin .......................................................................
73
6.5. Kebutuhan Steam ...................................................................................
75
6.6. Waktu Cuplik Beberapa Jenis Variabel Proses ...................................... 100
6.7. Aplikasi Umum Valve dalam Proses Industri ....................................... 102
vi
7.1. Daerah Aliran Sungai di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan ......................... 106
8.1. Jadwal Sistem Produksi Saat Start Up ................................................... 128
8.2. Jadwal Kerja Masing-Masing Regu ...................................................... 130
8.3. Prasyarat Tingkat Pendidikan ................................................................ 131
8.4. Jumlah Operator pada Alat Proses ......................................................... 133
8.5. Jumlah Operator pada Alat Utilitas ........................................................ 133
8.6. Jumlah Karyawan Kantor ....................................................................... 134
9.1. Fixed Capital Investment ....................................................................... 142
9.2. Manufacturing Cost ............................................................................... 143
9.3. General Expenses ................................................................................... 144
9.4. Administrative Cost ................................................................................ 144
9.5. Acceptable Persent Return on Investment .............................................. 145
9.6. Acceptable Persent Pay Out Time .......................................................... 146
9.7. Hasil Analisa Kelayakan Ekonomi ......................................................... 148
vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
1.1. Impor Other Polyhydric Alcohol di Indonesia ......................................
5
1.2. Konsumsi Xylitol Terhadap Jumlah Penduduk .....................................
8
1.3. Lokasi Pabrik ....................................................................................... 12
2.1. Diagram Alir Proses .............................................................................. 23
7.1. Lokasi Pabrik .......................................................................................... 109
7.2. Tata Letak Pabrik ............................................................................................. 109
7.3. Tata Letak Alat Proses ........................................................................... 111
8.1. Struktur Organisasi Perusahaan ............................................................ 115
9.1. Analisa Ekonomi ........................................................................................... 147
9.2. Kurva Cummulative Cash Flow ............................................................. 148
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PRE-DESIGN FACTORY OF XYLITOL
WITH XYLOSE HYDROGENATION PROCESS
CAPACITY 25.000 TONS/YEAR
(Design Evaporator (EV-301 and EV-302))
By
NORMARITA ASTUNINGSIH
Xylitol is one of industrial chemical products used as a low calorie sweetener.
Xylitol sweetness equivalent to sucrose, but contains a lower calorific value
makes Xylitol is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Xylitol needs in Indonesia has increased each year and for the needs of the
materials are imported from abroad. In addition, the needs of Xylitol in the world
also increased along with the increasing development of the industry-industrial
users Xylitol. Therefore, the construction of the plant Xylitol is needed to support
the industrial development especially in the country.
Xylitol manufacture on a large scale, carried on Pre-design Factory of Xylitol
with Xylose Hydrogenation Process capacity of 25,000 tons/year with Xylose
obtained from Denmark 's Danischo and Hydrogen from PT Air Liquide
Indonesia in Cilegon, Banten.
Xylitol is produced by reacting Xylose with hydrogen in the reactor at a
temperature of 130 °C and a pressure of 40 bar at 99% conversion. Results below
the reactor in the form of Xylitol solution then flowed into the evaporator to be
concentrated up to 83% purity.
The production capacity of the plant is planned 25,000 tons/year with 330 days of
work for 24 hours in 1 year. Planned plant location was established in Tarahan,
Katibung, South Lampung. Labor required as many as 182 people with a form of
business entity Limited Liability Company (PT) which is headed by a Director
who is assisted by the Director of Production and Director of Finance with line
and staff organizational structure.
Provision needs such as utility plants and water treatmen system, steam supply
systems, instrument air supply systems, and power generation systems. Analysis
Pre-design Xylitol Plant as follows :
Fixed Capital Investment (FCI)
Working Capital Investment (WCI)
Total Capital Investment (TCI)
Break Even Point (BEP)
Pay Out Time before Taxes (POT)b
Pay Out Time after Taxes (POT)a
Return on Investment before Taxes (ROI)b
Return on Investment after Taxes (ROI)a
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Shut Down Point (SDP)
= Rp 1.176.821.334.889,= Rp 207.674.353.216,= Rp 1.384.495.688.104,= 42,56%
= 1,5 years
= 1,8 years
= 47,84 %
= 38,27 %
= 74,60 %
= 29,09 %
Considering the above summary, it is proper establishment Xylitol plant is studied
further, because it is a profitable factory and has good prospects.
ABSTRAK
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK XYLITOL
DENGAN PROSES HIDROGENASI XYLOSE
KAPASITAS 25.000 TON/TAHUN
(Perancangan Evaporator (EV-301 dan EV-302))
Oleh
NORMARITA ASTUNINGSIH
Xylitol merupakan salah satu produk industri kimia yang digunakan sebagai pemanis
rendah kalori. Tingkat kemanisan Xylitol yang setara dengan sukrosa, namun kandungan
nilai kalori yang lebih rendah membuat Xylitol banyak digunakan pada industri makanan
dan farmasi.
Kebutuhan Xylitol di Indonesia semakin meningkat tiap tahunnya dan selama ini
kebutuhan bahan tersebut masih diimpor dari luar negeri. Selain itu, kebutuhan Xylitol di
dunia juga semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya perkembangan industri –
industri pengguna Xylitol. Oleh karena itu, pembangunan pabrik Xylitol sangat diperlukan
untuk mendukung perkembangan industri khususnya di dalam negeri.
Pembuatan Xylitol pada skala besar, dilakukan pada Prarancangan Pabrik Xylitol dengan
Proses Hidrogenasi Xylose kapasitas 25.000 ton/tahun dengan Xylose diperoleh dari
Denmark’s Danischo dan Hidrogen dari PT Air Liquide Indonesia di Cilegon, Banten.
Xylitol diproduksi dengan cara mereaksikan Xylose dengan Hidrogen di dalam Reaktor
pada suhu 130 oC dan tekanan 40 bar dengan konversi 99%. Hasil bawah Reaktor berupa
larutan Xylitol kemudian dialirkan ke evaporator untuk dipekatkan hingga mencapai
kemurnian 83%.
Kapasitas produksi pabrik direncanakan 25.000 ton/tahun dengan 330 hari kerja selama
24 jam dalam 1 tahun. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan didirikan di Desa Tarahan, Kecamatan
Katibung, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan sebanyak 182
orang dengan bentuk badan usaha Perseroan Terbatas (PT) yang dipimpin oleh seorang
Direktur Utama yang dibantu oleh Direktur Produksi dan Direktur Keuangan dengan
struktur organisasi line and staff.
Penyediaan kebutuhan utilitas pabrik berupa sistem pengolahan dan penyediaan air,
sistem penyediaan steam, sistem penyediaan udara instrumen, dan sistem pembangkit
tenaga listrik. Analisa kelayakan prarancangan pabrik Xylitol sebagai berikut :
Fixed Capital Investment (FCI)
= Rp 1.176.821.334.889,Working Capital Investment (WCI)
= Rp 207.674.353.216,-
Total Capital Investment (TCI)
Break Even Point (BEP)
Pay Out Time before Taxes (POT)b
Pay Out Time after Taxes (POT)a
Return on Investment before Taxes (ROI)b
Return on Investment after Taxes (ROI)a
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Shut Down Point (SDP)
= Rp 1.384.495.688.104,= 42,56%
= 1,5 tahun
= 1,8 tahun
= 47,84 %
= 38,27 %
= 74,60 %
= 29,09 %
Mempertimbangkan paparan di atas, sudah selayaknya pendirian pabrik xylitol ini dikaji
lebih lanjut, karena merupakan pabrik yang menguntungkan dan mempunyai masa depan
yang baik.
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK XYLITOL
DENGAN PROSES HIDROGENASI XYLOSE
KAPASITAS 25.000 TON/TAHUN
(Perancangan Evaporator (EV-301 dan EV-302))
Oleh
NORMARITA ASTUNINGSIH
(Skripsi)
Sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar
Sarjana Teknik
Pada
Jurusan Teknik Kimia
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2014
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Penulis dilahirkan di Jakarta, pada tanggal 26 Maret 1990,
sebagai putri pertama dari empat bersaudara, dari pasangan
Bapak Suparso dan Ibu Suji Astuti.
Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan Sekolah Dasar Negeri 05 Cipinang Besar
Selatan Jakarta Timur pada tahun 2001, Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama Negeri
1 Tanjung Bintang Lampung Selatan pada tahun 2004, dan Sekolah Menengah
Atas Gajah Mada Bandar Lampung pada tahun 2007.
Pada tahun 2007, penulis terdaftar sebagai Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Kimia
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung melalui Seleksi Penerimaan Mahasiswa
Baru (SPMB) 2007.
Pada tahun 2011, penulis melakukan Kerja Praktek di PT PUPUK SRIWIDJAJA
Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dengan Tugas Khusus
“Evaluasi Kinerja
Methanator 106-D”. Selain itu, penulis melakukan penelitian dengan judul
“Deaktivasi Coerdierite sebagai Katalis pada Reaksi Transesterifikasi”.
MOTTO
Do our best at any moment that we have
Sebuah Karya kecilku....
Dengan segenap hati kupersembahkan tugas akhir ini kepada:
Allah SWT,
Atas kehendak-Nya semua ini ada
Atas rahmat-Nya semua ini aku dapatkan
Atas kekuatan dari-Nya aku bisa bertahan.
Ayahanda dan Ibundaku sebagai tanda baktiku, terima kasih atas
segalanya, doa, kasih sayang, pengorbanan, dan keikhlasannya.
Ini hanyalah setitik balasan yang tidak bisa dibandingkan dengan
berjuta-juta pengorbanan dan kasih sayang
yang tidak pernah berakhir.
Adikku atas segalanya, kasih sayang dan doa.
Guru-guruku sebagai tanda hormatku,
terima kasih atas ilmu yang telah diberikan.
Serta tak lupa kupersembahkan kepada Almamaterku tercinta,
semoga kelak berguna dikemudian hari.
SANWACANA
Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT yang Mahakuasa dan Maha
Penyayang, atas segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, sehingga tugas akhir ini dengan
judul “Prarancangan Pabrik Xylitol dengan Proses Hidrogenasi Xylose Kapasitas
Dua Puluh Lima Ribu Ton per Tahun” dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
Tugas akhir ini disusun dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat guna
memperoleh derajat kesarjanaan (S-1) di Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Lampung.
Penyusunan tugas akhir ini tidak lepas dari bantuan dan dukungan dari beberapa
pihak. Oleh karena itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:
1. Bapak Ir. Azhar, M.T., selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Kimia Universitas
Lampung dan juga selaku Dosen Penguji II yang telah memberikan saran dan
kritik.
2. Bapak Darmansyah, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I, yang telah
memberikan pengarahan, masukan, bimbingan, kritik dan saran selama
penyelesaian tugas akhir. Semoga ilmu yang diberikan dapat berguna
dikemudian hari.
3. Bapak Muhammad Hanif, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing II, atas ilmu,
saran, masukan dan pengertiannya dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir.
4. Ibu Simparmin br Ginting, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Penguji I yang telah
memberikan saran dan kritik, juga selaku dosen pembimbing akademik atas
semua arahan dan masukan serta ilmu yang telah penulis dapatkan.
5. Seluruh Dosen Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung, atas semua ilmu dan
bekal masa depan yang akan selalu bermanfaat.
6. Keluargaku tercinta, Ayahandaku bapak Suparso, Ibundaku ibu Suji Astuti
serta adik-adikku Ahmad Dwi Wijaya, Dimas Ardianto, dan Febrian Fadhil,
atas pengorbanan, doa, cinta dan kasih sayang yang selalu mengiringi disetiap
langkahku.
Semoga Allah
yang Mahakuasa dan Maha Penyayang
memberikan perlindungan dan Karunia-Nya.
7. Nina Juliana R. Turnip sebagai rekan perjuangan suka dan duka dalam
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini, atas kerjasama yang baik selama ini.
8. Teman-teman seperjuangan 2007 di Teknik Kimia Mutiara Dzikro yang telah
selalu ada untuk membantu dan menyemangati, Indra, Ika, Kinkin, Nanda,
Wenny, Erna, Rina, Marga, Agsyel, Sulistiono, Binur, Fath, Atunk, Andika,
Diki, Catur, dan semua teman – teman 2007 lainnya. Adik-adik angkatan
2008 dan 2009, terimakasih atas bantuannya selama penulis menyelesaikan
tugas akhir ini.
9. Semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini.
Semoga Allah membalas semua kebaikan mereka terhadap penulis dan semoga
skripsi ini berguna.
Bandar Lampung, Mei 2014
Penulis,
Normarita Astuningsih
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................
i
DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................
ii
DAFTAR TABEL ..............................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR...........................................................................................
viii
I. PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang ............................................................................................
B. Kegunaan Produk ........................................................................................
C. Ketersediaan Bahan Baku............................................................................
D. Analisis Pasar .............................................................................................
E. Kapasitas Pabrik ..........................................................................................
F. Lokasi Pabrik ...............................................................................................
1
4
4
5
10
10
II. DESKRIPSI PROSES
A. Jenis-Jenis Proses ........................................................................................
B. Pemilihan Proses .........................................................................................
C. Uraian Proses ..............................................................................................
13
16
21
III. SPESIFIKASI BAHAN DAN PRODUK
A. Bahan Baku ...............................................................................................
B. Produk ........................................................................................................
24
28
IV. NERACA MASSA DAN ENERGI
A. Neraca Massa ............................................................................................
B. Neraca Energi .............................................................................................
30
32
V. SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN
A. Peralatan Proses .........................................................................................
B. Peralatan Utilitas .......................................................................................
35
48
VI. UTILITAS DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH
A. Unit Pendukung Proses .............................................................................
1. Unit Penyediaan Air..............................................................................
2. Unit Penyedia Steam .............................................................................
3. Unit Penyediaan Udara Tekan...............................................................
68
68
80
80
4. Unit Penyediaan Listrik ........................................................................
5 Unit Pengadaan Bahan Bakar................................................................
B. Pengolahan Limbah ...................................................................................
C. Laboratorium .............................................................................................
D. Instumentasi Dan Pengendalian Proses.....................................................
81
85
86
92
96
VII. TATA LETAK DAN LOKASI PABRIK
A. Lokasi Pabrik ............................................................................................
B. Tata Letak Pabrik ......................................................................................
104
108
VIII. SISTEM MANAJEMEN DAN ORGANISASI PERUSAHAAN
A. Bentuk Perusahaan ....................................................................................
B. Struktur Organiasi Perusahaan ..................................................................
C. Tugas dan Wewenang................................................................................
D. Status Karyawan dan Sistem Penggajian .................................................
E. Manajemen Produksi ...............................................................................
F. Pengaturan Waktu Produksi .....................................................................
G. Pembagian Jam Kerja Karyawan...............................................................
H. Penggolongan Jabatan dan Jumlah Karyawan .........................................
I. Kesejahteraan Karyawan ............................................................................
113
114
116
123
124
128
128
131
135
IX. INVESTASI DAN EVALUASI EKONOMI
A. Investasi..................................................................................................... 141
B. Evaluasi Ekonomi...................................................................................... 145
C. Discounted Cash Flow .............................................................................. 147
X. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
A. Simpulan ................................................................................................... 149
B. Saran .......................................................................................................... 149
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN A PERHITUNGAN NERACA MASSA
LAMPIRAN B PERHITUNGAN NERACA ENERGI
LAMPIRAN C SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN
LAMPIRAN D UTILITAS
LAMPIRAN E INVESTASI DAN EVALUASI EKONOMI
LAMPIRAN F TUGAS KHUSUS
iii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
1.1. Jenis-jenis Gula Alkohol dengan Kegunaannya ....................................
2
1.2. Beberapa Produsen Pengguna Xyliol ......................................................
3
1.3. Data Impor Other Polyhydric Alcohol Indonesia (Kg/tahun) ................
5
1.4. Penggunaan Xylitol di Indonesia ............................................................
6
1.5. Jumlah Penduduk Indonesia ...................................................................
7
1.6. Industri Xylitol di Dunia dan Kapasitas Produksinya ............................
8
1.7. Harga Bahan Baku dan Produk ..............................................................
10
2.1. Perbandingan Proses Pembuatan Xylitol ................................................
20
4.1. Neraca Massa Mixing Tank (MT-101)....................................................
30
4.2. Neraca Massa Reaktor (RE-201) ...........................................................
30
4.3. Neraca Massa Internal Filter (S-201) ...................................................
31
4.4. Neraca Massa Evaporator (EV-301) .....................................................
31
4.5. Neraca Energi Mixing Tank (MT-101) ...................................................
32
4.6. Neraca Energi Preheater (HE-101) .......................................................
32
4.7. Neraca Energi Storage Hidrogen (ST-101) ............................................
32
4.8. Neraca Energi Preheater (HE-102) .......................................................
33
4.9. Neraca Energi Reaktor (RE-201) ............................................................
33
4.10. Neraca Energi Evaporator (EV-301) ......................................................
33
4.11. Neraca Energi Evaporator (EV-302) ......................................................
33
4.12. Neraca Energi Cooler (CO-301) .............................................................
34
4.13. Neraca Energi Cooler (CO-302) .............................................................
34
5.1. Solid Storage (SS-101)............................................................................
35
5.2. Screw Conveyor (SC-101) ......................................................................
36
5.3. Bucket Elevator (BE-101) .......................................................................
36
5.4. Feeder (FE-101)......................................................................................
37
5.5. Mixing Tank (MT-101) ...........................................................................
37
5.6. Xylose Solution Storage Tank (ST-101)..................................................
38
5.7. Preheater (HE-101) ...............................................................................
39
5.8. Hydrogen Storage Tank (ST-102)..........................................................
40
5.9. Expansion Valve (EX-101) .....................................................................
40
5.10. Preheater (HE-102) ...............................................................................
41
5.11. Reaktor (RE-201) ...................................................................................
41
5.12. Expansion Valve (EX-102) .....................................................................
42
5.13. Expansion Valve (EX-103) .....................................................................
43
5.14. Cooler (CO-301) ....................................................................................
43
5.15. Evaporator Efek I (EV-301) ...................................................................
44
5.16. Evaporator Efek 2 (EV-302) .................................................................
44
5.17. Cooler (CO-301) ....................................................................................
45
5.18. Product Storage Tank (ST-103 ) ............................................................
45
5.19. Process Pump (PP-101) .........................................................................
46
5.20. Process Pump (PP-102) .........................................................................
46
5.21. Process Pump (PP-103) ..........................................................................
47
5.22. Process Pump (PP-104) ..........................................................................
47
5.22. Bak Sedimentasi (BS-401) .....................................................................
48
5.23. Bak Penggumpal (BP-401) ....................................................................
48
5.24. Tangki Alum (ST-401) ...........................................................................
48
5.25. Tangki Soda Kaustik (ST-402) ..............................................................
49
5.26. Tangki Kaporit (ST-403) ........................................................................
50
5.27. Clarifier (CL-401)...................................................................................
50
5.28. Sand Filter (SF-401) ...............................................................................
51
5.29. Filter Water Tank (FWT-401) ...............................................................
51
5.30. Domestic Water Tank (DOWT-401) ......................................................
52
5.31. Hydran Water Tank (HWT-401)............................................................
52
5.32. Hot Basin (HB-401) ................................................................................
53
5.33. Cooling Tower (CT-401) .......................................................................
53
5.34. Cold Basin (CB-401) .............................................................................
54
v
5.35. Tangki Asam Sulfat (ST-404) ................................................................
54
5.36. Tangki Dispersant (ST-405) ..................................................................
55
5.37. Tangki Inhibitor (ST-406) ......................................................................
55
5.38. Cation Exchanger (CE-4-1) ...................................................................
56
5.39. Anion Exchanger (AE-401) ....................................................................
56
5.40. Demin Water Tank (DWT-401) .............................................................
57
5.41. Deae8rator (DE-401) .............................................................................
58
5.42. Tangki Hidrazin (ST-407) ......................................................................
58
5.43. Boiler Feed Water Tank (BFWT-401) ...................................................
59
5.44. Boiler (B-401) ........................................................................................
59
5.45. Tamgki Bahan Bakar (ST-408) ..............................................................
60
5.46. Diesel Generator (GS-401) ....................................................................
60
5.47. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 1 (PU-401) ...................................................
61
5.48. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 2 (PU-402) .................................................
61
5.49. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 3 (PU-403) ..................................................
61
5.50. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 4 (PU-404) ..................................................
62
5.51. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 5 (PU-405) ..................................................
62
5.52. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 6 (PU-406) ..................................................
63
5.53. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 7 (PU-407) ...................................................
63
5.54. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 8 (PU-408) ...................................................
64
5.55. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 9 (PU-409) ...................................................
64
5.56. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 10 (PU-410) ................................................
65
5.57. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 11 (PU-411) ................................................
65
5.58. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 12 (PU-412) ................................................
66
5.59. Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas 13 (PU-413) ................................................
66
6.1. Baku Mutu Air Domestik .......................................................................
69
6.2. Baku Mutu Air Proses (Termasuk Air Umpan Boiler) ...........................
71
6.3. Kebutuhan Air Proses ............................................................................
72
6.4. Kebutuhan Air Pendingin .......................................................................
73
6.5. Kebutuhan Steam ...................................................................................
75
6.6. Waktu Cuplik Beberapa Jenis Variabel Proses ...................................... 100
6.7. Aplikasi Umum Valve dalam Proses Industri ....................................... 102
vi
7.1. Daerah Aliran Sungai di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan ......................... 106
8.1. Jadwal Sistem Produksi Saat Start Up ................................................... 128
8.2. Jadwal Kerja Masing-Masing Regu ...................................................... 130
8.3. Prasyarat Tingkat Pendidikan ................................................................ 131
8.4. Jumlah Operator pada Alat Proses ......................................................... 133
8.5. Jumlah Operator pada Alat Utilitas ........................................................ 133
8.6. Jumlah Karyawan Kantor ....................................................................... 134
9.1. Fixed Capital Investment ....................................................................... 142
9.2. Manufacturing Cost ............................................................................... 143
9.3. General Expenses ................................................................................... 144
9.4. Administrative Cost ................................................................................ 144
9.5. Acceptable Persent Return on Investment .............................................. 145
9.6. Acceptable Persent Pay Out Time .......................................................... 146
9.7. Hasil Analisa Kelayakan Ekonomi ......................................................... 148
vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
1.1. Impor Other Polyhydric Alcohol di Indonesia ......................................
5
1.2. Konsumsi Xylitol Terhadap Jumlah Penduduk .....................................
8
1.3. Lokasi Pabrik ....................................................................................... 12
2.1. Diagram Alir Proses .............................................................................. 23
7.1. Lokasi Pabrik .......................................................................................... 109
7.2. Tata Letak Pabrik ............................................................................................. 109
7.3. Tata Letak Alat Proses ........................................................................... 111
8.1. Struktur Organisasi Perusahaan ............................................................ 115
9.1. Analisa Ekonomi ........................................................................................... 147
9.2. Kurva Cummulative Cash Flow ............................................................. 148
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