The Analysis of Translation-Shift of The English Noun Phrase Used in The Garfield `Takes Up Space` Comic.
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION-SHIFT OF THE ENGLISH NOUN PHRASE USED IN
THE GARFIELD “TAKES UP SPACE” COMIC
Fit ri Wulandari
English Depart ment , Dian Nusw ant oro Universit y
ABSTRACT
This st udy direct s t o analyze t ranslat ion-shift s of t he English noun phrase
in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic.The researcher used a descript ive
qualit at ive met hod. Based on t he dat a, 100 clauses w hich have 106 rank shift s of
noun phrases found in t he dat a. The f irst cat egory is Phrase t o Phrase Dow nw ard
Rank Shift ; t here are 49 phrases or 46,2% in t his t ype. The second cat egory is
Phrase t o Phrase Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 28 phrases or 26,4% in t his t ype.
The t hird cat egory is Phrase t o Word Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 26 phrases
or 24,5% in t his t ype. The fourt h cat egory is Word t o Phrase Upw ard Shift w it h 2
phrases or 1,9%. The last cat egory is Phrase t o Clause Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here is
1 phrase or 1% in t his t ype. The researcher does not f ind any phrases in Clause t o
Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift .
M oreover, t he researcher found t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s
frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . By using
t he t heory of shift s by Cat ford, it can be seen clearly t hat shift s occur in t he
t ranslat ion of English Noun Phrase int o Indonesian. Based on t he dat a, t he most
dominant cat egory is St ruct ure Shift w it h 59 phrases w it h 55,7%; t he second level
is Unit Shift w it h 23 phrases or 21,7%, t he t hird level is Int ra Syst em Shift w it h 16
phrases w it h 15,1%, furt hermore t he fort h level is Class Shift w it h 8 phrases or
7%.
Keywords: Noun, Phrase, Shift .
Penelit ian ini bert ujuan ke menganalisis pergeseran penerjemahan dari frase
nomina bahasa Inggris pdengan komik t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Penelit i
menggunakan met ode deskript if kualit at if. Berdasarkan dat a, 100 klausa yang
memiliki 106 peringkat pergeseran frase nomina yang dit emukan dalam dat a.
Kat egori pert ama adalah Frase ke Frase Dow nw ard shift ; dengan 49 frase at au
46,2% dalam jenis ini. Kat egori kedua denganlah Frase ke Frase Upw ard shift ;
dengan 28 frase at au 26,4% dalam jenis ini. Kat egori ket iga adalah Frase ke Kat a
Dow nw ard shift ; dengan 26 frase at au 24,5% dalam jenis ini. Kat egori keempat
adalah Word ke Frase ke at as Shift dengan 2 frase at au 1,9%. Kat egori t erakhir
adalah Frase Klausul Peringkat ke at as shift ; dengan 1 kalimat at au 1% dalam
jenis ini. Penelit i t idak menemukan frase dalam Pasal ke Frase Dow nw ard Shift .
1
INTRODUCTION
Translat ion is t he process of changing speech or w rit ing from one
language (source language) int o anot her language (t arget language) (Richard,
1985:299).Translat ion is an import ant phenomenon t hat has a huge effect on
everyday life, t hat is w hy t he desire t o know and t o underst and informat ion,
namely science, t echnology, and know ledge, t ranslat ing from source language
and t arget language is needed. Translat ion is basically a change of form. When
t he form of language is spoken, it is referring t o t he act ual w ords, phrases,
clauses, sent ences, paragraph, and so on, w hich are spoken or w rit t en.
Translat ion is t ransferring an idea, know ledge or purpose from Source language
(SL) t o Target language (TL).In t ranslat ion t he form of t he source language is
replaced by t he form of recept or t arget language. Translat ion must t ake int o
account const raint s t hat include cont ext , t he rules of grammar of t he t w o
languages, t heir w rit ing convent ions, and t heir idioms. A common misconcept ion
is t hat t here exist s a simple w ord-for-w ord correspondence bet w een any t w o
languages, and t hat t ranslat ion is a st raight forw ard mechanical process.
Shift ing is a major concept in sent ence analysis in t ranslat ion. The
concept of Shift ing helped us a lot t o learn how a unit of different level can be
brought dow n t o creat e int erest ing st ruct ures. The concept of Rank Shift ing does
not exist in t radit ional grammar of English. Alt hough, it exist s in all modern
grammars of English in t heir ow n part icular w ay e.g. Phrase St ruct ure Grammar
labels a shift ing clause as a sent ence. Cat ford (1978: 73) st at es t hat by shift , w e
mean t he depart ure is made of from formal correspondence in t he process of
going from t he source language t o t he t arget language. Shift s occur w hen t he
source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o different grammat ical or phonological
form in t he t arget language t ext . Cat ford (1965) st at es t hat t here are t w o major
t ypes of shift : level shift s and cat egory shift s.
Level shift s are upw ard rank shift and dow nw ard rank shift . On t he ot her
hand, cat egory shift it self consist s of st ruct ure shift , class shift , unit shift and
2
int rasyst em shift . This st udy is concerned w it h t he t ranslat ion shift analysis of t he
English noun phrase int o Bahasa Indonesia.
Translat ion-shift is t he focus of analysis because t he t ranslat or has shift ed
t he forms t o keep t he meaning const ant so t hat t he messages can be
communicat ive and nat ural. This st udy t ries t o find out t he shift s in form and
meaning in t he Bahasa Indonesia t ranslat ion of English noun phrase. This is
because t he core of equivalence and shift s are in t he form and meaning. In
equivalence and shift s, t he meaning is more import ant t han t he form. Besides
t hat , equivalence focuses on cases w here t he language describes t he same
sit uat ion by different st ruct ure. How ever, many people are st ill confused in
different iat ing t he w ord order in head w ords of t he English and Bahasa Indonesia
noun phrases. It is because t he English and Bahasa Indonesia head w ord are not
t he same. In Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases, t he head w ord is head-init ial
posit ion, w hile in English t he head w ord is head-final posit ion. Therefore, t he
core of t he phrase is head w ord, w hich is used t o det ermine t he meaning and t he
w ord class. Based on t hat reason, t his st udy is conduct ed t o analyze t ranslat ionshift s of t he English noun phrase in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic.
METHOD
Research Design
This research used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod t o analyze t he noun phrase
const it ut ion and t hen explain if t here w as any shift in t ranslat ion occurred or
even t he loss and gain of informat ion occurred in t he t ranslat ion of t he dat a.
This st udy used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod t o st udy t he problem, because
t his st udy concern w it h t he meaning of t he w ord in t he dat a.
Data
The dat a of t his research w ere t aken from t he ut t erances bot h in t he source t ext
(ST) and t arget t ext (TT) of t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic. The aut hor of
t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” comic is Jim Davis and t he publisher is Random
3
House (under Ballant ine Books), Universal occasionally Andrew s M cM eel
Publishing. Indonesian publishing by Nexx media Inc. in Oct ober 2012.
Unit Analysis
This st udy is focused on Translat ion-shift s of t he English Noun Phrase used in t he
Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic. The unit of analysis of t he research t ook 100
noun phrases randomly of t he ut t erances found in Garfield “ Takes Up Space”
comic. The Source Language is English, and t he Target Language is Indonesian as
t he dat a t o be analyzed.
Data Collection
The dat a w ere collect ed by using document at ion in t he form of Garfield
“ Takes Up Space” Comic, as:searching several comics in t he several w ebsit e and
books shop; choosing t he comic; reading t he comic; and finding t he noun phrase.
Data Analysis
In analyzing t he dat a, t he researcher used t he follow ing st eps: comparing
t he noun phrases found in t he source t ext (ST) w it h t he t ranslat ion in t he t arget
t ext (TT) t o see if t here are shift s t aking place; Ident ifying t he kinds of shift s; and
analyzing t he shift s and describing t he reason for each shift
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Level of Rank Shifts in noun phrase of bilingual comic “Garfield takes
up space”
No.
1.
2
Σƒ
Σƒ%
Clause t o Phrase
0
0
Phrase t o Phrase
49
46,2%
Phrase t o Word
Word t o Phrase
Phrase t o Phrase
Phrase t o Clause
28
2
26
1
26,4%
1,9%
24,5%
1%
106
100
Level of Rank Shift
Dow nw ard Rank Shift
Upw ard Rank Shift
Shift Category
Total
In t his research, t here are 100 clauses and 106 rank shift s of noun
phrases found in t he dat a. The first cat egory is phrase t o phrase dow nw ard rank
shift ; t here are 49 phrases in t his t ype. The second cat egory is phrase t o phrase
4
upw ard rank shift ; t here are 28 phrases in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is phrase
t o w ord dow nw ard rank shift ; t here are 26 phrases in t his t ype. The fourt h
cat egory is w ord t o phrase upw ard shift w it h 2 phrases. The last cat egory is
phrase t o clause upw ard rank shift ; t here is 1 phrase in t his t ype. The researcher
does not find any phrases in clause t o phrase dow nw ard rank shift .
Next , t he researcher present s t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s
frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . The
most dominant cat egory is st ruct ure shift ; t he second unit shift , t he t hird level is
int ra syst em shift , furt hermore t he fort h level is class shift . The t able of
frequency of dist ribut ion of each kind of shift cat egory used in “ Garfield t akes up
space” can be seen as follow s:
Table 2. Category of Rank Shifts in noun phrase of bilingual comic “Garfield
takes up space”
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Category of Rank Shift
St ruct ure Shift
Unit Shift
Int ra Syst em Shift
Class Shift
Total
Σƒ
Σƒ%
59
23
16
8
55,7
21,7
15,1
7,5
106
100
Downward Rank Shift
There are 75 phrases found as t he dow nw ard rank shift s. Dow nw ard shift s
t ake place w hen a source language unit is subst it ut ed by a low er-in-rank t arget
language unit . M oreover dow nw ard rank shift is also divided int o clause t o
phrase, phrase t o phrase and phrase t o w ord. They are explained below :
Excerpt 1:
Data 6
Page 4, Balloon 3
SL
: These are t he memories t hat last a life time.
TL
: Perist iw a ini akan diingat seumur hidup.
The dow nw ard rank shift can be seen in noun phrase “ a life t ime” . Here,
source language has const it ut ion of definit e pronoun (a ) + noun phrase (life
t ime). The det erminer is not t ranslat ed. The noun phrase ‘life t ime’ is t hen
5
const it ut ed by adject ive (life) + noun (t ime). In t he t arget language, t he noun
phrase has const it ut ion of only noun phrase (seumur hidup). M oreover, it can be
concluded t hat t he informat ion of definit e pronoun (a ) because it is not
t ranslat ed int o t he t arget language. Here, t he t ranslat or did not t ranslat e t he
definit e pronoun because it is st ill underst andable by t he reader. In addit ion, t he
source language w ill be ambigous, because t he t ranslat ion becomes “ sebuah
umur hidup” . This rank shift s is called t he st ruct ure shift . Alt hough, t he noun
phrase in t arget language is also t ranslat ed int o t he noun phrase in source
language. This st ruct ure shift happens due t o different linguist ic syst em bet w een
English and Bahasa Indonesia. The definit e pronoun can be t ranslat ed int o
morpheme ‘se-‘ in Bahasa Indonesia w hich has meaning ‘sat u’ . The t ranslat or
does shift ing t o make t he t arget language is more nat ural and underst andable by
t he reader. He uses st ruct ure and grammar of Bahasa Indonesia as adjust ment
t ow ard t he t arget language.
Excerpt 2:
Data 18
Page 16, Balloon 9
SL
: An imagination is a powerful t ool. It can t int memories of t he past ,
TL
shade percept ions of t he present , or paint a fut ure so vivid t hat it can
ent ice... Or t errify, all depending upon how w e conduct ourseles t oday..
: Imajinasi memang ampuh unt uk menorehkan kenangan masa lampau,
membent uk pikiran masa kini, at aupun melukiskan masa yang akan
dat ang secara hebat at aupun mengerikan...t ergant ung bagaimana kit a
bersikap saat ini...
It can be seen above t hat t he English noun phrase is t ranslat ed int o a w ord
in t he t arget language. The noun phrase ‘an imaginat ion’ has t he const it ut ion of
det erminer (a ) + noun (imaginat ion ). M eanw hile in t he t arget language t ext , it
becomes a w ord (imajinasi). Therefore, it is know n t hat t he t ranslat ion shift
occurs in t his dat a, because t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is
t ranslat ed int o a clause in t he t arget language t ext . And based on t he t heory
proposed by Cat ford, t his t ype of shift is called a unit shift . There is no loss or
gain of informat ion in t his t ranslat ion.
6
Upward Rank Shift
There are 29 phrases can be found in t he dat a. It is also divided int o t hree
levels; clause t o phrase, phrase t o phrase, phrase t o w ord. The explanat ion can
be seen follow :
Excerpt 3:
Data 39
Page 44, Balloon 6
SL
: But , t he greed just rips my heartstrings
TL
: Namun keserakahan merobek relung hatiku
Here, t he form of t he source language is compound noun. It is formed from
noun (heart ) + noun ( st rings). How ever, it can be seen t hat t he t arget language
is t ranslat ed becomes noun phrase.
The w ord ‘ heart sring ’ is t ranslat ed int o
‘relung hat iku’. The t arget language noun phrase const it utes int o noun (relung) +
noun (hat iku). So, it can be cat egorized as a unit shift s.
Excerpt 5:
Data 19
Page 23, Balloon 4
SL
: Come on, Garfield. Dad’s gonna t ake us int o t ow n t o see the new
TL
stoplight .
: Ayo, Garfield. Ayah mengajak kit a melihat lampu lalu lintas yang baru.
According t o t he t heory of Cart ford, it can be concluded t hat st ruct ure shift
occurs in t he t ranslat ion of ‘t he new st oplight ’ int o ‘lampu lalu lint as yang baru’ .
The noun phrase in t he source language t ext has const it ut ion of
(t he)
det erminer
+ noun (new st oplight ). The noun phrase is also t ranslat ed int o noun
phrase in t he t arget language w hich is const it ut ed out of noun phrase ( lampu
lalu lint as) + adject ive phrase ( yang baru). This t ranslat ion show s t hat t here is t he
occurence of t ranslat ion shift in t his dat a in w hich ‘new ’ in t he source language
t ext w hich is adject ive is t ranslat ed int o ‘yang baru’ in t he t arget language t ext
w hich is adject ive phrase. Such kind of shift namely st ruct ure shift according t o
t he t heory Cat ford. This shift in t ranslat ion occurs because in Bahasa Indonesia
as t he t arget language, w e cannot put t he t ranslat ion int o ‘baru’ since t he
7
linguist ic syst em of Bahasa Indonesia noun phrase does not use t he same syst em
as in English language. The noun phrase in English and Bahasa Indonesia are have
a different st ruct ure. In English, t he noun phrase const it ut es as det erminer +
noun phrase (adject ive+noun), but in Bahasa Indonesia const it ut es as noun
phrase + adject ive phrase.
Excerpt 6:
Data 10
Page 9, Balloon 1
SL
: This is all part of the joy of having pets.
TL
: Ini bagian dari kegembiraan memiliki hew an peliharaan.
The English noun phrase is t ranslat ed int o a clause in t he t arget language.
The noun phrase ‘all part of t he joy pet s’ has t he const it ut ion of det erminer ( all )
+ noun phrase (part of t he joy of having pet s). Then, t he noun phrase is t hen
const it ut ed out of t he noun (part y) + noun phrase of (of t he joy of having pet s).
The second noun phrase is const it ut ed as det erminer (t he) + noun phrase ( joy of
having pet s). The noun phrase it self consist s of modifier (joy) + preposit ional
phrase (verb, of having) + noun (pet s). M eanw hile in t he t arget language t ext , it
becomes a clause w hich has t he const it ut ion of verb (memiliki ) + adverb (hew an
peliharaan). Therefore, w e know t hat t he t ranslat ion shift occurs in t his dat a,
because t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o a clause in
t he t arget language t ext . And based on t he t heory, t his t ype of shift is called a
class shift . Therefore, it can be said t hat t here is an occurrence of t ranslat ion
shift in t his dat a in w hich t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is
t ranslat ed int o verb phrase in t he t arget language t ext . There is no loss or gain of
informat ion in t his t ranslat ion.
CONCLUSION
Aft er analyzing t he dat a relat ed t o t he t ranslat ion of English noun phrase
int o Indonesian as found in t he bilingual comic Garfield: t akes up space, t here are
some conclusions t hat can be formulat ed and present ed as follow s:
8
There are 100 clauses w hich have 106 rank shift s of noun phrases found
in t he dat a. The first cat egory is Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 49
phrases or 46,2% in t his t ype. The second cat egory is Phrase Upw ard Rank Shift ;
t here are 28 phrases or 26,4% in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is Phrase t o Word
Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 26 phrases or 24,5% in t his t ype. The fourt h
cat egory is Word t o Phrase Upw ard Shift w it h 2 phrases or 1,9%. The last
cat egory is Phrase t o Clause Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here is 1 phrase or 1% in t his
t ype. The researcher does not find any phrases in Clause t o Phrase Dow nw ard
Rank Shift .
The researcher found t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s frame
w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . By using t he
t heory of shift s by Cat ford, it can be seen clearly t hat shift s occur in t he
t ranslat ion of English Noun Phrase int o Indonesian. There are some shift in
t ranslat ion occurs in t he English noun phrases w hich are also t ranslat ed int o
noun phrases in Indonesian as t he t arget language. From t he dat a, t he most
dominant cat egory is St ruct ure Shift w it h 59 phrases or 55,7%; t he second level is
Unit Shift w it h 23 phrases or 21,7%, t he t hird level is Int ra Syst em Shift or 16
phrases w it h 15,1%, furt hermore t he fort h level is Class Shift w it h 8 phrases or
7%.
REFERENCES
http://linguisticslearner.blogspot.com/2011/09/rank-shifting-in-systemicsfunctional.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme#Free_vs._bound
http://www.gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php/Bound_Morpinition
%29
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.hm
http://transvanilla.blogspot.com/2010/04/translation-shifts.html
9
THE GARFIELD “TAKES UP SPACE” COMIC
Fit ri Wulandari
English Depart ment , Dian Nusw ant oro Universit y
ABSTRACT
This st udy direct s t o analyze t ranslat ion-shift s of t he English noun phrase
in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic.The researcher used a descript ive
qualit at ive met hod. Based on t he dat a, 100 clauses w hich have 106 rank shift s of
noun phrases found in t he dat a. The f irst cat egory is Phrase t o Phrase Dow nw ard
Rank Shift ; t here are 49 phrases or 46,2% in t his t ype. The second cat egory is
Phrase t o Phrase Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 28 phrases or 26,4% in t his t ype.
The t hird cat egory is Phrase t o Word Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 26 phrases
or 24,5% in t his t ype. The fourt h cat egory is Word t o Phrase Upw ard Shift w it h 2
phrases or 1,9%. The last cat egory is Phrase t o Clause Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here is
1 phrase or 1% in t his t ype. The researcher does not f ind any phrases in Clause t o
Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift .
M oreover, t he researcher found t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s
frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . By using
t he t heory of shift s by Cat ford, it can be seen clearly t hat shift s occur in t he
t ranslat ion of English Noun Phrase int o Indonesian. Based on t he dat a, t he most
dominant cat egory is St ruct ure Shift w it h 59 phrases w it h 55,7%; t he second level
is Unit Shift w it h 23 phrases or 21,7%, t he t hird level is Int ra Syst em Shift w it h 16
phrases w it h 15,1%, furt hermore t he fort h level is Class Shift w it h 8 phrases or
7%.
Keywords: Noun, Phrase, Shift .
Penelit ian ini bert ujuan ke menganalisis pergeseran penerjemahan dari frase
nomina bahasa Inggris pdengan komik t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Penelit i
menggunakan met ode deskript if kualit at if. Berdasarkan dat a, 100 klausa yang
memiliki 106 peringkat pergeseran frase nomina yang dit emukan dalam dat a.
Kat egori pert ama adalah Frase ke Frase Dow nw ard shift ; dengan 49 frase at au
46,2% dalam jenis ini. Kat egori kedua denganlah Frase ke Frase Upw ard shift ;
dengan 28 frase at au 26,4% dalam jenis ini. Kat egori ket iga adalah Frase ke Kat a
Dow nw ard shift ; dengan 26 frase at au 24,5% dalam jenis ini. Kat egori keempat
adalah Word ke Frase ke at as Shift dengan 2 frase at au 1,9%. Kat egori t erakhir
adalah Frase Klausul Peringkat ke at as shift ; dengan 1 kalimat at au 1% dalam
jenis ini. Penelit i t idak menemukan frase dalam Pasal ke Frase Dow nw ard Shift .
1
INTRODUCTION
Translat ion is t he process of changing speech or w rit ing from one
language (source language) int o anot her language (t arget language) (Richard,
1985:299).Translat ion is an import ant phenomenon t hat has a huge effect on
everyday life, t hat is w hy t he desire t o know and t o underst and informat ion,
namely science, t echnology, and know ledge, t ranslat ing from source language
and t arget language is needed. Translat ion is basically a change of form. When
t he form of language is spoken, it is referring t o t he act ual w ords, phrases,
clauses, sent ences, paragraph, and so on, w hich are spoken or w rit t en.
Translat ion is t ransferring an idea, know ledge or purpose from Source language
(SL) t o Target language (TL).In t ranslat ion t he form of t he source language is
replaced by t he form of recept or t arget language. Translat ion must t ake int o
account const raint s t hat include cont ext , t he rules of grammar of t he t w o
languages, t heir w rit ing convent ions, and t heir idioms. A common misconcept ion
is t hat t here exist s a simple w ord-for-w ord correspondence bet w een any t w o
languages, and t hat t ranslat ion is a st raight forw ard mechanical process.
Shift ing is a major concept in sent ence analysis in t ranslat ion. The
concept of Shift ing helped us a lot t o learn how a unit of different level can be
brought dow n t o creat e int erest ing st ruct ures. The concept of Rank Shift ing does
not exist in t radit ional grammar of English. Alt hough, it exist s in all modern
grammars of English in t heir ow n part icular w ay e.g. Phrase St ruct ure Grammar
labels a shift ing clause as a sent ence. Cat ford (1978: 73) st at es t hat by shift , w e
mean t he depart ure is made of from formal correspondence in t he process of
going from t he source language t o t he t arget language. Shift s occur w hen t he
source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o different grammat ical or phonological
form in t he t arget language t ext . Cat ford (1965) st at es t hat t here are t w o major
t ypes of shift : level shift s and cat egory shift s.
Level shift s are upw ard rank shift and dow nw ard rank shift . On t he ot her
hand, cat egory shift it self consist s of st ruct ure shift , class shift , unit shift and
2
int rasyst em shift . This st udy is concerned w it h t he t ranslat ion shift analysis of t he
English noun phrase int o Bahasa Indonesia.
Translat ion-shift is t he focus of analysis because t he t ranslat or has shift ed
t he forms t o keep t he meaning const ant so t hat t he messages can be
communicat ive and nat ural. This st udy t ries t o find out t he shift s in form and
meaning in t he Bahasa Indonesia t ranslat ion of English noun phrase. This is
because t he core of equivalence and shift s are in t he form and meaning. In
equivalence and shift s, t he meaning is more import ant t han t he form. Besides
t hat , equivalence focuses on cases w here t he language describes t he same
sit uat ion by different st ruct ure. How ever, many people are st ill confused in
different iat ing t he w ord order in head w ords of t he English and Bahasa Indonesia
noun phrases. It is because t he English and Bahasa Indonesia head w ord are not
t he same. In Bahasa Indonesia noun phrases, t he head w ord is head-init ial
posit ion, w hile in English t he head w ord is head-final posit ion. Therefore, t he
core of t he phrase is head w ord, w hich is used t o det ermine t he meaning and t he
w ord class. Based on t hat reason, t his st udy is conduct ed t o analyze t ranslat ionshift s of t he English noun phrase in t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic.
METHOD
Research Design
This research used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod t o analyze t he noun phrase
const it ut ion and t hen explain if t here w as any shift in t ranslat ion occurred or
even t he loss and gain of informat ion occurred in t he t ranslat ion of t he dat a.
This st udy used a descript ive qualit at ive met hod t o st udy t he problem, because
t his st udy concern w it h t he meaning of t he w ord in t he dat a.
Data
The dat a of t his research w ere t aken from t he ut t erances bot h in t he source t ext
(ST) and t arget t ext (TT) of t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic. The aut hor of
t he Garfield “ Takes Up Space” comic is Jim Davis and t he publisher is Random
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House (under Ballant ine Books), Universal occasionally Andrew s M cM eel
Publishing. Indonesian publishing by Nexx media Inc. in Oct ober 2012.
Unit Analysis
This st udy is focused on Translat ion-shift s of t he English Noun Phrase used in t he
Garfield “ Takes Up Space” Comic. The unit of analysis of t he research t ook 100
noun phrases randomly of t he ut t erances found in Garfield “ Takes Up Space”
comic. The Source Language is English, and t he Target Language is Indonesian as
t he dat a t o be analyzed.
Data Collection
The dat a w ere collect ed by using document at ion in t he form of Garfield
“ Takes Up Space” Comic, as:searching several comics in t he several w ebsit e and
books shop; choosing t he comic; reading t he comic; and finding t he noun phrase.
Data Analysis
In analyzing t he dat a, t he researcher used t he follow ing st eps: comparing
t he noun phrases found in t he source t ext (ST) w it h t he t ranslat ion in t he t arget
t ext (TT) t o see if t here are shift s t aking place; Ident ifying t he kinds of shift s; and
analyzing t he shift s and describing t he reason for each shift
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Level of Rank Shifts in noun phrase of bilingual comic “Garfield takes
up space”
No.
1.
2
Σƒ
Σƒ%
Clause t o Phrase
0
0
Phrase t o Phrase
49
46,2%
Phrase t o Word
Word t o Phrase
Phrase t o Phrase
Phrase t o Clause
28
2
26
1
26,4%
1,9%
24,5%
1%
106
100
Level of Rank Shift
Dow nw ard Rank Shift
Upw ard Rank Shift
Shift Category
Total
In t his research, t here are 100 clauses and 106 rank shift s of noun
phrases found in t he dat a. The first cat egory is phrase t o phrase dow nw ard rank
shift ; t here are 49 phrases in t his t ype. The second cat egory is phrase t o phrase
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upw ard rank shift ; t here are 28 phrases in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is phrase
t o w ord dow nw ard rank shift ; t here are 26 phrases in t his t ype. The fourt h
cat egory is w ord t o phrase upw ard shift w it h 2 phrases. The last cat egory is
phrase t o clause upw ard rank shift ; t here is 1 phrase in t his t ype. The researcher
does not find any phrases in clause t o phrase dow nw ard rank shift .
Next , t he researcher present s t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s
frame w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . The
most dominant cat egory is st ruct ure shift ; t he second unit shift , t he t hird level is
int ra syst em shift , furt hermore t he fort h level is class shift . The t able of
frequency of dist ribut ion of each kind of shift cat egory used in “ Garfield t akes up
space” can be seen as follow s:
Table 2. Category of Rank Shifts in noun phrase of bilingual comic “Garfield
takes up space”
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Category of Rank Shift
St ruct ure Shift
Unit Shift
Int ra Syst em Shift
Class Shift
Total
Σƒ
Σƒ%
59
23
16
8
55,7
21,7
15,1
7,5
106
100
Downward Rank Shift
There are 75 phrases found as t he dow nw ard rank shift s. Dow nw ard shift s
t ake place w hen a source language unit is subst it ut ed by a low er-in-rank t arget
language unit . M oreover dow nw ard rank shift is also divided int o clause t o
phrase, phrase t o phrase and phrase t o w ord. They are explained below :
Excerpt 1:
Data 6
Page 4, Balloon 3
SL
: These are t he memories t hat last a life time.
TL
: Perist iw a ini akan diingat seumur hidup.
The dow nw ard rank shift can be seen in noun phrase “ a life t ime” . Here,
source language has const it ut ion of definit e pronoun (a ) + noun phrase (life
t ime). The det erminer is not t ranslat ed. The noun phrase ‘life t ime’ is t hen
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const it ut ed by adject ive (life) + noun (t ime). In t he t arget language, t he noun
phrase has const it ut ion of only noun phrase (seumur hidup). M oreover, it can be
concluded t hat t he informat ion of definit e pronoun (a ) because it is not
t ranslat ed int o t he t arget language. Here, t he t ranslat or did not t ranslat e t he
definit e pronoun because it is st ill underst andable by t he reader. In addit ion, t he
source language w ill be ambigous, because t he t ranslat ion becomes “ sebuah
umur hidup” . This rank shift s is called t he st ruct ure shift . Alt hough, t he noun
phrase in t arget language is also t ranslat ed int o t he noun phrase in source
language. This st ruct ure shift happens due t o different linguist ic syst em bet w een
English and Bahasa Indonesia. The definit e pronoun can be t ranslat ed int o
morpheme ‘se-‘ in Bahasa Indonesia w hich has meaning ‘sat u’ . The t ranslat or
does shift ing t o make t he t arget language is more nat ural and underst andable by
t he reader. He uses st ruct ure and grammar of Bahasa Indonesia as adjust ment
t ow ard t he t arget language.
Excerpt 2:
Data 18
Page 16, Balloon 9
SL
: An imagination is a powerful t ool. It can t int memories of t he past ,
TL
shade percept ions of t he present , or paint a fut ure so vivid t hat it can
ent ice... Or t errify, all depending upon how w e conduct ourseles t oday..
: Imajinasi memang ampuh unt uk menorehkan kenangan masa lampau,
membent uk pikiran masa kini, at aupun melukiskan masa yang akan
dat ang secara hebat at aupun mengerikan...t ergant ung bagaimana kit a
bersikap saat ini...
It can be seen above t hat t he English noun phrase is t ranslat ed int o a w ord
in t he t arget language. The noun phrase ‘an imaginat ion’ has t he const it ut ion of
det erminer (a ) + noun (imaginat ion ). M eanw hile in t he t arget language t ext , it
becomes a w ord (imajinasi). Therefore, it is know n t hat t he t ranslat ion shift
occurs in t his dat a, because t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is
t ranslat ed int o a clause in t he t arget language t ext . And based on t he t heory
proposed by Cat ford, t his t ype of shift is called a unit shift . There is no loss or
gain of informat ion in t his t ranslat ion.
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Upward Rank Shift
There are 29 phrases can be found in t he dat a. It is also divided int o t hree
levels; clause t o phrase, phrase t o phrase, phrase t o w ord. The explanat ion can
be seen follow :
Excerpt 3:
Data 39
Page 44, Balloon 6
SL
: But , t he greed just rips my heartstrings
TL
: Namun keserakahan merobek relung hatiku
Here, t he form of t he source language is compound noun. It is formed from
noun (heart ) + noun ( st rings). How ever, it can be seen t hat t he t arget language
is t ranslat ed becomes noun phrase.
The w ord ‘ heart sring ’ is t ranslat ed int o
‘relung hat iku’. The t arget language noun phrase const it utes int o noun (relung) +
noun (hat iku). So, it can be cat egorized as a unit shift s.
Excerpt 5:
Data 19
Page 23, Balloon 4
SL
: Come on, Garfield. Dad’s gonna t ake us int o t ow n t o see the new
TL
stoplight .
: Ayo, Garfield. Ayah mengajak kit a melihat lampu lalu lintas yang baru.
According t o t he t heory of Cart ford, it can be concluded t hat st ruct ure shift
occurs in t he t ranslat ion of ‘t he new st oplight ’ int o ‘lampu lalu lint as yang baru’ .
The noun phrase in t he source language t ext has const it ut ion of
(t he)
det erminer
+ noun (new st oplight ). The noun phrase is also t ranslat ed int o noun
phrase in t he t arget language w hich is const it ut ed out of noun phrase ( lampu
lalu lint as) + adject ive phrase ( yang baru). This t ranslat ion show s t hat t here is t he
occurence of t ranslat ion shift in t his dat a in w hich ‘new ’ in t he source language
t ext w hich is adject ive is t ranslat ed int o ‘yang baru’ in t he t arget language t ext
w hich is adject ive phrase. Such kind of shift namely st ruct ure shift according t o
t he t heory Cat ford. This shift in t ranslat ion occurs because in Bahasa Indonesia
as t he t arget language, w e cannot put t he t ranslat ion int o ‘baru’ since t he
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linguist ic syst em of Bahasa Indonesia noun phrase does not use t he same syst em
as in English language. The noun phrase in English and Bahasa Indonesia are have
a different st ruct ure. In English, t he noun phrase const it ut es as det erminer +
noun phrase (adject ive+noun), but in Bahasa Indonesia const it ut es as noun
phrase + adject ive phrase.
Excerpt 6:
Data 10
Page 9, Balloon 1
SL
: This is all part of the joy of having pets.
TL
: Ini bagian dari kegembiraan memiliki hew an peliharaan.
The English noun phrase is t ranslat ed int o a clause in t he t arget language.
The noun phrase ‘all part of t he joy pet s’ has t he const it ut ion of det erminer ( all )
+ noun phrase (part of t he joy of having pet s). Then, t he noun phrase is t hen
const it ut ed out of t he noun (part y) + noun phrase of (of t he joy of having pet s).
The second noun phrase is const it ut ed as det erminer (t he) + noun phrase ( joy of
having pet s). The noun phrase it self consist s of modifier (joy) + preposit ional
phrase (verb, of having) + noun (pet s). M eanw hile in t he t arget language t ext , it
becomes a clause w hich has t he const it ut ion of verb (memiliki ) + adverb (hew an
peliharaan). Therefore, w e know t hat t he t ranslat ion shift occurs in t his dat a,
because t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is t ranslat ed int o a clause in
t he t arget language t ext . And based on t he t heory, t his t ype of shift is called a
class shift . Therefore, it can be said t hat t here is an occurrence of t ranslat ion
shift in t his dat a in w hich t he noun phrase in t he source language t ext is
t ranslat ed int o verb phrase in t he t arget language t ext . There is no loss or gain of
informat ion in t his t ranslat ion.
CONCLUSION
Aft er analyzing t he dat a relat ed t o t he t ranslat ion of English noun phrase
int o Indonesian as found in t he bilingual comic Garfield: t akes up space, t here are
some conclusions t hat can be formulat ed and present ed as follow s:
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There are 100 clauses w hich have 106 rank shift s of noun phrases found
in t he dat a. The first cat egory is Phrase Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 49
phrases or 46,2% in t his t ype. The second cat egory is Phrase Upw ard Rank Shift ;
t here are 28 phrases or 26,4% in t his t ype. The t hird cat egory is Phrase t o Word
Dow nw ard Rank Shift ; t here are 26 phrases or 24,5% in t his t ype. The fourt h
cat egory is Word t o Phrase Upw ard Shift w it h 2 phrases or 1,9%. The last
cat egory is Phrase t o Clause Upw ard Rank Shift ; t here is 1 phrase or 1% in t his
t ype. The researcher does not find any phrases in Clause t o Phrase Dow nw ard
Rank Shift .
The researcher found t he rank shift cat egory based on Cat ford’s frame
w ork (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “ Garfield t akes up space” . By using t he
t heory of shift s by Cat ford, it can be seen clearly t hat shift s occur in t he
t ranslat ion of English Noun Phrase int o Indonesian. There are some shift in
t ranslat ion occurs in t he English noun phrases w hich are also t ranslat ed int o
noun phrases in Indonesian as t he t arget language. From t he dat a, t he most
dominant cat egory is St ruct ure Shift w it h 59 phrases or 55,7%; t he second level is
Unit Shift w it h 23 phrases or 21,7%, t he t hird level is Int ra Syst em Shift or 16
phrases w it h 15,1%, furt hermore t he fort h level is Class Shift w it h 8 phrases or
7%.
REFERENCES
http://linguisticslearner.blogspot.com/2011/09/rank-shifting-in-systemicsfunctional.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme#Free_vs._bound
http://www.gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php/Bound_Morpinition
%29
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.hm
http://transvanilla.blogspot.com/2010/04/translation-shifts.html
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