The Translation Of Verbs In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Scandal In Bohemia Into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal Di Bohemia By Dra. Daisy DIanasari
THE TRANSLATION OF VERBS IN SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA INTO BAHASA INDONESIA SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA BY DRA.
DAISY DIANASARI
A THESIS
BY:
MUSTAKIM
REG. STUDENT NO: 060705031
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank ALLAH S.W.T. who gives me strength and knowledge to finish my thesis entitled “The Translation of Verbs in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Scandal in Bohemia into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal di Bohemia by Dra. Daisy Dianasari”.
I would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Prof. Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as the head and secretary of English Department, and to Bang Syamsul for all of opportunities and facilities that given to me and for all their attentions in all academic affairs. I also like to thank to my supervisor DR. Dra. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M. Hum, and to my co-supervisor, Drs. Muhizar Muchtar M. S, for their suggestions, advices, ideas, and guidance. And also to my academic advisor, Drs. M. Syafie Siregar, M. A., for his adivices so I can finish my study in time.
My thanks also to my beloved family: M. Nasirruddin, my father, and Ratna Juwita, my mother. My brothers and sisters: Linda Purnama Sari, Rina Junita, Ridwan Halim, Budi Kurniawan, Asri Amalia, M. Faisal, and Chairul Rizki. I thank them for their supports and loves.
My special thanks to all my friends in English Department, to all my 06 students: Arwin Kurniawan, Alfa Reza Lubis, Harri Gullit, Saswita Vianty, A. Zainardo, Reza Fahlevi, Fitria Hardini, Maznil Khairi, Ifadatunnisa, Mawardi, Rizki amalianty, Tessen Siregar, Juara Putra Sakti Pulungan, Dewi Syahputri. To 05 students: Julkhairi Nasution, M. Rizki, Fresty Bosya, Witria Faulinda, Fachwinalia. To 07 students: Hadi Irawan. To 08 students: Kiki, Medina, Zarot.
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My special thanks also for my friends: M. Fauzy Hasibuan, Dimas Septi Bima Sakti, Rahmat Nazmi, Wahyuni Deliana Siregar, Herri Hadist Syahputra, and Fauzy Ramadhan. I thank them for their friendship since we were school at SMP N 12 Medan. To my high school friends (SMA N 8 Medan): Aulia Ritonga, Asmila Nasution, Desy.
The last thank I address to all people that support me, but so sorry because I cannot write all of your name. Thank you very much.
Medan, Mei 2010 Writer,
Mustakim 060705031
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, MUSTAKIM, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work had been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted in any tertiary education.
Signed : Date :
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ABSTRACT
Skripsi yang berjudul “The Translation of Verbs in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Scandal in Bohemia Into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal di Bohemia by Dra. Daisy Dianasari”, membahas tentang penerjemahan verba dari bahasa Inggris (SL) ke Bahasa Indonesia (TL). Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Catford (1965) mengenai pergeseran kelas kata dalam penerjemahan. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa dalam proses penerjemahan, kelas kata dapat bergeser dalam proses penerjemahan. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode descriptive – quantitative. Dimana data yang di peroleh kemudian dideskripsikan keadaannya, kemudian data tersebut ditabulasi. Data yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini diambil dari cerita pendek A Scandal in Bohemia yang ditulis oleh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle dan terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia Skandal di Bohemia oleh Dra. Daisy Dianasari. Dari data yang diperoleh didapat bahwa dari total 1021 verba, 713 verba diterjemahkan menjadi verba atau 69.83 %, 47 verba mengalami pergeseran kelas kata (class-word shift) atau 4,60 %, dan 261 verba tidak diterjemahkan atau 25,56 %. Pergeseran kelas kata yang paling dominan adalah pergeseran verba menjadi adjektiva yaitu 24 verba atau 2,35 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba, atau 51,06 % jika dibandingkan dengan verba yang mengalami pergeseran, diikuti dengan pergeseran dari verba menjadi nomina yaitu 13 verba atau 1,27 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba, atau 27,66 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba yang mengalami pergeseran. Diikuti oleh pergeseran verba menjadi adverbial, yaitu 8 verba atau 0,78 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba, atau 17,02 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba yang mengalami perseran. Dan hanya 2 verba yang mengalami pergeseran menjadi partikel 0.2 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba atau 4,25 % jika dibandingkan dengan verba yang mengalami pergeseran.
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ABBREVIATIONS
A : Adjective Adv : Adverb D : Dasar (Base) Dem : Demonstrative
FN : Frase Nominal (Nominal Phrase)
F. Prep : Frase Prepositional (Prepositional Phrase) FV : Frase Verbal (Verbal Phrase)
Intr : Intransitive
N : Noun
Num : Numeral Pron : Pronoun Prep : Preposition R : Reduplication RL : Receptor Language SL : Source Language ST : Source Text Tr : Transitive TT : Target Text
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION iii ABSTRAK iv
ABBREVIATIONS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Problem 1
1.2 Problem of Analysis 4
1.3 Objectives of Analysis 4
1.4 Significance of Analysis 5
1.5 Scope of Analysis 5
1.6 Review of Related Literature 5
CHAPTER II A DESCRIPTION OF TRANSLATION 2.1 Definition of Translation 8
2.2 Function of Translation 9
2.3 The Role of Culture in Translation 10
2.4 The Process of Translation 11
2.5 The Types of Translation 12
2.6 Translation Equivalence 16
2.7 Translation Shift 17
CHAPTER III THE CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN ENGLISH AND BAHASA INDONESIA 3.1 The Classification of Verbs in English 21
3.1.1 Types of Verbs in English 22
3.1.1.1 Based on the Object 22
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3.2 The Classification of Verbs in BAHASA INDONESIA 25
3.2.1 The types of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia 26
3.2.1.1 Based on the Object 26
3.2.1.2 Based on the Relationship between Verb and Noun 26
3.2.1.3 Based on the Form 27
3.2.1.3 Based on the Interaction between Nouns 63
3.2.1.4 Based on the Semantic Meaning 63
CHAPTER IV METHODOLOY OF RESEARCH
4.1 Research Method 65
4.2 Data Collecting Method 65
4.3 Data Analysis Method 65
CHAPTER V THE ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF VERBS
5.1 The Verbs in English translated into Verbs 67
5.2 The Verbs translated into Other Parts of Speech 72
5.2.1 The Verbs translated into Adjectives 72
5.2.2 The Verbs translated into Nouns 77
5.2.3 The Verbs translated into Adverbs 80
5.2.4 The Verbs translated into Particles 83
5.3 The Untranslatable of Verbs 85
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Conclusions 88
6.2 Suggestions 89
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ABSTRACT
Skripsi yang berjudul “The Translation of Verbs in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Scandal in Bohemia Into Bahasa Indonesia Skandal di Bohemia by Dra. Daisy Dianasari”, membahas tentang penerjemahan verba dari bahasa Inggris (SL) ke Bahasa Indonesia (TL). Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Catford (1965) mengenai pergeseran kelas kata dalam penerjemahan. Teori ini mengatakan bahwa dalam proses penerjemahan, kelas kata dapat bergeser dalam proses penerjemahan. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode descriptive – quantitative. Dimana data yang di peroleh kemudian dideskripsikan keadaannya, kemudian data tersebut ditabulasi. Data yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini diambil dari cerita pendek A Scandal in Bohemia yang ditulis oleh Sir Arthur Conan Doyle dan terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia Skandal di Bohemia oleh Dra. Daisy Dianasari. Dari data yang diperoleh didapat bahwa dari total 1021 verba, 713 verba diterjemahkan menjadi verba atau 69.83 %, 47 verba mengalami pergeseran kelas kata (class-word shift) atau 4,60 %, dan 261 verba tidak diterjemahkan atau 25,56 %. Pergeseran kelas kata yang paling dominan adalah pergeseran verba menjadi adjektiva yaitu 24 verba atau 2,35 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba, atau 51,06 % jika dibandingkan dengan verba yang mengalami pergeseran, diikuti dengan pergeseran dari verba menjadi nomina yaitu 13 verba atau 1,27 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba, atau 27,66 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba yang mengalami pergeseran. Diikuti oleh pergeseran verba menjadi adverbial, yaitu 8 verba atau 0,78 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba, atau 17,02 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba yang mengalami perseran. Dan hanya 2 verba yang mengalami pergeseran menjadi partikel 0.2 % jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh verba atau 4,25 % jika dibandingkan dengan verba yang mengalami pergeseran.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of Analysis
There are so many kinds of languages that exist in this world. We use language to transfer idea or information, and as the massive of its existence not all people master or understand each language. For example, a person who understand English and use it as his mother tongue may not understand Bahasa Indonesia, and would not understand the information that consist in an article wrote in Bahasa Indonesia.
One way to solve the problem above is by using translation. According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) published in 2005, translation is : (a) the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language, (b) a text or work that has been changed from one language into another. This definition gives us information that the word “translation” has two meanings, (a) translation as a process, and (b) translation as a product. So we can say that as a process, literally translation is changing the form of Source Language to the form of Target language.
Every man that masters or understands two different language can do translation, since he/she understands the meaning of one language (SL) and able to convey or transform its meaning into another language (TL). Practically, doing translation is not that simple. It is because every language has their own characteristics (Catford 1965:27). Sometimes word or words that seem to have ‘exact’ meaning, sometimes has some component meanings which is different from other language (Mounin 1994:15, in Silalahi 2001:2). But it does not mean that doing translation is imposible as Nida and Taber (1974 4&12) states, “Anything that can be
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said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is an essential element of these message; the best translation does not sound like translation.”
In doing translation, sometimes we found some shifts. Shifts or changes are departs from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford 1965:73). According to Catford (1965), there are two major types of shift. They are : (1) Level Shift, and (2) Category Shift.
Level Shifts mean that a SL item in one linguistics level has a TL translation
equivalent at a different level. According to Catford (1965) shift from grammar to lexis, and vice-versa is the only possible shift at Level Shift.
Category Shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation. According
to Catford, there are four types of shift includes in Category Shifts. They are structure-shifts, class-shifts, unit shifts (ran-shifts), and intra-system-shifts. Structure-shifts are the most
common shift. It happens at all ranks in translation. Class-Shifts are shifts or changes of a SL item (part of speech) have a different class-word in the TL. For example verb in SL is translated into adjective in TL. Unit-Shifts are shifts or changes of rank that is the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL. For example, word in SL is translated into phrase in TL.
The last is Intra-system-shift. Intra-system-shift is shift that occurs internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL posses systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
In English, there are 8 (eight) parts of speech, they are nouns, pronoun, verbs, adverbs, conjuction, preposition, and interjection (Mukti, 2008:6).
A verb is a word that expresses actions, state of being, or relation between two things. It functions as the main element of a predicate (what is said about the subject). When altered
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in form, it can indicate tense, tone, voice, mood, and agreement with its subject (Manurung, 2007:26).
Predicate is one of two main parts of sentence or clause, the other is subject. The predicate is telling us about the subject or modified the subject. Verb is the main element of a predicate, and the predicate must contain a verb or the verb requires, permits or precludes other sentence elements to complete the predicat the existence of a verb is very critical. Soenjono (1997:90) event stated that a verb has great deal in affecting what other element of parts of speech that must or may occur in a sentence.
A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA was the first of S
story illustrated by
many languages and also into Bahasa Indonesia.
In the translation of verbs in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra. Daisy Dianasary, I found some class-shifts. For example, In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex, translated into Bahasa Indonesia, Di matanya wanita itulah yang paling hebat di antara seluruh kaumnya. At the example above, we see that the verb ”eclipses” were translated into
adjective “yang paling hebat”. While the other verb predominates is not translated.
These examples and the fact that a verb is very critical in a sentence, interested the writer to analyze the translation of verbs in the translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA into Bahasa Indonesia by Dra. Daisy Dianasari.
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1.2Problem of Analysis
The problems of this thesis are :
a. What is the translation of verbs in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA Into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra. Daisy
Dianasari?.
b. Is there any shift in the translation of verbs in the translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA Into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra. Daisy Dianasari?.
c. What is the dominant translation shift of verbs in the process of the translation from English to Bahasa Indonesia?.
1.3Objectives of Analysis
The objectives of this thesis are :
a. To analyze the translation of verbs in the translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA Into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra.
Daisy Dianasari.
b. To find out the verbal shift in the translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA Into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra.
Daisy Dianasari.
c. To find out the dominant translation of shift verbs in the translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra. Daisy Dianasari.
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1.4Significance of Analysis
There are some significances of this analysis, the significances are : a. It can enlarge the readers knowledge about translation.
b. The readers will know about how verbs are translated from English to Bahasa Indonesia.
c. It will give information about verbal shifts that occur in the translation of verbs from English to Bahasa Indonesia.
1.5Scope of Analysis
As the scope of the analysis, I limit my analysis on the translation of the verbs in the process of the translation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA Into Bahasa Indonesia SKANDAL DI BOHEMIA by Dra. Daisy Dianasari. But the types of the
verbs are not limited. In other words, I discuss all the types of the English verbs found in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s A SCANDAL IN BOHEMIA and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia by Dra. Daisy Dianasari.
1.6Review of Related Literature
In doing this thesis, there are some books and thesis that I read and reviewed in order to support this thesis.
Catford (1965:20) : The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.
Crystal (1987:334) states that, “The term ‘translation’ is the neutral term used for all tasks where the meaning of expression in one language (the ‘source’ language) is turned into
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the meaning of another (the ‘target’ language), whether the medium is spoken, written, or signed.”
Larson (1984 : 3) states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of source text (ST) to target text (TT), and it is done by going from the form of source text to the form of target text by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is transferred and it can not be added or changed, only the surface structure or form can be changed.
Nida and Taber (1974: 4&12) state, “Anything that can be said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is an essential element of these message; the best translation does not sound like translation.”
Turnip (2001) in her thesis entitled “The Equivalence Of Verbs In The Translation Of Mary Higgins Clarks’ Where Are The Children Into Dimana Anak-Anakku” discussed about the verbs translation and the verbal change of class. She used the method of library review research and quantitative analysis. She found out that there are 1292 verbs using the Simple Past Tense in the novel which consist of : 1168 verbs that translated from verb to verb, 56 verbs that translated from verb to another part of speech (changing the class of word), and 68 verbs that are not translated. She also found out that there were 194 finite verbs using the Simple Present Tense in the novel. They consist of 136 verbs that translated from verb to verb, 33 verbs that are translated from verb to another part of speech (changing the class of word), 25 verbs that are not translated.
Chalilullah (2007) in his thesis entitled “The Translation of Verbs in Djenar Maesa Ayu Short Stories Collection’s Mereka Bilang Saya Monyet! Into Michael Nieto Garcia’s They Say I’m A Monkey,” analyzed the translation of verbs and verbal shifts using the
descriptive method to collect the random sample. He used the simple statistical analysis in percentage by using the Educational Statistic by Butler. He found out out the frequency of shifts from base verb in Bahasa Indonesia to verb in English is 27,37%, the frequency of
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shifts from base verb in Bahasa Indonesia to other part of speech in English is 2% and the frequency of shifts from base verb in bahasa Indonesia to untranslatable is 2,94%, the frequency of shifts from derivative verb in Bahasa Indonesia to verb in English is 60,48%, the frequency of shifts from derivative verb in Bahasa Indonesia to other part of speech in English is 2,94% and the frequency of shifts from derivative verb in bahasa Indonesia to untranslatable is 4,27% and the total frequency of shifts from verb to verb is 87,85%, the total frequency of shifts from verb to other part of speech is 4,94% and the total frequency of shifts from verb to untranslatable is 7, 21%.
Rahmadhani (2007) in her thesis entitled “The Equivalence of Prepositional Phrase in The Translation Of J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter And The Order of the Phoenix Into Harry Potter Dan Orde Phoenix by Listiana Srisanti” analyzed the same Formal and Dynamic
equivalence of prepositional phrase using the same descriptive method and formula to collect the random sample. She managed to find the dominant type found in the translation product which is Formal equivalence. She found that the percentage of formal equivalence is 91,97% while the percentage for dynamic equivalence is 8,03 %.
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CHAPTER II
A DESCRIPTION OF TRANSLATION
2.1 Definition of Translation
The definitions of translation would be varied as many experts in this subject have their own idea about the definition of translation. Therefore, I would like to discuss about the definitions of translation based on the experts and then try to take conclusion about these definitions.
Catford (1965: 1) defines translation as “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). The use of “textual material” is to underlying the fact that in normal condition, not all of the SL text is translated into the TL equivalents. For example, when we translate “what is your name?” into Bahasa Indonesia, ”siapa nama mu?”, based on Catford, we are replacing the
material of SL (English) grammar and lexis by the equivalent of TL (Bahasa Indonesia) grammar and lexis. But the graphological form of its translation into TL (Bahasa Indonesia) is not the equivalent of the SL (English) form.
Larson (1984: 10) states “Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context”.
Nida and Taber (1974: 12) state “Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.
Newmark (1984: 28) says “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”.
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Kridalaksana (1985, in Nababan, 1999:19), “penerjemahan sebagai pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran dengan pertama-tama
mengungkapkan maknanya dan kemudian gaya bahasanya”.
After reading all definitions given by the experts above, we may conclude that translation deals with two different languages. They are Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL) or Receptor Language. As experts above stated, in translation we are transferring meaning of SL in the form of TL. So although the form is changing (the language, the grammar, the words, and sometimes the lexis) but the meaning in the SL is maintained. We cannot say one as translation if the meaning is not the equivalent or even the contrary of the SL.
We also have to note the style of language that stated by Nida & Taber and Kridalaksana. As a translator, we have to consider the type of the style based on the target readers. It is maintaining the naturalness of the language. For example, when a translator translates a journal and the target readers are public (general people), then the translator has to translate it by using the style that could be easily understood by the readers. And if the target readers are the university students, then the translators should keep the “scientific” style.
2.2 Function of Translation
Translation deals with language. As language is a means of communication, so does the function of translation. Nida (1981:2) states that translation means communication because it has three essential elements to form a process of communication. The three essential elements are source, message, and receptor, and these elements must be found in all communication activities.
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Translation is the medium of the SL and TL. We “transform” the meaning in SL in the form of TL by translation, so the readers in TL understand the meaning in the SL.
Another function of Translation is also to helps the development of knowledge, science, religion and uses in the entertainment world. It helps the development of knowledge because by translating a book of science so it can be read by the TL readers. In entertainment world, it may best seen in the use of translation text when we see a movie of foreign language. We see the translation text, typed in the screen, so we understand what is the movie about.
2.3 The Role of Culture in Translation
Language and Culture is something that cannot be separated from each other. It was Wilhelm Von Humboldt (1767-1835) who made the vital connection between language and culture, language and behaviour. For Humboldt, language was something dynamic, an activity (energeia) rather than a static inventory of items as the product of activity (ergon). At the same time language is an expression both of the culture and the individuality of the speaker, who perceives the world through knowledge (in Hornby, 1988:40).
Nababan (1984: 50) states “… Bahasa, sebagai sistem komunikasi, mempunyai makna hanya dalam kebudayaan yang menjadi wadahnya… mengerti sesuatu bahasa tertentu
memerlukan sedikit banyak pengertian tentang kebudayaan”. Any translator who wants to
translate SL to TL must, therefore, understand the culture of both SL and TL. Varmeer (in Hornby, 1988:46) event says that a translator must be bicultural, if not pluricultural. By understanding the culture of the SL and TL, it will help us in conveying the massages and the translation task would be easier.
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2.4 The Process of Translation
Nababan (1999:25), divide the process of translation in three major steps. They are :
1. Analyzing the ST.
The first step is analyzing the text. We analyze the text by first reading the ST and gain the meaning in the text. We also analyze the linguistics and exstralinguistics elements in the text. Linguistics elements is the elements deals with language, while exstralinguitics is the elements beyond the language, such as the culture and the social context of the text. In analyzing the linguistics elements, we analyze the text at all level such as in the level of sentence, clause, phrase, and word. By doing this, we can gain the fully understanding of the meaning in the ST.
2. Transferring the meaning
The second step is transferring the meaning. In this step the translator has to find the equivalent of the ST. This process happens in mind (Nababan called it as proses
batin). In means that this process is in the abstract form.
3. Reconstructuring
The last step is reconstructuring. After finding the equivalent of ST, we reconstruct it in the form of TL becoming TT. In this step, we must decide what style that suits best to the text and the readers.
This three steps, would be explain by the draw bellow (Adopted from Suryawininata, in Nababan, 1999:25) :
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Analisis Restrukturisasi
Pemahanam
1 Evaluasi dan Revisi 3
2.5 Types of Translation
The types of translations also varied. Here, I quote some experts and types of translation issued by them.
Larson (1984:15), divided two major types of translation. They are: 1. Form-based translation
Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translations.
If the two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choice of lexical items makes the translation sound foreign.
2. Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called idiomatic translations. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language. The translator’s goal should be to reproduce in the
PROSES BATIN Transfer Padanan 2 Teks Bahasa Sumber Isi, Makna, Pesan Isi, Makna, Pesan Teks Bahasa Sasaran
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receptor language a text which communicates the same message as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language, his goal is an idiomatic translation.
Based on Catford (1965:21-22), there are 3 broad types or categories of translation in terms of the extent, levels, and ranks.
1. Extent – full vs. partial translation. In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, that is very part of the ST is replaced by the TT material. In a partial translation, some part or parts of the ST are left untranslated: they are simply
transferred to and incorporated in the TT. In literary translation it is not uncommon for some ST lexical items to be translated this way, either because they are regarded as ‘untranslatable’ or for the deliberate purpose of introducing ‘local colour’ in to the TT
2. Level - Total vs. Restricted translation. This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation. . By total translation we mean what is most usually meant by ‘translation’; that is, translation in which all levels of the ST are replaced by the TT material. Strictly speaking, ‘total’ translation is a misleading term, since though total replacement is involved it is not replacement by equivalents at all levels. Total Translation may best defined as : replacement of ST grammar and lexis by
equivalent TT grammar and lexis with consequential replacement of SL
phonology/graphology by (non-equivalent) TT phonology/graphology. By restricted
translation we mean: replacement of ST material by equivalent TT material at only
one level. That is translation performed only at the phonological or at the
graphological level, or at one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
3. Ranks – Ranks of Translation. It relates to the rank in a grammatical (or phonological) hierarchy at which translation equivalence is established.
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Newmark (1995:45), distinguish 8 (eight) kinds of translation. They are: 1. Word-for-word translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TT immediately below the ST words. The ST word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
2. Literal translation
The ST grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TT equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TT grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ (deviation from ST norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization of the ST writer.
4. Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the ST, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership.
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5. Adaptation
This is the ‘freest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the ST cultures converted to the TT culture and the text rewritten.
6. Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called ‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all.
7. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
8. Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
The types of translation of number 1 to number 4 is what called SL oriented translation while number 5 to number 8 is called TL oriented translation.
Besides the types of translation above, the types of translation could also divide based on the language that involved in the process of the translation. Jakobson, In his article entitled ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ (in McGuire, 1991:14) states that there are 3 types of translation. They are:
1. Intralingual translation, or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language).
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2. Interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language).
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems).
2.6 Translation Equivalence
In producing translation, it is impossible to produce a translation that has the same “exact” meaning between the SL and TL. It is because every language is different or sui generis (Catford, 1965:27). Therefore, as a translators, we must concern to the term
equivalent in producing a translation. Translation equivalence is the similarity between a
word (or expression) in one language and its translation in another translator must look for the equivalence between source text and target text, so that there is no missing information when he transfers the message from SL to TL (in Venuti, 2000:133).
Based on Nida & Taber (1997) there are two types of equivalent. They are formal and dynamic equivalent.
1. The formal equivalent focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. In such a translation one is concern with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Viewed from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. This means, for example, that the message in the receptor culture is constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness (in Venuti, 2000:129). Formal equivalence is basically source-oriented (in Venuti, 2000:134); that is, it is designed to reveal as much as possible of the form and content
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of the original message. In doing so, a formal equivalence attempts to reproduce several formal elements, including: (1) grammatical units, (2) consistency in word usage, and (3) meanings in terms of the source context.
2. Dynamic equivalence: based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. that the relationship between the receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receivers and the ST message.
In such a translation the focus of attention is directed, not so much toward the source message, as toward the receptor response. One way of defining a dynamic equivalence translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message.” This type of definition contains three essential items: (1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message, (2) natural, which
points toward the receptor language, and (3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.
A translation which aims at dynamic equivalence inevitably involves a number of formal adjustments. In general, this limitation involves three principal areas: (1) special literary forms, (2) semantically exocentric expressions, and (3) intraorganismic meanings.
2.7 Translation Shift
Shift in translation is allowed since every language has its own characteristics. Shift in translation is not something to avoid by translator. Machali (2000) in her book entitled ‘Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah’ even use shift as one of technique or procedure that can be used by the translator to overcome the problems in translation especially in translating from
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English to Bahasa Indonesia. By using the shift, such as modulation, transposition, etc, the translator can avoid the awkwardness of the translation product.
Larson (in Machali, 1997:12) views shift as the mismatch of the structure, while Newmark (2000, in Machali, 1997:12) refers to the same concept as transposition (structure shift). The shift itself could be viewed as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish translation equivalence (TE) between two different language systems
Basically, the differences that occur in TL that is not the same in SL may be called as shift. Shift not only happens in the linguistics features (such category and level shifts by Catford), but also in culture (adaptation) or in point of view (modulation). For example: If a translator doing an adaptation in translating a text such as changing the name of the place so the target readers could more familiar with the name, then we may call this as shift in culture. Another example for modulation is the changes of active structure in SL become passive in TL. For example:
SL: The problem is hard to solve
TL: Masalah itu sukar untuk di pecahkan
The types of the shift may be varied based on the expert point of view. Machali (1997:152) in his book ‘Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation’ issued two types of shift that is different from Catford. She issued Obligatory and Optional Shifts. As we seen from the term, Obligatory shifts are shifts that oblige by the rules of the TL, while the Optional Shifts are shifts that caused by the translator’s discretion.
In this thesis I would like to focus my discussion on Catford’s types of shift because it has close relation to my thesis analysis that is the class-word shift.
Catford divide the translation shift into two major types. They are level shift and category shift. Level shifts are that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation
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between grammar and lexis and vice-versa. Category shifts is departures from formal correspondence in translation.
In category shift there are four types of shift. They are structure-shift, class-shifts, unit-shifts, and intra-system-shifts.
1. Structure Shifts
Structure shifts are the most common shift. Structure shifts are the change of grammatical position of SL in its translation in TL.
For example :
A big house
Sebuah rumah besar
We can see here that, the position of big (besar) in English is placed at the back of house (rumah). We can say that in this translation, there is a structure-shift. This shift happens because of the difference of grammatical rules of both SL and TL. If in English grammar the adjective placed at the front of the noun, then in Bahasa Indonesia, the adjective is placed at the back of the noun.
2. Class Shifts
Class-shifts are shift of one SL item translated into TL which belongs to different grammatical class. For example, she hates the girl translated as dia benci gadis itu. The verb hates translated as benci that is an adjective in Bahasa Indonesia.
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3. Unit Shifts
Unit-shifts are that shift of SL item translated into TL that belongs to different unit
(word, phrase, clause, and sentence). Example : the childish boy translated anak yang kekanak-kanakan. Childish which is a word is translated into a phrase yang kekanak-kanakan.
4. Intra-Systems Shifts
Intra-system shifts are occur when SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the RL system, for example when the SL singular becomes a RL plural.
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CHAPTER III
THE CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS IN ENGLIH AND BAHASA INDONESIA
In a sentence, a verb is explains about what that sentence is says about the subject. It express the action such as run, eat, talk, and etc, state of being or relation between two things (Manurung, 2007:26). In this chapter I will discuss about the classification of verbs in English and Bahasa Indonesia.
3. 1 The Classification of Verbs in English
In English, if subject tells us about what the sentence about, than a verb explains what that sentence says about the subject.
Based on Langan (2003:21), to identify a verb, there are two ways. They are:
1. Try to putting a pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, or they in front of it. If the word is a verb, the resulting sentence will make sense.
2. Look at what the verb tells us. Most verbs show action and few, however, link the subject to something that is said about the subject.
For example :
a. The boy kicks the ball.
Here, the subject is the boy, because this sentence is telling us about the boy, and the verb is kicks, because kicks is telling us about what is done by the subject.
b. She is beautiful
Here, the subject is she, while the verb is is, because is is joining the subject to something that is said about the subject, that is beautiful. This type of verb is called
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3. 1. 1 Types of Verbs in English
The types of English verbs can be classified based on the object, based on the subject, and based on the form (House, 1950: 94).
3.1.1.1 Based on the object
Based on the object, there are 3 types of verbs in English. They are transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, and phrasal verbs.
1. Transitive verbs
Transitive verbs are verbs that have an object attached. For example :
The boy eats cake.
The verb eats has an object, that is cake.
2. Intransitive verbs
Intransitive verbs are verbs that have no object attached. For example :
My brother sleeps in the bedroom.
Here, the verb sleeps does not has an object, while in the bedroom is a compliment, not an object of sleeps.
3. Phrasal verbs.
Based on House (1995) Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of two, or sometimes three, words. The first word is a verb and it is followed by an adverb or a preposition or both. These adverbs or prepositions are sometimes called particles. Phrasal verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
For example:
He suddenly showed you. (intransitive phrasal verb) I made up a story. (transitive phrasal verb)
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3.1.1.2 Based on the Subject
Based on the object, there are 2 types of verbs in English. They are linking verbs and modals, and modal auxiliary verbs.
1. Linking verbs
Linking verbs are verbs that connect or join the subject to something is said about the subject. A linking verb does not has an object, and usually follows by an adjective or a noun. If a linking verb is follows by a noun, then it is called as predicate noun, and if it is follows by an adjective, then it is called as a predicate adjective.
For example :
She is a university student
She is the subject and is is a linking verb, and because the linking verb is follows by a
noun, then it is calls a predicate noun. He is weak
He is the subject and is is a linking verb. Because the linking verb is follow by an
adjective then it is calls a predicate adjective.
2. Modals
The auxiliary consists of to be, to have, and to do. It combines with present and past participle or with infinitives to form the tenses of ordinary verbs. The example is they were singing at the living room. The auxiliary were helps to form past continuous
tense.
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3. Modal Auxiliary
Modal helps to make special semantic compounds, such as permission, possibility, obligation and ability. The example is you may go when you have finished. The modal may helps to make permission.
Another words that included as modal auxiliary are : shall, will, can, may, must should, would, could, might, and ought.
3.1.1.3 Based on the form
Based on the form, the verbs in English, divided into 2 types. They are regular and irregular verbs.
1. Regular verbs
Regular verbs are verbs that may be formed by adding –s to original verb or –es in the present tense when the subject is he, she, it, or anyone person or thing, –d or – ed in the past tense and past participle, -ing in the present participle (Langan 2003:
164). So, there are four parts in regular verbs. They are present tense (infinitive), past tense, past participle and present participle. For examples:
Present Infinitive Past Past Participle Present Participle
Answer Answered Aswered Answering
Brush Brushed Brushed Brushing
Carry Carried Carried Carrying
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2. Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that has no any rules in the in the form of past and past participle.
Present Infinitive Past Past Participle Present Participle
Become Became Become Becoming
Begin Began Begun Beginning
Catch Caught Caught Catching
Eat Ate Eaten Eating
3. 2 The Classification of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia.
In Bahasa Indonesia, verbs are words that tell about the action (do), process or state (Soenjono, 1997:76).
Verbs in bahasa Indonesia can be classified into four. They are based on the form, the argument, the relationship between verb and noun and the interaction between nouns (Kridalaksana, 1990: 49). While based on the semantics meaning, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia can be classified into twelve types (Tampubolon,dkk, in Muslich, 2008:127).
3.2.1 Types of Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia 3. 2.1.1 Based on the object
Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are also divided into two by the object. They are verba intransitif (intransitive verb) and verba transitif (transitive verb).
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Verba transitif (transitive verb) is verb that must be followed by an object. Verba
transitif (transitive verb) divided into three. They are monotransitive verb, bitransitive verb
and ditransitive verb. Monotransitive verb is verb that has one object. The example is Bapak membelikan minuman. The example has minuman as object. Bitransitive verb is verb that has
two objects. The example is Bapak membelikan saya minuman. This santance has saya and minuman as object. Ditransitive verb is a verb that the object does not appear. The example is
saya sedang memasak
Verba intransitif (intransitive verb) is verb that does not need object. The example is
aku semalam
(air). The example does not appear the object. Air (water) should be
appeared.
pergi
3. 2 .1.2 Based on the Relationship between Verb and Noun
karaoke bawa tamu. The word pergi is the verb that does not need object.
It means that with or without object, the word pergi can be used as a verb.
Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are divided into four by the relationship between verb and noun. They are verba aktif (active verb), verba pasif (passive verb), verba anti aktif (anti-active verb), and verba anti pasif (anti-passive verb).
Verba aktif (active verb) is a verb that has a subject as the doer of action. It is usually
begun by prefix me-, ber-, or without prefix. The example is Andi memukul bola. In the example, Andi is the subject that does the action.
Verba pasif (passive verb) is a verb that has a subject as the aimed action. It is usually
begun by pefix di- and ter-. The example is Bola dipukul Andi. In the example, Bola is the aimed action. An active verb can be changed into passive verb and it happened in contrary. It can be done by changing the position of subject and by changing the affixes.
Verba anti aktif (anti-active verb) is passive verb that cannot be changed into active
verb. The example is Saya menanak nasi. The example does not come from Nasi menanak saya. So, the passive cannot be changed into active.
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Verba anti pasif (anti-passive verb) is active verb that cannot be changed into passive
verb. The example is Saya terjatuh dari tangga. The example cannot be changed into Tangga terjatuh dari saya.
3. 2 .1.3 Based on the Form
Based on the form, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia are divided into two. They are verba dasar (base verb) and verba turunan (derivative verb).
Verba dasar (base verb) is verb that is built from free morpheme. The examples are
lari (run), tidur (sleep), tekan (push), etc.
Verba turunan (derivative verb) is verb that has some processes. The verb gets
affixation, reduplication, or combining process. For example: mendarat (consist of a free morphem darat and affix meN- , jalan-jalan (the base form -free morphem- jalan is reduplicated), berlari-lari(the base form – a free morphem - lari is reduplicated and then added by prefix ber-).
There are twenty affixes can be added to the word to build the derivative verbs. They are prefix me-, ber-, per-, ter-, ke-, simulfix N-, suffix –in, confix ber-an, ber-kan, ke-an, affix combination me-i, di-i, me-kan, memper-, diper-, memper-kan, diper-kan, N-in, per-kan, and per-i.
1. Prefix me-
Prefix me- has twenty different meanings if it is added to a word. They are: 1.1 me-
Change : V to Vtr
Meaning : Do something
Example : Rudi memakan buah dengan lahap. 1.2 me-
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Change : V to Vintr
Meaning : Do something
Example : Budi menyanyi dengan merdu. 1.3 me-
Change : N to Vtr
Meaning : Use
Example : Nelayan menjaring ikan di laut.
1.4 me-
Change : N to Vintr
Meaning : Live as or live in
Example : Jeni telah menjanda selama dua tahun. 1.5 me-
Change : N to Vtr
Meaning : Make
Example : Ibu menumis kangkung hari ini. 1.6 me-
Change : N to Vintr
Meaning : Make a sound
Example : Anjingnya menggonggong setiap malam. 1.7 me-
Change : N to Vtr
Meaning : Go to
Example : Nelayan melaut untuk menangkap ikan. 1.8 me-
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Change : N to Vintr
Meaning : Look for or collect
Example : Setiap hari penduduk desa Mekar Sari merotan di hutan. 1.9 me-
Change : N to Vintr
Meaning : Like
Example : Anak kecil yang mungil itu selalu membeo. 1.10 me-
Change : N to Vintr
Meaning : Become
Example : Lumpur itu membatu. 1.11 me-
Change : N to Vtr
Meaning : Add
Example : Pak Amat mengecat rumahnya. 1.12 me-
Change : A to Vintr
Meaning : Become
Example : Wajahnya memucat mendengar kebenaran itu. 1.13 me-
Change : Adv to Vintr
Meaning : Become
Example : Tuangkan secukupnya, jangan sampai melebih. 1.14 me-
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Meaning : Become
Example : Hati kedua insan itu sudah menyatu. 1.15 me-
Change : Pron to V Meaning : Say
Example : Setelah didesak akhirnya ia mengaku juga. 1.16 me-
Change : Interjection to V Meaning : Say
Example : Pencuri itu mengaduh kesakitan. 1.17 me-
Change : FN to V Meaning : Hold
Example : Rumahku kembali sepi usai meniga hari kematian nenek. 1.18 me-
Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Do something
Example : Mengapa kamu lakukan hal memalukan itu? 1.19 me-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do something
Example : Merokok tidak baik untuk kesehatan. 1.20 me-
Change : N to V Meaning : Situation
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Example :Mengapa sejak tadi kamu melamun saja. 2. Prefix ber-
Prefix ber- has nineteen different meanings if it is added to a word. They are: 2.1 ber-
Change : V to V
Meaning : Doing something Example : Berpikir itu pelita hati. 2.2 ber-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Try as the work
Example : Orang tuanya hidup bersawah di desa.. 2.3 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Called
Example : Saya beradik padanya karena hubungan kami yang akrab. 2.4 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Produce
Example : Seekor ayam betina bertelur sebutir sehari. 2.5 ber-
Change : A to Vtr
Meaning : Produce
Example : Ia beruntung dalam menjual barang-barang antik. 2.6 ber-
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Meaning : In situation
Example : Ia bersemangat sekali memperoleh kemenangan. 2.7 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Like
Example : Ia terpaksa berkuli di pelabuhan. 2.8 ber-
Change : V to V Meaning : Passive
Example : Batu bertulis ditemukan di kota Bogor. 2.9 ber-
Change : V to V Meaning : Reflective
Example : Ia berhias begitu lama di depan cermin. 2.10 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Reflective
Example : Tuti hanya bercermin saja setiap hari. 2.11 ber-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Asking for a help
Example : Lelaki itu berguru pada seorang kakek tua. 2.12 ber-
Change : N to V
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Example : Mereka berotan di hutan itu selama sepuluh tahun. 2.13 ber-
Change : Num to V Meaning : Become
Example : Kita harus bersatu mengalahkan mereka. 2.14 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Use
Example : Anak-anak itu bersepatu baru pada saat Tahun Baru. 2.15 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Has
Example : Laki-laki tua itu beristri tiga orang. 2.16 ber-
Change : N to V Meaning : Ride
Example : Ia pulang kampung berkereta api saat Lebaran. 2.17 ber-
Change : FN to V
Meaning : Try as the work
Example : Orang yang berkedai nasi itu tiba-tiba menjadi jutawan. 2.18 ber-
Change : FV to V
Meaning : Profession or hobby
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2.19 ber-
Change : A to V Meaning : In situation
Example : Mereka bergembira karena memenangkan undian.
Prefx ber- has the similar meaning with prefix ke- in the words ketemu and ketawa. Both of them used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia.
3. Prefix per-
Prefix per- has four different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 3.1 per-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Make something to be
Example : Jangan perbudak orang-orang miskin itu! 3.2 per-
Change : N to V Meaning : Consider as
Example : Peradiklah anak yatim itu. 3.3 per-
Change : Num to V Meaning : Divide
Example : Perdualah kue itu! 3.4 per-
Change : A to V
Meaning : Make something more
Example : Perbagus tulisanmu agar mudah dibaca. 4. Prefix ter-
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Prefix ter- has nine different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 4.1 ter-
Change : V to V Meaning : Perfective
Example : Kangkung itu terikat jadi satu. 4.2 ter-
Change : V to V Meaning : Spontaneous
Example : Ia tertawa terbahak-bahak hingga jatuh terduduk. 4.3 ter-
Change : N to V Meaning : Spontaneous
Example : Ia terpesona melihat kecantikan gadis itu. 4.4 ter-
Change : Adv to V Meaning : Spontaneous
Example : Jika ia terlengah sedikit saja maka uang itu akan hilang. 4.5 ter-
Change : V to V Meaning : Can (Ability)
Example : Beban yang berat itu akhirnya terangkat juga. 4.6 ter-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Show direction
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4.7 ter-
Change : V to V Meaning : Suffer
Example : Hidupnya sangat tertekan selama berada di penjara. 4.8 ter-
Change : D (bound morpheme) to V Meaning : Continuative
Example : Benda itu terapung di air. 4.9 ter-
Change : V to V
Meaning : Unintentionally
Example : Bukuku terbawa olehnya.
Prefix ter- has the same meaning with prefix ke- which used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia. For example ‘mereka tertawa’ has the same meaning with ‘mereka ketawa’.
5. Prefix ke-
Prefix ke- has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 5.1 ke-
Change : V to V Meaning : Spontaneous
Example : Jangan ketawa terlalu keras di ruangan ini. 5.2 ke-
Change : V to V Meaning : Can (Ability)
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Prefix ke- only used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia. 6. Simulfix N-
Simulfix N- has ten different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 6.1 N-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do enjoyable thing
Example : Dingin-dingin begini enaknya ngopi. 6.2 N-
Change : N to V Meaning : Make
Example : Ibu lagi nyambel di dapur. 6.3 N-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do something
Example : Jadi orang jangan suka nguping. 6.4 N-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Make a sound
Example : Kenapa sih anjing itu ngonggong saja?. 6.5 N-
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do something metaphor Example : Ngebut itu berarti maut. 6.6 N-
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Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something
Example : Dia sering nyontek saat ulangan. 6.7 N-
Change : A to V Meaning : Act
Example : Memang dia orangnya suka nyentrik. 6.8 N-
Change : A to V Meaning : Make
Example : Hobinya ngerusak barang orang lain. 6.9 N-
Change : A to V Meaning : Feel
Example : Ngiri saja sama kesuksesan orang lain. 6.10 N-
Change : N to V Meaning : In situation
Example : Kerjamu hanya ngelamun saja!
Simulfix N- only used in the variety of non standard bahasa Indonesia and for some native it is only for passive vocabulary.
7. Suffix -in
Suffix -in has eleven different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 7.1 -in
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Meaning : Do something for someone (benefactive) Example : Bacain saya surat kakak untuk kamu kemarin. 7.2 -in
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do something for someone (benefactive) Example : Doain agar saya lulus ujian semester ini. 7.3 -in
Change : A to V
Meaning : Mark the object
Example : Jagain anakku sebentar. 7.4 -in
Change : A to V Meaning : Make
Example : Kerasin sekrup ini agar tidak lepas. 7.5 -in
Change : Num to V Meaning : Make
Example : Satuin buku-buku yang berserakan di lantai. 7.6 -in
Change : Adv to V Meaning : Make
Example : Lebihin uang sakuku untuk minggu ini. 7.7 -in
Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Make
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Example : Kamu apain semua barang-barangku? 7.8 -in
Change : Dem to V Meaning : Made
Example : Ituin saja supaya dia kewalahan. 7.9 -in
Change : A to V
Meaning : Do something for someone (benefactive) Example : Bapak guru sedang ngabsenin murid-murid. 7.10 -in
Change : N to V Meaning : Make
Example : Tono macarin anak Pak Haji. 7.11 -in
Change : F. Prep to V Meaning : Direct to
Example : Tolong kedepanin kertas ulangan itu.
The meaning of suffix –in is the same with the meaning of suffix –i and –kan in the variety of standard bahasa Indonesia.
8. Confix ber-kan
Confix ber-kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. It will change the noun to the verb and has the meaning to specify the verb. For example is ‘Negara Indonesia adalah Negara berasaskan Pancasila’.
9. Confix ber-an
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9.1 ber-an
Change : V to V Meaning : Reciprocal
Example : Remaja itu berciuman di tengah taman. 9.2 ber-an
Change : V to V Meaning : Plurality
Example : Banyak orang berlarian menyelamatkan diri saat gempa. 10 Confix ke-an
Confix ke-an has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are: 10.1. ke-an
Change : V to V
Meaning : Suffer (Affective)
Example : Ia kehilangan kunci rumahnya. 10.2 ke-an
Change : N to V
Meaning : Suffer (Affective)
Example : Anak itu sakit karena kehujanan. 10.3 ke-an
Change : Vintr to Vpassive
Meaning : Unintentionally
Example : Akhirnya ketahuan juga siapa pencuri sebenarnya. 11. Affix combination me-i
Affix combination me-i has twelve different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
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11.1 me-i
Change : V to V Meaning : Repetitive
Example : Pak Jayus sedang memotongi rumput di rumahku. 11.2 me-i
Change : N to V Meaning : Consider as
Example : Ia merajai pertandingan itu. 11.3 me-i
Change : N to V
Meaning : Cause of something Example : Ia melukai hatiku.
11.4 me-i
Change : N to Vintr
Meaning : Act to
Example : Banyak murid tidak menaati peraturan sekolah. 11.5 me-i
Change : Adv to V
Meaning : Make a situation
Example : Gedung itu tingginya melebihi tugu Monas. 11.6 me-i
Change : Pron to V Meaning : Act to
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11.7 me-i
Change : A to V
Meaning : Make a situation
Example : Ia selalu berusaha mengungguliku tapi selalu gagal. 11.8 me-i
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do something intensively
Example : Kita harus mulai mencintai diri sendiri. 11.9 me-i
Change : A to V
Meaning : Cause of something
Example : Jangan menyakiti hati kedua orang tuamu. 11.10 me-i
Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something in (Locative) Example : Jangan meniduri ranjangku. 11.11 me-i
Change : A to V
Meaning : Do something intensively
Example : Anak kecil itu membasahi bajunya dengan air sabun. 11.12 me-i
Change : N to V Meaning : Continuative
Example : Maukah kamu menemaniku berbelanja. 12. Affix combination di-i
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The meaning of affix combination di-i is the same with the meaning of affix combination me-i. The difference is the affix combination di-i generally used in passive. 13. Affix combination me-kan
Affix combination me-kan has fourteen different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
13.1 me-kan
Change : V to V Meaning : Causative
Example : Pilot itu menerbangkan pesawat model mutakhir.
13.2 me-kan
Change : F. Prep to V
Meaning : Direct to (Causative)
Example : Setiap peserta berhak mengemukakan pendapatnya. 13.3 me-kan
Change : N to V Meaning : Causative
Example : Ia merajakan laki-laki tampan itu. 13.4 me-kan
Change : A to V
Meaning : Make something to be (Causative)
Example : Adikku menghitamkan warna gambarnya. 13.5 me-kan
Change : Adv to V
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Example : Ibu melebihkan masakan hari ini karena ada tamu. 13.6 me-kan
Change : Num to V
Meaning : Make something to be (Causative)
Example : Kami berusaha menyatukan pendapat kami. 13.7 me-kan
Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something for someone (Benefactive) Example : Setiap pagi ibu membuatkan kopi untuk ayah. 13.8 me-kan
Change : N to V Meaning : Benefactive
Example : Saya dilarang mengatakan apapun pada orang lain. 13.9 me-kan
Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something with tool
Example : Tanpa sadar ia menikamkan kerisnya pada tubuh lawan. 13.10 me-kan
Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something intensively
Example : Salah satu kegemarannya adalah mendengarkan radio. 13.11 me-kan
Change : N to V Meaning : Produce
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13.12 me-kan
Change : N to V Meaning : Put into
Example : Jangan memenjarakan orang-orang yang tidak bersalah. 13.13 me-kan
Change : Pron to V Meaning : Produce
Example : Ia selalu mengiakan segala pendapat siapa pun. 13.14 me-kan
Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Do something
Example : Mereka mengapakan dia? 14. Affix combination memper-
Affix combination memper- has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
14.1 memper-
Change : N to V Meaning : Make
Example : Pak Hasan memperistri putri keturunan raja . 14.2 memper-
Change : A to V
Meaning : Make something more
Example : Saya diberi tugas memperindah lukisan ini. 15. Affix combination diper-
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Affix combination diper- has the same meaning with affix combination memper-. The difference is its usage in passive generally.
16. Affix combination memper-kan
Affix combination memper-kan has nine different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
16.1 memper-kan Change : N to V
Meaning : Make
Example : Kita tidak perlu mempermasalahkan hal sepele seperti ini. 16.2 memper-kan
Change : V to V Meaning : Make
Example : Ia sedang memperdengarkan suara merdunya itu. 16.3 memper-kan
Change : A to V
Meaning : Make something to be
Example : Sita bermaksud mempermalukan Nadya. 16.4 memper-kan
Change : Num to V
Meaning : Make something to be
Example : Nanda berhasil mempersatukan kedua orang tuanya lagi.. 16.5 memper-kan
Change : N to V Meaning : Make
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Example : Bintang film itu mempersuamikan pemuda dari desa. 16.6 memper-kan
Change : N to V
Meaning : Make something as device
Example : Memperdagangkan narkotika adalah perbuatan kriminal. 16.7 memper-kan
Change : N to V
Meaning : Do something
Example : Ia memperlakukan saya seperti anaknya sendiri. 16.8 memper-kan
Change : V to V
Meaning : Make something to be
Example : Mengapa kamu sering mempermainkan orang itu? 16.9 memper-kan
Change : Adv to V
Meaning : Make something to be
Example : Petugas itu memperbolehkan saya merokok di sini. 17. Affix combination diper-kan
Affix combination diper-kan has the same meaning with affix combination memper-kan. The difference is its ussge in passive generally.
18. Affix combination N-in
Affix combination N-in has five different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
18.1 N-in
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Meaning : Make a situation
Example : Dia ngeduluin teman-temannya. 18.2 N-in
Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something intensively
Example : Kalau kamu ragu nyobain saja dulu. 18.3 N-in
Change : V to V
Meaning : Do something intensively
Example : Adik ngerasain sakitnya disuntik. 18.4 N-in
Change : A to V
Meaning : Do something intensively Example : Jangan nyakitin hatinya. 18.5 N-in
Change : Interrogative to V Meaning : Do something
Example : Ngapain kamu di sini? 19. Affix combination per-kan
Affix combination per-kan has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
19.1 per-kan
Change : N to Vtr
Meaning : Make
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19.2 per-kan
Change : V to Vintr
Meaning : Show
Example : Coba perlihatkan pada saya berlian yang baru kamu beli. 20. Affix combination per-i
Affix combination per-i only has one meaning if it is added to the word. It will change the adjective to the verb and has the meaning to make something to be (causative). The example is ‘Tolong perbaiki jawaban yang salah’.
There are three kinds of reduplication in Bahasa Indonesia which build the derivative verbs. They are the reduplication from verb to verb which has the meaning ‘intensively’, from verb to verb which has the meaning ‘deintensively’ and from noun to verb which has the meaning ‘iteratively’. The example of the first is ‘Sebaiknya beres-beres dari sekarang’. The example of the second is ‘Jangan bawa-bawa nama saya dalam perkara ini’. The example of the third is ‘Kami cuma keliling-keliling di kebun teh’.
There are nine combination processes to build the derivative verbs. They are combination process of me- + R, (R is stand for reduplication), di- + R, ber- + R, ter- + R, R + -an, R + -me, me- + R + -kan, di- + R + -kan and ber- + R + -an.
1. Combination process of me- + R
Combination process of me- + R has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
1.1 me- + R
Change : V to V Meaning : Intensively
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1.2 me- + R
Change : Adv to V Meaning : Deintensively
Example : Kalau ada yang menanya harga rumahnya, ia akan mengagak-agak harganya.
1.3 me- + R
Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively
Example : Perkataan wanita itu mencakar-cakar hati pendengarnya. 2. Combination process of di- + R
Combination process of di- + R has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
2.1 di- + R
Change : V to V Meaning : Intensively
Example : Jangan diangkat-angkat lagi permasalahan itu. 2.2 di- + R
Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively
Example : Lukisan itu sudah digunting-gunting oleh pelukisnya sendiri. 3. Combination process of ber- + R
Combination process of ber- + R has four different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
3.1 ber- + R
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Meaning : Intensively
Example : Ia beragak-agak mengenai kebenaran peristiwa itu. 3.2 ber- + R
Change : V to V Meaning : Iteratively
Example : Tempat tinggal pria itu berpindah-pindah. 3.3 ber- + R
Change : A to V Meaning : Iteratively
Example : Helikopter itu berpusing-pusing di atas stadium Teladan. 3.4 ber- + R
Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively
Example : Jangan berbisik-bisik dalam rapat ini. 4. Combination process of ter- + R
Combination process of ter- + R has three different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
4.1 ter- + R
Change : V to V Meaning : Iteratively
Example : Mainan adik rusak karena terbanting-banting. 4.2 ter- + R
Change : N to V Meaning : Iteratively
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4.3 ter- + R
Change : A to V
Meaning : Deintensively
Example : Pria itu tergila-gila dengan masakan kekasihnya. 5. Combination process of R- + an
Combination process of R- + an has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
5.1 R + -an
Change : V to V Meaning : Reciprocal
Example : Kedua kakak beradik itu sering bermain cubit-cubitan. 5.2 R + -an
Change : V to V
Meaning : Deintensively
Example : Anto suka tidur-tiduran sambil nonton televisi. 6. Combination process of R + me-
Combination process of R + me- only has one meaning if it is added to the word. The meaning is reciprocal with the example ‘Pada hari Raya Idul Fitri semua orang maaf-memaafkan’.
7. Combination process of me- + R + -kan
Combination process of me- + R + -kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. The meaning is iteratively with the example ‘Jangan mengharap-harapkan impian yang muluk itu menjadi kenyataan’.
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Combination process of di- + R + -kan only has one meaning if it is added to the word. The meaning is iteratively with the example ‘Cerita itu hanya diada-adakan’.
9. Combination process of ber- + R + -an
Combination process of ber- + R + -an has two different meanings if it is added to the word. They are:
9.1 ber- + R + -an
Change : N to V
Meaning : Reciprocal and intensively
Example : Banyak pasangan bercinta-cintaan di taman pada hari sabtu malam. 9.2 ber- + R + -an
Change : V to V
Meaning : Reciprocal and intensively
Example : Andi dan Rio bersalam-salaman di depan guru.
3. 2 .4 Based on the Interaction between Nouns
Verbs in bahasa Indonesia are divided into two parts by the interaction between nouns. They are verba resiprokal (reciprocal verb) and verba non-resiprokal (non-reciprocal verb).
Verba resiprokal (reciprocal verb) is a verb that is done by two actors and they
reciprocate each other. The example is berpelukan, while verba non-resiprokal (non-reciprocal verb) is the opposite.
3. 2. 5 Based on The Semantic Meanings
Based on the semantic meanings, verbs in Bahasa Indonesia divided into twelve, they are:
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2. Kata Kerja Keadaan-pengalaman (verbs of condition-experience). Such as : takut (fright), bahagia (happy).
3. Kata Kerja Keadaan-benefaktif (verbs of condition-benefactive). Such as : punya,
ada. (Dia ada uang)
4. Kata Kerja Keadaan-Lokatif (verbs of condition-location). Such as : ada, diam, hadir.
(Dia ada di sini)
5. Kata Kerja proses (verbs of process). Such as : layu, tumbuh, pecah.
6. Kata Kerja proses pengalaman (verbs of process-experience). Such as: ingat,
bimbang, cemas.
7. Kata Kerja proses benefaktif (verbs of process-benefactive). Such as: menang, kalah, dapat.
8. Kata Kerja proses lokatif (verbs of process-location). Such as: timbul, terbit, datang. 9. Kata Kerja aksi (action verbs). Such as: minum, makan.
10.Kata Kerja aksi pengalaman (verbs of action-experience). Such as: bilang, meyebut,
menaksir.
11.Kata Kerja aksi-lokatif (verbs of action-location). Such as: pergi (ke, menuju), tiba
(dari).
12.Kata Kerja hipotesis (hypnotically verbs). This type of verb divided into five, they are :
a. Kata Kerja inkoatif (inchoatives verbs). Such as: menguning, merekah,
berlangsung.
b. Kata Kerja kausatif (causative verbs). Such as: membungkukkan, mempertinggi.
c. Kata Kerja resultatif (verbs of results). Such as: berbuki, berbuka.
d. Kata Kerja inkorporasi (incorporation verbs). Such as: membabu, memperistri,
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In SL, we see that the verb is were, it is a linking verb in the past form. It has tak pernah ada as the equivalence in its translation. It is untranslatable because it is not comes from the verb were. If the verb in SL shows us the relationship between the noun all emotions and the adjective abhorrent, in TL, tak pernah ada shows the existency of the noun yang namanya perasaan.
B. SL: It was not that He felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler. (p.1) TL: Ini tidak berarti bahwa Holmes mencintai Irene Adler. (p.1)
In SL, felt is a verb. This verb is untranslatable because in TL, it has no equivalence. In TL, mencintai is not the equivalence of felt, but rather as the equivalence of the verbal-phrase felt any emotion akin to love.
C. SL: It was on the 20th of March, 1888. (p.1) TL: Waktu itu tanggal 20 Maret 1888 (p.3)
Above, we see that the verb was, has no equivalence in the TL.
D. SL: I was seized with a keen desire to see Holmes again, and to know how he was employing his extraordinary powers. (p.1)
TL: Aku jadi ingin bertemu dengan Holmes dan melihat keadaannya. (p.3) The verb, was seized, has no equivalent in TL.
E. SL: ‘You did not tell me that you intended to go into harness.’ (p. 3) TL: “Kenapa tak omong-omong?.” (p. 4)
The verb, intended, has no equivalent in the TL.
There are 261 verbs that untranslatable in Bahasa Indonesia. The frequency of untranslatable is:
The frequency = 261 1021
x 100%
= 25.25 %
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Table 2: Distribution of the translation of verbs in English into Bahasa Indonesia
The Translation of Verbs Number of Verbs In percentages Verbs translated into Verbs 713 69.83 % Verbs translated into other parts of speech 47 4.60 % The untranslatable of verbs 261 25.56 %
Total 1021 99.99 (100 %)
Chart 2: Distribution of translation of verbs in English into Bahasa Indonesia
Verbs translated into Verbs; 69,83% verbs translated
into other parts of speech; 4,60%
The untranslatable of verbs; 25,56%
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CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
6. 1 ConclusionsBased on the analysis of the data that I have collected, I conclude some points. The points are:
1. There are 1021 verbs in the short story A Scandal in Bohemia by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
2. There are 713 verbs translated into verbs in Bahasa Indonesia. That is 69.83 % of all frequency of the translation of verbs.
3. There are 261 verbs untranslatable in the translation of verbs. That is 25.25 % of all frequency of the translation of verbs.
4. The verbs that untranslatable mostly the linking verbs such as, is, are, was, and were. 5. There are 47 verbs translated into other parts of speech in Bahasa Indonesia (4.6 %).
They are: 24 verbs translated into adjective in Bahasa Indonesia (2.35 %), 13 verbs translated into noun in Bahasa Indonesia (1.27 %), 8 verbs translated into adverbs in Bahasa Indonesia (0.78 %), and 2 verbs translated into particles (0.2 %).
6. The most dominant of translation of verbs is the verbs translated into verbs in Bahasa Indonesia. That is 713 verbs or 69.83 %.
7. The most dominant shift is the verbs translated into adjective where 24 verbs are translated into adjective in Bahasa Indonesia or 2.35 %. It is 51.06 % compare to all class-shift occurs in the translation of verbs.
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6. 2 Suggestions
Studying about translation is interesting and challenging. There are so many advantages we may get from studying translation. I suggest the readers, to read more about translation. I also suggest the readers to do more research about translation shift or other translation matters. For example, the readers could research the translation shift not only on the class-shift, but also on other shift, such as unit shift, structure shift, or intra-system shift. Especially for the class-shift, the readers could research not on the verbs class, but also on other class word, such as pronoun, adjective, noun, adverb and others.
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