31 they do not know how to get along with others. Thus, it is to say that they are
intense individuals.
b. Principle of teaching pre-school students
Cole 1956: 317- 321 “pinpoints two important principles in teaching pre-
school students.” The principles consist of study environment and directions for studying. The principles will be clarified in the following paragraph.
“Study environment is considered important in building favorable environment to the learners’ mental effort to study” Cole 1956: 317. Two
primary things included in study environment are that there should not be any competing activity going on in the classroom and the elimination of any
whispering while the other learners are learning. When learning activities are carried out, it is better for teacher to manage the class that can support the learners
to learn. Learning objective can help learners much to cover what they are
supposed to do. Children need clear directions when they are learning. It is meant to give them obvious picture about what they are about to learn. It is expected
from a teacher to provide the learners with clear direction towards learning. By doing so, children are able to understand about what to do and what is expected
from them to accomplish. Thus, it leads the learning process more meaningful for them.
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32
B. Theoretical Framework
Teaching vocabulary is introduced in very young ages. It is not easy to teach vocabulary to young learners whose ages between 3-4 years old. Knowing
the importance of learning vocabulary, it is better to start teaching vocabulary when learners are still young. The teacher needs to use attractive methods to make
the students excited. The writer uses the theories of Dr. James J. Asher, George Lozanov, and Howard Gardner to classify what kinds of methods applied by the
teacher during teaching-learning process. The writer, then, uses those theories as the foundation to find the reasons why the teacher uses the methods.
To support the applied methods in teaching-learning process, media are also used. Media can grab students’ attention to join the class. “Media will
activate students and as they learn actively, the teachers can enjoy the evidence of their learning progress” Brown, Lewis, and Harcleroad, 1977: 2. The teacher
should avoid boredom, hence, it is needed interesting methods and supporting media to create pleasant teaching-learning atmosphere. The writer uses the
theories of Brown, Lewis, and Harcleroad on media to analyze kinds of media used in the teaching-learning process. Kinds of media are pictures and real things.
Pictures consist of context and structured pictures. Real things consist of objects and events real places. The writer analyzes the media based on the applied
methods by the teacher. The applied methods and media in teaching vocabulary, then, must be
adjusted with the applied curriculum of pre-school, creative curriculum. The theory of creative curriculum, which was proposed by Dodge, let the teacher
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