13 oneself” Vanden Bos, 30. Berkowitz 4 says that aggression is the behavior that
is aimed to physically and mentally injure of someone to achieve their own goals or desires. Furthermore, Bandura views 5 Aggression as “behavior that is likely
to produce aversive consequences, such as physical assaults, humiliation, and social rebuffs.”
Berkowitz 14 mentions two types of aggression where the intention is not aimed to hurt others. They are Instrumental Aggression and Emotioanl
Aggression.
a. Instrumental Aggression
Berkowitz 15 explains that instrumental aggression is behavior that is intended to achieve the aggressor’s goal or desire not to injure the target. The
aims are to defense power, domination and social status of the aggressors. Similar to Berkowitz, Vanden Bos 30 defines that Instrumental
aggression is the aggression when the primary goal of intentional injury or destruction of the target in which the attack is carried out principally to achieve a
goal other than target’s injury, such as acquiring a desired resource. According to Taylor et al 394, instrumental aggression is the aggression
that is aimed at some practical goal by hurting others or destructing objects as a defensive power. Instrumental aggression is not always commited with angry
feelings.
14
b. Emotional Aggression
According to Fesbach in Berkowitz 15 Emotional Aggression is known as “Hostile Aggression”, it is considered as a type of “anger” because it happens
when someone is offended and intends to hurt other. Most of the aggressors intend to attack other when they are unpleasant. The attack can reduce the feeling of
unpleasantness. According to Berkowitz, 15 aggression is a natural emotion. Aggressors have the desire to attack others when they feel unpleasant in a certain
situation. Vanden Bos 30 states that
Most intances of hostile aggression can also be regarded as affective aggression in that they are emotional reactions to an aversive state of
affairs, which tend to be targeted toward the perceived source of the distress but may be displaced onto other people or objects if disturbing
agent cannot be attacked.
Moreover, Taylor et al 400 explains that when someone is angry, frustrated or annoyed by someone and she or he cannot directectly express these
feelings to the person they angry at, because the person may be too powerful or not available, usually the aggressors expresses their aggression against a substitute
target. This is called displaced aggression.
4. Theory of Emotion
