Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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Figure 3.1. Cycle of classroom Action Research adapted from Kemmis and McTaggart 1990
The research is carried out by a teacher who is also the researcher and the teacher as the observer. This collaboration gives contribution to this study.
3.2. Participants of the Research
The subject of the research is the ninth grade students at a junior high school in Bandung. The class consists of 31 students; 14 males and 17 females.
This grade is chosen because they will face some examinations and they need to focus on reading the text and answering the questions. The technique is needed to
help them in comprehending the text. So, the use of scanning technique is employed in order to help them to read and to answer the questions.
Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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3.3 Data Collection
To collect the data, the researcher allocates the time in six weeks to conduct the observations and treatments. English is taught twice a week in the
school. Thus, the researcher takes two weeks for each cycle. The time table in collecting the data is as follows:
Table 3.2 Teaching Schedule
No Activities Time
Cycle 1 2
1st Meeting
Topic: Going to the zoo Report text
25 October 2013
3 2nd
Meeting Topic : Be careful Report text
30 October 2013
4 3rd Meeting
Topic : Let’s plant the tree Report text
1 November 2013
5 4th Meeting
Topic : Fresh Fruit Report text 6 November2013
Cycle 2 6
1st Meeting
Topic : I like sport Report text 8 November 2013
7 2nd
Meeting Topic : Public places Report
text 13 November 2013
8 3rd Meeting
Topic : Vehicles Report text 15 November 2013
9 4th Meeting
Topic : The Beautiful Flower Report Text
20 November 2013
Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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The researcher also uses four instruments. They are test, observation sheet, questionnaire and documentation.
3.3.1 Observation
Observation is the act of collecting data about the performance of a subject through five senses; sight, smelling, hearing, touching, and taste Arikunto, 2006.
Observation sheet is used in during the teaching and learning process. Observation sheet can be used to critically evaluate the learning process and identify the actual
data of the effectiveness strategies and techniques employed in the class Olsen, 2008. Moreover, observation sheet can also be used to document the
phenomenon occured while using scanning technique and determine the strategies for the next cycle. There is an observer in this study. The researcher becomes a
teacher and the teacher becomes an observer.
3.3.2 Test
Test consists of some questions based on the text that is given to students in the teaching learning process. Students have to finish doing the task with the
limited time.
3.3.3 Questionnaire
Questionnaire is given after conducting the cycle. In this study, this is aimed for observing students’ responses toward the use of scanning technique in
the classroom. The questionnaire consists of 10 questions about the use of scanning technique.
3.3.4 Documentation
Documentation in this study is to find out the data that are related to the scanning technique that will be used to help students to enhance their reading
comprehension.
Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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3.4 Research Procedure
The research involved several steps described below:
3.4.1 Preparation
Before applying all procedures, the researcher makes the preparation. After that, the teacher collects the data of students’ and class’ condition. The data
are obtained from teacher’s note and observation. That is done for make sure that class and students are ready to observe and to apply the cycle. Teacher’s note and
observation explained that many students get difficulties in reading text especially report text, and also many students get low score in English examination,
especially in reading examination.
3.4.2 Planning
After making preparation, teacher arranges the concept of the cycle in this step.Teacher also makes a lesson plan with the scanning technique included. The
other instruments like worksheets and observation sheets are prepared too. The researcher and the teacher discuss the topic of discussion and time of study.
Furthermore, the topic and material are discussed by the observer and teacher.
3.4.3 Acting
In this step, the researcher applies the planning of the research and it is observed by the observer. Students and the teacher do the activities in the
classroom based on the planning that has been made before by the teacher. However, sometimes the activities that have been planned by the teacher do not fit
the planning because the condition of the classroom affects in applying the planning. The scanning technique is used in the activities. There are some things
that included in the acting step. The steps are: a.
Teaching Material The teacher uses 17 different report texts that are taken from internet and the
recomended book by the school. The text is no more than 250 words.
Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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b. Teaching Method
In each cycle, the teacher uses lecturing method and scanning technique. Lecturing method is used when the teacher explains about the scanning
technique and report texts. Besides that, Scanning technique is used when students work in group and do the exercise.
c. Evaluation
At the end of the lesson, the teacher gives the evaluation. The evaluation system is individual.
3.4.4 Analyzing and Reflecting
The researcher and the observer analyze and reflect the planning and acting step by analyzing the result of observation in the class. After that, the lesson plan
is revised by the observer and the teacher. It is intended to find out the weakness in the last activities before formulating the activities for the next cycle.
3.4.5 Feedback Discussion
In this session, the teacher and the observer do the feedback discussion. That is a reflective collaboration between the researcher and observer toward the
class activities. They do that based on the observation sheets during the acting step.
3.5 Data Analysis
In the research, the data are obtained through observation sheets, tests, and questionnaire. Before analyzing, the data are transcribed and coded to make the
analysis easier. According to Alwasilah 2011, he stated that there are some benefits of coding the data. First, it helps the researcher to simplify phenomena
identification. Second, it helps the researcher to count the frequent of phenomenon emerging. Third, it helps the researcher to see the tendency of the
findings. Fourth, it helps the researcher to organize the categorizations and
Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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subcategorization of the inventions. After coded, the data are analyzed using qualitative data analysis.
Meanwhile,
students’ level of mastery in reading comprehension is determined based on criteria proposed by Masidjo 1995:153 that will use criteria
referenced evaluation type 1. Furthermore, Masidjo states that students would be considered successful if students’ score could attain at least 6,5 of the maximum
score 10. It means the ideal passing score is at least 65. However, this study will be stopped when 90 of students, subject of this study, get 75 as the minimal
score for their reading comprehension according to the KKM the passing criterion of the school. The criteria can be seen in the following table.
Table 3.3 The Criteria of Reading Score
It means: Excellent : those students who are able toanswer the test items and get score
between 90 - 100 Very good : those students who are able to answer the test items and get score
between 80 - 89 Good : those students who are able to answer the test items and get score
between 65 - 79 Sufficient : those students who are able to answer the test items and get
score between 55 - 64 Insufficient : those students who are able to answer the test items and get score
less than 5 90 - 100
= Excellent 80 - 89 = Very good
65 - 79 = Good
55 - 64 = Sufficient
Less than 55 = Insufficient
Citra Agustya Wulandari, 2014 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension through the Scanning Technique
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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Furthermore, Alwasilah 2011 states that action research is very qualitative seen from the research problems and research purposes. There are
three steps in analyzing the data. Those are data reduction, data display, and conclusion Miles and Huberman, 1984 as cited in Alwasilah, 2011.
a. Data Reduction
