18 Co responders, incident managers, and public officials at all levels of government to inform
and advise the public as shown in Figure 6. •
Common Alerting Protocol CAP •
EDXL Distribution Element EDXL-DE •
EDXL Hospital Availability Exchange EDXL-HAVE •
EDXL Resource Management EDXL-RM
Figure 6 - IPAWS Architecture
8.2.4 Enterprise Scenarios
8.2.4.1 Scenario: Connecting the Dots
This scenario considers connecting information held by several Decision Fusion Nodes in the determination of a plan of attack by an individual or small group.
This scenario is motivated by the “Christmas Day Attack” of 2009 when a terrorist onboard a flight bound for Detroit attempted to ignite a bomb attached to his body.
Lessons learned from the attack included [Travers, 2010]:
• This incident does not raise major information sharing issues. The key derogatory
information was widely shared across the U.S. Counterterrorism Community. The “dots” simply were not connected.
• The U.S. Government needs to improve its overall ability to piece together partial,
fragmentary information from multiple collectors. This requirement gets beyond watchlisting support, and is a very complicated challenge involving both numbers of
analysts and the use of technology to correlate vast amounts of information housed in multiple agencies and systems.
This scenario also considers the Nationwide SAR Initiative NSI that is designed to increase the amount of information—the intelligence “dots”—that will flow from state,
pyright © 2010 Open Geospatial Consortium
Copyright © 2010 Open Geospatial Consortium 19
local, and tribal law enforcement agencies to the federal government. The goal of “connecting the dots” becomes more difficult when there is an increasingly large volume
of “dots” to sift through and analyze. [Randol, 2009]
8.2.4.2 Scenario: Human presence detection through Multi-INT
Prior to committing personnel to investigate a building or suspicious site such as a cave, it is imperative to determine the importance and current danger of the site. This scenario
aims to integrate information from multiple sources, i.e., multi-INT. The scenario will involve fusing information from sensors with cultural and human information about the
area, and recent intelligence reports from human observers. [Thyagaraju Damarla, 2007], [ODNI, 2010]
This scenario will consider observing and characterizing the “human landscape” or “human terrain.” The scenario will also include quantification of the uncertainty and
provenance in the decision fusion.
8.2.4.3 Scenario: Disaster Management
