The Translation Of Morphemic Shifts In Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline Into Garis Darah By Threes

THE TRANSLATION OF MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S BLOODLINE INTO GARIS DARAH BY THREES

SUSILASTUTI

A THESIS

By:

SRI RAHMADHANI SRG Reg. No. 040705002

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ِﻢـﻴـِﺣﱠﺮﻟا

ِﻦـﻤْـﺣﱠﺮﻟا

ِﷲا

ِﻢـْﺴـِﺑ

In the Name of Allah, The All Merciful, The Most Merciful

Alhamdulillah, all praise, gratitude, honor and glory to Allah SWT, Lord of the World, the Beneficent, the Gracious and the merciful for giving me the guidance, power, patience, love and ability to finish this thesis, so that I can fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatra. My gratitude and praise are also given to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, whose noble life has brought us to the great way of life. May Allah’s bless always be upon Him.

I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D and all his staff; the Head of English Literature Department Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and the Secretary Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, for their administrative assistance. I also express my appreciation to all lecturers of English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatra, who have given me valuable knowledge during the years of my study.

In particular, my deepest gratitude goes to my Supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum and my Co-supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, for their great idea, support, guidance and suggestions during the preparation and the process of writing this thesis.

I would like to thank my beloved parents Ali Usman Srg, S.Pd and my beloved mother Rosmawati Simamora, and also my brother Ilham Fauzi and sister Yulia Handayani for their continuous love, moral and financial support,

encouragement and praying. After that, I would like to thank for my boyfriend Hartas Muda A.Md, who has given so much loving care, advices and encouraging support during my breakdowns. May Allah give all you the better ones.

Finally, I would like to thank all my friends in English Literature Department especially Ara, Ika and Maitri for their friendship and ideas and all those who have helped me whose names can not be mentioned one by one here.

May Allah bless us all. Amin.

Medan, June 2008

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Translation of Morphemic Shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti”, yang merupakan suatu analisis tentang pergeseran – pergeseran pada tataran morfem dan terjemahannya antara teks bahasa sumber (English) dari sebuah novel karya Sidney Sheldon berjudul Bloodline ke dalam teks bahasa sasaran (Bahasa Indonesia) berjudul Garis Darah yang diterjemahkan oleh Thress Susilastuti. Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah teori Maurits Simatupang (1999) yang menjelaskan tentang pergeseran dalam terjemahan pada tataran morfem dan teori Nida (1967) yang menjelaskan tentang morfem. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kepustakaan untuk mencari teori yang mendukung dan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa pergeseran terjemahan dalam tataran morfem terjadi dari morfem ke kata dan dari morfem ke frase. Suffix –s dan variasinya sebagai penanda jamak diterjemahkan dengan pengulangan kata dasar secara keseluruhan, sebagian dan menggunakan kata para, semua dan beberapa, suffix –less sebagai penanda kata sifat diterjemahkan untuk menyatakan makna tidak dengan menggunakan kata tak, suffix –ly sebagai penanda kata sifat dan kata keterangan diterjemahkan menjadi kata yang, dengan, secara dan pengulangan kata dasar, suffix –ful sebagai penanda kata sifat diterjemahkan untuk menyatakan makna penuh dengan menggunakan kata sangat, penuh dan yang, suffix –er sebagai penanda kata benda dan menyatakan perbandingan kata sifat diterjemahkan menggunakan kata ahli, orang dan lebih, suffix –est sebagai penanda perbandingan kata sifat diterjemahkan menggunakan kata paling, suffix –able sebagai penanda kata sifat diterjemahkan menggunakan kata bisa, suffix –ing sebagai penanda present participle diterjemahkan menggunakan kata yang dan sangat.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

SL : Source Language

TL : Target Language

ST : Source Text

TT : Target Text

BL : Bloodline

GD : Garis Darah

i.e. : this is

n : noun

v : verb

adj : adjective

adv : adverb

pg : page

ln : line

+ : added to

→ : to become

‘ ’ : means

( ) : word class

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… i

ABSTRAK ……… iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ……… iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis ……….. 1

1.2 Problem of the Analysis ………. 3

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ………. 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ………. 4

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ………. 4

1.6 Method of the Analysis ……….. 4

1.7 Review of Related Literature ………. 6

CHAPTER II A BRIEF OUTLINE ABOUT TRANSLATION 2.1 Definition of Translation ……… 7

2.2 Function of Translation ……….. 11

2.3 Types of Translation ………... 12

2.4 Process of Translation ……… 17

2.5 The Role of Culture in Translation ………… 20

CHAPTER III A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MORPHEME

3.1 Definition of Morpheme ……… 22

3.2 Kinds of Morpheme ……….. 25

3.3 Morphological Process ……….. 26

CHAPTER IV THE TRANSLATION OF MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S BLOODLINE INTO GARIS DARAH BY THREES SUSILASTUTI

4.1 Shifts from morpheme to word ………. 33

4.2 Shifts from morpheme to phrase ……… 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions ……… 55

5.2 Suggestions ……… 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX 1 Data Classification of Shifts from Morpheme to Word APPENDIX 2 Data Classification of Shifts from Morpheme to Phrase

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Translation of Morphemic Shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti”, yang merupakan suatu analisis tentang pergeseran – pergeseran pada tataran morfem dan terjemahannya antara teks bahasa sumber (English) dari sebuah novel karya Sidney Sheldon berjudul Bloodline ke dalam teks bahasa sasaran (Bahasa Indonesia) berjudul Garis Darah yang diterjemahkan oleh Thress Susilastuti. Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah teori Maurits Simatupang (1999) yang menjelaskan tentang pergeseran dalam terjemahan pada tataran morfem dan teori Nida (1967) yang menjelaskan tentang morfem. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kepustakaan untuk mencari teori yang mendukung dan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa pergeseran terjemahan dalam tataran morfem terjadi dari morfem ke kata dan dari morfem ke frase. Suffix –s dan variasinya sebagai penanda jamak diterjemahkan dengan pengulangan kata dasar secara keseluruhan, sebagian dan menggunakan kata para, semua dan beberapa, suffix –less sebagai penanda kata sifat diterjemahkan untuk menyatakan makna tidak dengan menggunakan kata tak, suffix –ly sebagai penanda kata sifat dan kata keterangan diterjemahkan menjadi kata yang, dengan, secara dan pengulangan kata dasar, suffix –ful sebagai penanda kata sifat diterjemahkan untuk menyatakan makna penuh dengan menggunakan kata sangat, penuh dan yang, suffix –er sebagai penanda kata benda dan menyatakan perbandingan kata sifat diterjemahkan menggunakan kata ahli, orang dan lebih, suffix –est sebagai penanda perbandingan kata sifat diterjemahkan menggunakan kata paling, suffix –able sebagai penanda kata sifat diterjemahkan menggunakan kata bisa, suffix –ing sebagai penanda present participle diterjemahkan menggunakan kata yang dan sangat.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Translation means transferring the meaning of the source language into receptor language (Larson 1984:3). Translation is done because the existence of various languages in this world and the desire to know and to understand many kinds of things and information which is written in foreign language. Richards (1985:299) says, “Translation is the process of changing speech or writing from one language (source language) into another language (target language).

Process of translation is reproducing the natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message especially in terms of meaning and style (Nida and Taber

1969:12) in (Kongres Nasional Penerjemahan 2003:36). There must be

correspondence of meaning between source language (SL) and target language (TL). A translator should have a perfect knowledge of the original language, and a competence acquaintance with the subject of which it treats. Of course, it is not easy for the translator to make natural translation and has the exactly same meaning with the source language, because every language has the different

structures or grammar, for example, English and Bahasa Indonesia has

grammatical differences.

Grammar is a description of the structure of a language and the way in which linguistic unit, such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language (Richards 1985:125). English grammar has units; they

units; they are morpheme, word, phrase, clause and sentence. As what Machali

(2000:20) says, “Dalam tata bahasa, kita mengenali adanya hierarki lima satuan

bahasa : kalimat, klausa, prase, kata, morfem”.

Each of these units has a particular kind of meaningful grammatical pattern. In addition, each of these units is ordered based on their level. Morpheme is the smallest level from these five units. As Nida (1967: 1) says, “Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words”.

For examples: like, popular, born, -re, -ly, -un or the combinations likely, reborn

and unpopular.

There are no two identical languages, either in meaning or in the structures (Nida 1964) in (Venuti 2000:126). Therefore, there can be no absolutely correspondence between languages. However, a translator is hoped to be able to adjust the structure of source language to the appropriate structure in target language and to produce a natural translation.

The possible way to adjust the structure of two different languages is by making shifts. Vinay and Darbelnet (in Newmark 1988:85) state, “Shifts is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from source language into target language”. Shift is required when grammatical structure of source

language does not exist in the target language. For example, morpheme –un in

English does not exist in Bahasa Indonesia as morpheme also, but as a word

which has meaning tidak.

Nowadays, many of English books such as novel has been translated into

Bahasa Indonesia. This surely brings a great advantage to Indonesian people. Nevertheless, it is possible that shifts also occur in the translated novel. Because

shift is useful to convey an idea or meaning in source language so that the idea or meaning in target language can be understood correctly by the readers.

One of the greatest novels that has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia

is Bloodline created by Sidney Sheldon and translated by Threes Susilastuti. The translator makes morphemic shift to establish equivalent and the exact structure in target language so that the translation could be natural and communicative. For

example, markets in SL translated pasar-pasar into TL. Morpheme –s in SL is

plural form so that to find the same equivalent in TL, it’s translated by repeating the base form.

The fact that the translator faces the condition that forces him/her to make shifts to keep the meanings constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively makes me interested in analyzing it. That is shifts

usually occur in the translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia. In this thesis,

I will analyze the morphemic shifts in the translation of Bloodline into Indonesian

Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti. Thus, the title of this thesis is The Translation of Morphemic Shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti.

1.2 Problem of the Analysis

Based on the background above, the problem of the analysis is how are the

translations of morphemic shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah

1.3 Objective of the Analysis

The objective of analysis concerns with the problem of analysis. That is to

analyze the translations of morphemic shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into

Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

The analysis is focused on morphemic shifts that consist of shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. In this case, I limit the analysis only in suffixes i.e. the morphemes which are added to the end of a word.

1.5 Significances of the Analysis

This analysis has significance to expand knowledge of the readers, especially for those who are interested in this subject. Besides that, the result of this analysis will be useful for teaching and training of translation. Further, this analysis is expected to be useful as references for those who are interested in the same subject.

1.6 Method of the Analysis

In doing this analysis, I apply library research to find theories dealing with this subject from various books and dictionary.

Data of analysis are taken from Sidney Sheldon’s novel Bloodline and

from the translation into Bahasa Indonesia Garis Darah translated by Threes

Bloodline contains 58 chapters and consists of 460 pages. The first page starts on page 17, so the exactly number of pages consist of 443 pages. I choose some pages as the sample of the analysis. By using systematic sampling which is introduced by William G. Cochran (1977: 205), the samples can be selected by using formula N = n.k, where N is number of population, n is number of samples and k is interval. Thus, with N = 443, k = 10, numbers of samples are:

N = n.k 443 = n.10 n = 443 : 10 n = 44,3

n = 44 (rounded off downward)

So, if the first sample is page 17, then the next samples are page 27, 37, 47,…457.

I use qualitative method to analyze the data that is a procedure or manner in solving the problem by describing or explaining the data, investigated towards the factual facts. My analysis will be done with the following steps. First of all, I

read English novel (SL) and also the translation into Bahasa Indonesia (TL).

Then, I go back to the novel and analyze the equivalence between source language and target language until the shifts are found between the two novels and they are underlined. After that, I classify the shifts in two-text base on the morpheme. Lastly, I explain the morphemic shifts between source language and target

1.7 Review of Related Literature

In process of writing this thesis, I refer to some related literature to support the idea of analysis.

Leonardi (2000) in Equivalence in Translation: Between Myth and Reality

concludes that the notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most

problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. This term

has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of view. The difficulty in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of having a universal approach to this notion.

Zoubi and Ali Rasheed Al-Hassnawi (2001) in Constructing a Model for

Shift Analysis in Translation sum up that phenomenon of 'shift' should be redefined positively as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish translation equivalence (TE) between two different language-systems: that of the SL and that of the TL.

Sahrial (2003) in An Analysis of Grammatical Unit Shifts in The

Translation of John Grisham’s The Street Lawyer to Pengacara Jalanan presents about translation shifts in grammatical units that consist of shifts in morpheme, words, phrase, clause and sentence. He concludes that grammatical unit shifts in translation occurs because the differences in language systems and grammatical structures between source language to target language and shifts are done for sake of natural translation.

Marasi (2000) in An Analysis of Morphological Process Used in Dian

Campus sums up that morphological process which productive in forming a new

CHAPTER II

A BRIEF OUTLINE ABOUT TRANSLATION

2.1 Definition of Translation

The nature of translation studies has multiplied theories of translation. Many theorists describe what translation is in different ways. They have their own explanation about translation.

Shuttleworth (1997: 181) says, “Translation is an incredible broad notion which can be understood in many different ways”. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identity such as literary translation while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts. Translation is frequently characterized metaphorically, and has been compared to playing a game or making a map. Each of these analogies however is only intended to capture one particular facet of translation.

Sadtono (1985:9) defines, “Menerjemahkan ialah menyampaikan berita

yang terkandung dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa penerima supaya isinya benar-benar mendekati aslinya”. It means there are two different languages in translation; they are source language and target language. Translation is purposed to transfer message from source language into target language and the message have to correspondence between two languages.

A translator should try to produce a translation that has the same meaning with the original text and it does not a translation that imitates the original form of language. In another words, the things that emphasized in translation is how the message put on into target language and do not defend on original form of

language. It is showing that a radical change is important in forming translated sentences.

In addition Newmark (1988:5) gives definition as follows, “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text the author intended the text”. Common sense tells that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. He also states that translation as a means of communication is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared conspicuous increasingly in public places.

Catford (1965:20) in Snell’s book defines, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. Moreover, he even maintains, “The central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation equivalent”. A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence.

The other definition of translation proposed by Larson (1984:3) who says, “Translation is basically a changing of form”. When speak of the form of language, it refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraph which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It is the structural part of language, which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. Translation is the process of changing the form of the source language as well as possible so that the result will approximate the form of the source language, while the meaning is still constant.

From those definitions, I conclude that translation is the process of transferring the meaning or the messages from source language into target one, for

example, from English into Indonesian. The translator must be careful in transferring the meaning because meaning is very important thing in translation activity. If the translator cannot get the right meaning from the source language, the result of the translation will be dangerous.

Moreover, Simatupang (1999:88) says, “Dengan adanya perbedaan

aturan dan bentuk untuk mengungkapkan makna diantara berbagai bahasa, maka terlihat adanya pergeseran yang terjadi dalam terjemahan; pergeseran dalam tataran morfem, tataran sintaksis, kategori kata dan pergeseran pada tataran semantik”. It means there are shifts that occured in translation and it has many kinds of shifts. Each kind of it has own process in translation shifts from source language into target language. For example, the morphemic shifts in translation consist of two, shifts from morpheme into word and shifts from morpheme into phrase.

Shifts from morpheme into word means there are changes of form from morpheme in source language into word in target language.

For examples:

Source Language Target Language

chairs ‘kursi-kursi’

useless ‘tidak berguna’

Example 1: chair + -s→ chairs ‘kursi-kursi’. The word chairs is a plural

noun which is derived from singular chair + suffix –s to show that the word is a

plural form. Chair is translated into TT to become kursi and with attachment of

suffix –s is total reduplication. It means the repeating of the base form to kursi-kursi.

Example 2: use + -less→useless ‘tidak berguna’. The word useless is an

adjective which is derived from noun use + suffix –less to show that the word is

an adjective. Use is translated into TT to become berguna and with attachment of

suffix –less it is translated to become tidak berguna. It another word the

translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning without.

Shifts from morpheme into phrase means there are changes of form from morpheme in SL into phrase in TL.

For examples:

Source Language Target Language

He drives the car slowly. ‘Dia mengemudikan mobil itu

dengan perlahan- perlahan’.

His advice is meaningfull. ‘Nasehatnya penuh dengan arti’.

Example 1: slow + -ly → slowly ‘dengan perlahan- perlahan’. The word

slowly is an adverb which is derived from adjective slow + suffix –ly to show that

the word is an adverb. Slow is translated into TT to become perlahan and with

attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become dengan perlahan- perlahan. In

another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the regular occurence of

adjective by using adverb phrase dengan perlahan- perlahan.

Example 2: meaning + -ful → meaningful ‘penuh dengan arti’. The word

meaningful is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning + suffix –ful to

and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to become penuh dengan arti. In

another word the translation of suffix –ful is to state the meaning full of by using

adjective phrase penuh dengan arti.

2.2 Function of Translation

The main function of translation is to transfer the meaning and to convey the messages from source language into target language. Besides that, translation also functioned to fulfill the desire of the readers to read some textbooks, which are written in foreign language. The readers will be easier to understand the content of the textbooks if it is written in reader’s native language.

The other function of translation proposes by Jiri Levy and Katharina Reiss in (Venuti 2000). Translation is a process of communication; the objective of translating is to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign readers (Levy 1967:148). Moreover, Reiss (1971:160) says, “Translation between two different languages is a bilingual mediated process of communication, which ordinarily aims at the production of a target language text that is functionally equivalent to a source language text”. Besides the two media involved in translation i.e. SL and TL, there is still one medium, which is a translator who becomes a secondary sender, thus translating means secondary communication. The use of two natural languages as well as the employment of the medium of the translator necessarily and naturally results in a change of message during the communicative process.

2.3 Types of Translation

A translator translates a text from one language into another language so that the meaning is correspondent. There are several types of translation exists, which type of translation is chosen depends upon some factors such as how close the words of the source and target language are the nature of the message, the purpose of the translation, the difference of textual material, skill of the translator and also the target community of the translation or the type of reader.

In general, translation can be divided into two types, literal translation and free translation. Types of translation may also base on the definition used. For instance, Larson (1984:15) divides translation into meaning based translation and form based translation. Moreover, Newmark (1988:45) divides translation into eight; they are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation. Furthermore, the brief description of these types of translation will be discussed below:

a. Literal Translation

Literal translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly (Newmark 1988:45). It means that the literal translation is a type of translation that follows the form or grammar of the source language but it is normalized according to the rules of the target language.

For example:

English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

His heart is in the right place. ‘Hatinya berada di tempat yang

benar’.

If it is analyzed, the translation of target language is compatible with the English grammar. TL follows the form of SL.

b. Free Translation

Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original (Newmark 1988:45). It means that the linguistic structure of the source language is ignored, and an equivalent is found based upon the meaning it conveys.

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

His heart is in the right place. ‘Dia baik hati’.

This free translation is often not to find equivalence of word or sentence. A translator has to be able to catch meaning in SL, such as the example above.

c. Word – for – Word Translation

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language immediately below the source language words. The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly (Newmark 1988:45). It means that each word or morpheme in source language is translated by a word or morpheme in the target language by their most common meanings.

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

His heart is in the right place. ‘Kepunyaannya hati adalah dalam

itu benar tempat’.

Each word in the sentence is translated singly.

d. Meaning Based Translation

Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the target language (Larson1984:15). Such translation also called idiomatic translation.

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

Be my guest. ‘Silahkan’.

Meaning based translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring idioms where these do not exist

in the original like the example above be my guest translated becomes silahkan.

This translated emphasizes for meaning with ignore the form of source language.

e. Form Based Translation

Form based translation attempt to follow the form of the source language and it is also known as literal translation (Larson1984:15). The translator usually adjust the word order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the target language, just to avoid wrong meanings, but the unnaturalness still remains.

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

Be my guest. ‘Jadilah tamu saya’.

f. Faithful Translation

A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures (Newmark 1988:45). It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

Ben is too well aware ‘Ben menyadari terlalu baik

that he is naughty. bahwa ia nakal’.

This translation is look likes a translation of foreign student who is studying Indonesian. The meaning of this translation is faith with SL but strange

in TL. It is better if translated ‘Ben sangat sadar bahwa ia nakal’.

g. Semantic Translation

Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version (Newmark 1988:46). Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally

neutral third or functional terms but no by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

He is a book-worm. ‘Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca’.

This translation is easy to understand though no culture equivalent but

using the same idiom in TL.

h. Adaptation

This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produces many poor adaptations, bur other adaptation have rescued period plays (Newmark 1988:46). Besides for plays and poetry, adaptation is used to cultural utterance in different concept between SL and TL.

For example in formal letter:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

Dear Sir, ‘Dengan Hormat’,

Dear Sir is translated into Bahasa Indonesia becomes dengan hormat. By

i. Communicative Translation

Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (Newmark 1988:46).

For example:

English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)

Beware of the dog. ‘Awas anjing galak’.

SL sentence clearly shows that a dog is vicious without using the vicious

word so that TL has been equivalence with the SL.

2.4 The Process of Translation

Process of translation cannot be away from discussing meaning. Meaning will reflect the message in the text. There are linguist who have different perceptions about translation process. The following are some opinions about translation process.

Newmark (1988:19) says, “Translating process is operational”. It begins with choosing the method of approach. Secondly, when we are translating, we translate four levels more or less consciously in mind:

a. The SL text level, the level of language, where we begin and which we

continually but not continuously go back to

b. The referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imaginary,

which we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which is an essential part, first of the comprehension, then of the reproduction process

c. The cohesive level, which more general and grammatical that traces the train of thought, the feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various presuppositions of the SL text. This level encompasses both comprehension and reproduction, it presents an overall picture, to which we may have to adjust the language level

d. The level of naturalness, of common langauge appropriate to the writer or

the speaker in a which the translator works, unless he is translating an authoritative text, in which case he sees the level of naturalness as a point of reference to determine the deviation – if any – between the author’s level he is pursuing and the natural level. This level of naturalness is concerned only with reproduction.

Finally, there is the revision procedure, which may be concentrated or staggered according to the situation. This procedure constitutes at least half of the complete process.

While Widyamartaya (1989:40) says, “There are seven steps of translation process; tuning, analysis, understanding, terminology, restructuring, checking and discussion”.

a. Tuning, by this we mean getting the feel of the text to be translated. If the

text is difficult or of the type which is not so familiar to the translator, he may want to read some background literature or consult the author (if available) or some adviser.

b. Analysis, once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the

text to be translated, he will take each sentence in turn and split it up into translatable units.

c. Understanding, after having split up the sentence to be translated into its elements, the translator will generally put it together again in a form which he can understand or respond to emotionally. The extent to which he can do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter.

d. Terminology, is to consider the key words and phrases in the sentence to

make sure that apart from understanding than and feeling what they imply.

e. Restructuring, when all the bricks needed for the edifice of the TL text

have been gathered or made, the translator will fit them together in a form which is in accordance with good usage in the TL.

f. Checking, the translator will doubtless check his draft translation for

typing errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or more correct, translation.

g. Discussion, a good way to end the translation process is often with a

discussion between the translator and the expert of the subject matter.

Actually, from these processes of translation I can conclude that process of translation begins from reading the text. Then understanding the context of the text, what does it mean that content in the text. After that, find the difficult word or the terminology from the text and get the meaning of it. At last, translate the text carefully so that the readers can understand it easily.

2.5 The Role of Culture in Translation

Culture plays a great role in translation. Culture defined as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression, underlying the fact that every group has its own characteristics (Newmark 1988:94). The translation will be easier if the translator is supported by an adequate knowledge about the culture of both source language and target language. If a translator does not have broad knowledge or concept about the linguistic systems and the cultural context of the SL, so he/she will not be able to comprehend the text properly.

A translator also has to pay attention to the meaning of words. Meaning is what is referred to or indicated by sounds, words or signs (Hornby 1995:726). In finding out the meaning of a word, we cannot see simply by the word itself, but

we have to see the cultural context of the language. For instances: the word rice in

English means nasi in Bahasa Indonesia. In Indonesian cultural context, the word

rice has more than one meaning such as nasi, beras, padi, pulut. In addition, the

word living together in sentence they have been living together for ten years has

the different meaning between Indonesian and English culture. In Indonesian

living together means they have been living together with marriage tie, while in

English culture it may means they have been living together without marriage tie

or without certain status.

The meaning of such words can clearly determine from the cultural context of the speech community. A translator must be aware of the translation problems due to the cultural distance between the source and target language.

2.6 The Concept of Equivalence in Translation

Equivalence is a term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships that exist between SL and TL text or smaller linguistic units (Shuttleworth and Moira Cowie 1997:49). Moreover Catford (1965:21) in Snell and Honrby (1988: 13) states, “The central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents; a central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence”. It means that equivalence in translation is useful to balancing or to correspondence the two texts between source language and target language.

In addition, Jakobson in Munday (2004:36) says, “The translator recodes and transmits a message received from another source, thus translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes”. For the message to be equivalent in SL and TL, the code units will be different since they belong to two different sign systems or languages which partition reality differently. The problem of meaning and equivalence thus focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a message that has been written in another verbal language.

For example, the phrase to give a hand in English is translated in

Indonesian to become mengulurkan tangan. First translation to give a hand is

memberikan tangan, but to make it equivalent in Indonesian it is translated to

CHAPTER III

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MORPHEME

3.1 Definition of Morpheme

The word morpheme is derived from Greek word morphe, which meaning

form. Nida (1967:6) says, “Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of which

the language is composed”. Richard (1985:183) also says, “Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language”. While Katamba (1993:20) says, “The term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of”. By definitions, a morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular or plural number in the noun.

Nida (1967:7) states that there are six principles that we may apply in isolating and identifying morphemes. None of the principles is complete in itself; each is supplementary to the basic definition and must be considered so.

Principle 1

“Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness and an identical phonemic form in all their occurrences constitute a single morpheme” (Nida 1967:7).

It means that such a form as –er added to verbs in such constructions as

worker, dancer, runner, walker and flier is a morpheme. It always has the same

phonetic form and always has essentially the same meaning, namely that of the

Principle 2

“Forms which have the common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form (i.e. the phonemes or order of the phonemes) may constitute a single morpheme provided the distribution of formal differences is phonologically definable” (Nida 1967:14).

It means that forms with some common semantic distinctiveness but with different phonemes or arrangements of phonemes, we can still put these various forms together as a single morpheme provided we could discover phonological conditions which govern the occurrence of such phonologically different forms. For example, one negative prefix has more than one a single form, compare

intolerable and impossible. The forms in- and im- bear a partial phonetic semantic resemblance and the positions in which they occur are determined by the type of

consonant following. Before t alveolar sounds, the n alveolar nasal occurs in

intolerable and before p bilabial sounds, the m bilabial nasal occurs in impossible. The form of the word to which the prefix is added determines the form of prefix.

It means that the distribution of in- and im- can be defined by phonological

characteristics of the forms with which they occur.

Principle 3

“Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form in such a way that their distribution cannot be phonologically defined constitute a single morpheme if the forms are in complementary distribution” (Nida 1967:41).

For examples: roses, oxen and sheep. The three words have the different

Principle 4

“An overt formal difference in a structural series constitutes a morpheme if in any member of such a series; the overt formal difference and a zero structural difference are the only significant features for distinguishing a minimal unit of phonetic-semantic distinctiveness” (Nida 1967:54).

An overt formal difference means a contrast that is indicated by

differences in phonemes or in order of phonemes. For examples foot /fut/ and feet

/fiyt/ is an overt difference because it consists in a difference of phonemes. A member of a structural series may occur with a zero structural difference and an

overt formal difference. For example, feet /fyit/ as the plural of foot /fut/ has a

structural zero similar to the zero occurring with sheep /syiep/ as the plural of

sheep /syiep/.

Principle 5

“Homophonous forms are identifiable as the same or different morphemes” (Nida 1967:55).

Homophonous forms are phonemically identical. For examples pear, pare

and pair are homophonous and as such they may called homophones.

Principle 6

“A morpheme is isolatable” (Nida 1967:58).

For examples: childish, dancer and happiness. Childish is able to isolated

becomes child and –dish, dancer becomes dance and –er, happiness becomes

3.2 Kinds of Morphem a. Free Morpheme

Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word. Richard (1985:31) says, “A morpheme which can be used on its own is called free morpheme”. While Chaer (1994:151) defines free morpheme as “morfem yang tanpa kehadiran morfem lain dapat muncul dalam pertuturan”. For

examples: man, book, tea, sweet, cook, fish, sleep.

Cahyono (1995:142) divides free morpheme into two, they are lexical

morpheme and grammatical morpheme. Lexical morpheme is a morpheme which has semantic content. Kaplan (1995:76) states, “Lexical morphemes express meanings that can be relatively easily specified field by using dictionary terms or by pointing out examples of things, events or properties which the

morphemes can be used to refer to”. For examples house, book, run. While

grammatical morpheme consist of “function words” such as preposition,

conjunction, and article. Kaplan (1995:76) said that grammatical morphemes have one (or both) of two characteristics. First, they express very common meanings, meaning which speakers of the language unconsciously consider important enough to be expressed very often. Second, grammatical morphemes may exhibit is the expression of relations within a sentence.

b. Bound Morpheme

Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand-alone and have to be added to the word in order to have meaning. Richard (1985:31) defines, “Bound morpheme is a morpheme which is never used alone but must be used with

another morpheme”. In addition, Chaer (1994:152) also defines bound morpheme as “morfem yang tanpa digabung dulu dengan morfem lain tidak dapat muncul dalam pertuturan”. For examples: un-, il-, -ful, -ly, -s, mis-, -ish.

Cahyono (1995:142) also divides bound morpheme into two, derivational

morpheme and inflectional morpheme. Derivational morpheme is a bound

morpheme creating new words by changing either the meaning (e.g. happy vs

unhappy) or the part of speech (syntactic category e.g. ripe [adj] vs ripen [verb]) or both.

While inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme creating a different form of the same word by changing neither part of speech nor meaning, but only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning

of a word. For example cat and cats are both nouns and refer the same thing, but

cats, with the plural morpheme –s, contains the additional information that there are more than one of these things.

3.3 Morphological Process

Morphological process or word formation process is the process of forming new words with the rules of morphology (Grady 1985:55). There are many kinds of word formation process as described bellows:

a. Affixation

Affixation is the adding of bound morphemes to the base to form a word (Grady 1985:62). There are three kinds of affixation:

1. Prefixation

The adding of bound morphemes initially to a base is called prefixation (Grady 1985:62). It means that prefixes are bound morpheme added to the beginning of the base to form a new word. For examples:

a ‘not, without’ + moral → disagree

be ‘become’ + friend → befriend

en ‘in, on’ + large → enlarge

mis ‘wrong’ + direct → misdirect

pre ‘before’ + occupy → preoccupy

re ‘again’ + write → rewrite

super ‘above, over’ + natural → supernatural

un ‘not, opposite of’ + able → unable

up ‘to higher state’ + grade → upgrade

2. Infixation

The adding of bound morpheme inside the base is called infixation (Grady 1985:62). It means that infixes are bound morpheme added within the base to form new word. These are not used very much in English but occur frequently in other languages. For examples:

Tagalog; infix –um-

sulat ‘write’ →sumulat ‘to write’

kuha ‘take, get’ →kumuha ‘to take, to get’

Toba Batak; infixes –um-, -in-, -ar-

godang ‘many, much’ →gumodang ‘more’

buat ‘take’ →binuat ‘to be taken’

tuhor ‘buy’ →tinuhor ‘to be bought’

gantung ‘hang’ → garantung ‘a traditional music made up from hanging boards’

3. Suffixation

The adding of bound morpheme to the end of base is called suffixation (Grady 1985:62). It means that suffixes are bound morpheme added to the end of base to form new word. For examples:

read + er ‘the person who carries out the action of a verb’ → reader

book + s ‘used to form plural’ → books

peace + ful ‘full of’ → peaceful

child + ish ‘in the manner of’ → childish

spirit + less ‘without’ → spiritless

dry + ness ‘a quality’ → dryness

friend + ship ‘state of being’ → friendship

b. Compounding

Compounding is the combining of two base forms together to form a new word (Grady 1985:55). The compounds, as the result of the combining of the base forms, may be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or other form classes. For examples:

girl + friend → girlfriend (n)

language + laboratory → language laboratory (n)

make + believe → make-believe (v)

type + write → typewrite (v)

deaf + mute → deaf-mute (adj)

ready + made → ready-made (adj)

double + quick → double-quick (adv)

c. Reduplication

Reduplication is the repetition of a syllable a morpheme or a word to form a word (Grady 1985:77). Reduplication is either total reduplication if all of a morpheme is doubled or a partial reduplication if a part of it is doubled. Indonesian uses extensively total reduplication and partial reduplication. The following are the examples of the total reduplication to form the plurals of some nouns and of the partial reduplication to form the less serious action of verbs. For examples:

book ‘buku’ → books ‘buku-buku’

fan ‘kipas’ → fans ‘kipas-kipas’

mencari ‘look for’ → mencari-cari ‘to look for something everywhere’

menari ‘dance’ → menari-nari ‘to dance up and down’

d. Internal Modification

Internal modification is the internal changes of a base to form a word (Grady 1985:77). Besides adding an affix to a morpheme or copying all or part of

the morpheme to make a morphological distinction, it is also possible to make morpheme internal modifications. For examples:

1. the usual pattern of plural formation in English is to add and inflectional

morpheme, but some plurals make an internal modification as follows:

man men

woman women

goose geese

2. the usual pattern of past and past participle formation is add an affix, but

some verbs also an internal change as follows:

ring rang rung

feed fed fed

hold held held

3. some word class changes are also indicated only via internal changes as

follows:

strife (n) strive (v)

teeth (n) teethe (v)

life (n) live (adj)

e. Suppletion

Suppletion is the impossibility of showing a general rule or a regular relationship between the base and the derived word (Grady 1985:78). Suppletion is presents two different words which have any systematic difference in form and usually only occurs in a few words of a language. For examples:

good better best

bad worse worst

much more most

little less lest

f. Blending

Blending is the merging of two or more words into each other to form a word (Grady 1985:81). The first part of one word combines with the second part of another. For examples:

breakfast + lunch → brunch

smoke + fog → smog

dove + hawk → dawk

sheep + goat → shoat

g. Conversion

Conversion is the shifting of the word class category to another one without changing the form of the word (Grady 1985:83). Conversion is sometimes called functional shift because it is the change appears functionally in a sentence. For examples: a word run can be noun and verb:

The run was too much for his heart (n)

h. Acronym

Acronym is the formation of a word by taking the initial sounds (or letter) of the words of a phrase and uniting them into a combination which is itself pronounceable as a separate word or name (Grady 1985:79). For examples:

NATO /neitow/ ‘North Atlantic Treaty Organization ’

UNESCO /yuw’neskow/ ‘United Nations Educational

Scientific and Cultural Organization’

VIP /’vie’ai’pie/ ‘Very Important Person’

i. Back Formation

Back formation is the removal of an affix from an existing word to form a new word (Grady 1985:80). For examples:

editor → edit

donation → donate

paramedical → paramedic

laser → lase

j. Clipping

Clipping is the informal shortening of a word to make a new form (Grady 1985:82). For examples:

advertisement → ad

influenza → flu

microphone → mike

CHAPTER IV

THE TRANSLATION OF MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S BLOODLINE INTO GARIS DARAH

BY THREES SUSILASTUTI

4.1 Shifts from Morpheme to Word

Shifts from morpheme to word means the changes from morpheme in source text into word in target text in terms of form in which the meaning is still correspondent.

Shifts from morpheme to word occurred in suffix –s, suffix –es, suffix –less,

suffix –ly, suffix –ful, suffix –er and suffix -ing. Each suffix in ST is shifted into

word in TT. The translation of morphemic shifts in each suffix can be seen as follow:

a. Suffix –s and its variety as plural marker translated with total reduplication

Suffix –s is a bound morpheme added to noun to show that the noun is a plural form.

It can be seen below:

1. ST {BL} : … minarets of Istanbul… [pg 17:ln 3]

TT {GD} : … menara-menara Istanbul…[pg 13:ln 4]

The word minarets is a plural noun which is derived from singular minaret

+ suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Minaret is translated into TT to

menara-menara. In another word the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication.

It means the repeating of the base form to menara-menara.

2. ST {BL} : … and the small markets beyond the souks

… [pg 17:ln 9]

TT {GD} : … dan pasar-pasar kecil di daerah souk…

[pg 13:ln 11]

The word markets is a plural noun which is derived from singular market

+ suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Market is translated into TT to

become pasar and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become

pasar-pasar. In another word the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication. It means

the repeating of the base form to pasar-pasar.

3. ST {BL} : The office lights blazed on again,...

[pg 27:ln 29]

TT {GD} : Lampu-lampu ruangan menyala lagi,...

[pg 27:ln 22]

The word lights is a plural noun which is derived from singular light +

suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Light is translated into TT to

become lampu and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become

lampu-lampu. In another word, the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication. It means

Suffix –es is a variety of suffix –s. Suffix –es is added to noun if ended by

vowel o, consonants s or x, cluster (double consonant) ch, sh, ss, andconsonant y

which preceded by consonant also, so y is changed with i.

1. ST {BL} : …comfortable couches… [pg37:ln32]

TT {GD} : ...dipan-dipan nyaman... [pg39:ln5]

The word couches is a plural noun which is derived from singular couch +

suffix -es to show that the word is a plural form. Couch is translated into TT to

become dipan and with attachment of suffix – es it is translated to become

dipan-dipan. In another word the translation of suffix – es is total reduplication. It means

the repeating of the base form to dipan-dipan.

2. ST {BL} : There, in velvet-lined boxes,… [pg77:ln11]

TT {GD} : Itu dia, dalam kotak-kotak berlapis

beludru… [pg87:ln30]

The word boxes is a plural noun which is derived from singular box +

suffix -es to show that the word is a plural form. Box is translated into TT to

become kotak and with attachment of suffix – es it is translated to become

kotak-kotak. In another word the translation of suffix – es is total reduplication. It means

3. ST {BL} : …and entertained the guests with amusing

stories,…[pg187:ln4]

TT {GD} : ...dan menghibur para tamu dengan

cerita-cerita menarik... [pg228:ln19]

The word stories is a plural noun which is derived from singular story +

suffix -es to show that the word is a plural form. Story is translated into TT to

become cerita and with attachment of suffix – es it is translated to become

cerita-cerita. In another word the translation of suffix – es is total reduplication. It means

the repeating of the base form to cerita-cerita.

b. Suffix –s as plural marker translated with partial reduplication

Besides total reduplication, suffix –s also translated in different process that is partial reduplication.

1. ST {BL} : …Sam’s cousins…[pg27:ln15]

TT {GD} : ...saudara-saudara sepupu Sam...

[pg27:ln6]

The word cousins is a plural noun which is derived from singular cousin +

suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Cousin is translated into TT to

become saudara sepupu and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to

partial reduplication. It means the repeating part of the base form to saudara-saudara sepupu.

2. ST {BL} : …and bookcases lining the walls.

[pg37:ln33]

TT {GD} : ...dan lemari-lemari buku sepanjang

dinding. [pg39:ln7]

The word bookcases is a plural noun which is derived from singular

bookcase + suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Bookcase is translated

into TT to become lemari buku and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to

become lemari-lemari buku. In another word the translation of suffix –s is partial

reduplication. It means the repeating part of the base form to lemari-lemari buku.

3. ST {BL} : …his wife had borne him daughters…

[pg57:ln13]

TT {GD} : ...istrinya hanya memberinya anak-anak

perempuan... [pg63:ln29]

The word daughters is a plural noun which is derived from singular

daughter + suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Daughter is translated

into TT to become anak perempuan and with attachment of suffix –s it is

suffix –s is partial reduplication. It means the repeating part of the base form to

anak-anak perempuan.

c. Suffix –s as plural marker translated by using word semua and para.

1. ST {BL} : … were females. [pg27:ln16]

TT {GD} : … semua perempuan. [pg27:ln6]

The word females is a plural noun which is derived from singular female +

suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Female is translated into TT to

become perempuan and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become

semua perempuan. In another word the translation of suffix –s is by using word

semua to become semua perempuan.

2. ST {BL} : … the servants would be away,..

[pg107:ln19]

TT {GD} : …semua pelayan sedang pergi,…

[pg126:ln22]

The word servants is a plural noun which is derived from singular servant

+ suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Servant is translated into TT to

become pelayan and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become semua

pelayan. In another word the translation of suffix –s is by using word semua to

3. ST {BL} : …the girls invited the boys… [pg177:ln13]

TT {GD} : …para gadis mengundang

pemuda-pemuda… [pg214 :ln16]

The word girls is a plural noun which is derived from singular girl + suffix

–s to show that the word is a plural form. Girl is translated into TT to become

gadis and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become para gadis. In

another word the translation of suffix –s is by using word para to become para

gadis.

d. Suffix –less

Suffix –less is a bound morpheme added to noun to form an adjective,

which is translated to state the meaning “without” by using word tak.

1. ST {BL} : …a meaningless litany that seemed to be

their only form of communication. [pg127:ln5]

TT {GD} : ...serangkaian kata-kata tak berarti yang

rupanya merupakan satu-satunya bentuk komunikasi antar mereka. [pg150:ln4]

The word meaningless is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning

+ suffix –less to show that the word is an adjective. Meaning is translated into TT

tak berarti. It another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning

without by using word tak.

2. ST {BL} : …and those who had time offered him

useless advice.[pg147:ln6]

TT {GD} : ...mereka yang mempunyai waktu itu hanya

memberi saran tak berharga. [pg174:ln24]

The word useless is an adjective which is derived from noun use + suffix –

less to show that the word is an adjective. Use is translated into TT to become

berharga and with attachment of suffix –less it is translated to become tak berharga. It another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning

without by using word tak.

3. ST {BL} : …and he would still be a penniless

nebbich. [pg147:ln14]

TT {GD} : dan dia tetap nebbich yang tak beruang.

[pg175:ln6]

The word penniless is an adjective which is derived from noun penny +

suffix –less to show that the word is an adjective. Penny is translated into TT to

become beruang and with attachment of suffix –less it is translated to become tak

beruang. It another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning

e. Suffix –ly

Suffix –ly is a bound morpheme added to noun and adjective to form an

adjective and an adverb; having the qualities of, regular occurrence, in the manner

of the adjective. It is translated by using words yang, dengan, secara and total

reduplication.

1. ST {BL} : As a wedding gift they bought them a

lovely Schinkel manor house in Wannsee,… [pg37:ln30]

TT {GD} : Sebagai hadiah perkawinan, mereka

membelikan sebuah rumah bangsawan

Schinkel yang indah di Wannsee,…

[pg39:ln3]

The word lovely is an adjective which is derived from noun love + suffix –

ly to show that the word is an adjective. Love is translated into TT to become

indah and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become yang indah. In

another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the quality of adjective by

using word yang to become yang indah.

2. ST {BL} : He was truly an exemplary father,…

[pg57:ln34]

TT {GD} : Dia benar-benar seorang ayah,...

The word truly is an adverb which is derived from adjective true + suffix –

ly to show that the word is an adverb. True is translated into TT to become benar

and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become benar-benar. In

another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the manner of adjective by

using total reduplication to become benar-benar.

3. ST {BL} : …confident that he could handle the

situation easily. [pg317:ln7]

TT {GD} : ...yakin bisa menguasai situasi dengan

mudah. [pg381:ln18]

The word easily is an adverb which is derived from adjective easy + suffix

–ly to show that the word is an adverb. Easy is translated into TT to become

mudah and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become dengan mudah.

In another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the manner of adjective by

f. Suffix –ful

Suffix -ful is a bound morpheme added to verb and noun to form adjective

and it is translated to state the meaning full of by using words sangat, penuh and

yang.

1. ST {BL} : …he was wonderful to them… [pg57:ln18]

TT {GD} : ...dia sangat memperhatikan mereka...

[pg64:ln4]

The word wonderful is an adjective which is derived from verb wonder +

suffix –ful to show that the word is an adjective. Wonder is translated into TT to

become memperhatikan and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to

become sangat memperhatikan. In another word the translation of suffix –ful is to

state the meaning full of by using word sangat to become sangat memperhatikan.

2. ST {BL} : Another exchange of meaningful looks.

[pg277:ln24]

TT {GD} : Lagi-lagi lemparan pandangan penuh arti.

[pg334:ln8]

The word meaningful is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning

+ suffix –ful to show that the word is an adjective. Meaning is translated into TT

arti. In another word the translation of suffix –ful is to state the meaning full of by

using word penuh to become penuh arti.

3. ST {BL} : …and their three beautiful daughters.

[pg297:ln3]

TT {GD} : ...dan ketiga anak kami yang cantik.

[pg356:ln3]

The word beautiful is an adjective which is derived from noun beauty +

suffix –ful to show that the word is an adjective. Beauty is translated into TT to

become cantik and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to become yang

cantik. In another word the translation of suffix –ful is to state the meaning full of

by using word yang to become yang cantik.

g. Suffix -er

Suffix –er is a bound morpheme added to noun and adjective to form noun and to form the comparative of some adjective. It is translated by using words

ahli, orang and lebih.

1. ST {BL} : He had already located a jeweler,…

[pg77:ln14]

TT {GD} : Dia sudah menemukan seorang ahli

The word jeweler is a noun which is derived from noun jewel + suffix –er

to form noun. Jewel is translated into TT to become permata and with attachment

of suffix –er it is translated to become ahli permata. In another word the

translation of suffix –er is to state namely by using word ahli to become ahli

permata.

2. ST {BL} : Two strangers discussing the weather,…

[pg127:ln8]

TT {GD} : Dua orang asing yang membicarakan

cuaca,… [pg150:ln8]

The word stranger is a noun which is derived from adjective strange +

suffix –er to form noun. Strange is translated into TT to become asing and with

attachment of suffix –er it is translated to become orang asing. In another word

the translation of suffix –er is to state namely by using word orang to become

orang asing.

3. ST {BL} : …she felt closer to Samuel and Terenia,…

[pg137:ln8]

TT {GD} : …dia merasa lebih dekat kepada Samuel

dan Terenia,.. [pg137:ln8]

The word closer is an adjective which is derived from adjective close +

become dekat and with attachment of suffix –er it is translated to become lebih dekat. In another word the translation of suffix –er is comparative of adjective by

using word lebih to become lebih dekat.

h. Suffix -ing

Suffix –ing is a bound morpheme added to noun and verb to form

participle in terms of present participle. Participles are also called verbal adjectives because they may become verbal and adjectival. They are translated by

using words yang and sangat.

1. ST {BL} : …she would search the grounds for the

missing papers. [pg327:ln24]

TT {GD} : …dia akan memeriksa halaman sekitar

villa untuk mencari kertas-kertas yang

hilang. [pg288:ln5]

The word missing is an adjective which isderived from verb miss + suffix

–ing to show that the word is present participle. Miss is translated into TT to

become hilang and with attachment of suffix –ing it is translated to become yang

hilang. In another word the translation of suffix –ing is descriptive adjective by

using word yang to become yang hilang.

2. ST {BL} : She’s charming… [pg307:ln17]

The word charming is an adjective which is derived from noun charm +

suffix –ing to show that the word is present participle. Charm is translated into TT

to become menawan and with attachment of suffix –ing it is translated to become

sangat menawan. In another word the translation of suffix –ing is descriptive

adjective by using word sangat to become sangat menawan.

3. ST {BL} : It was infuriating. [pg317:ln32]

TT {GD} : Hal itu sangat menjengkelkan.

[pg382:ln17]

The word infuriating is an adjective which isderived from verb infuriate +

suffix –ing to show that the word is present participle. Infuriate is translated into

TT to become menjengkelkan and with attachment of suffix –ing it is translated to

become sangat menjengkelkan. In another word the translation of suffix –ing is

4.2 Shifts from Morpheme to Phrase

Shifts from morpheme to phrase means the changes from morpheme in ST to phrase in TT in terms of form in which the meaning is still correspondent.

Shifts from morpheme to phrase occurred in suffix –less, suffix –ly, suffix -s,

suffix –est, suffix –ing and suffix –able.

a. Suffix –ly

Suffix –ly is a bound morpheme added to adjective to form an adverb and adjective; having the qualities of, regular occurrence, in the manner of the adjective.

1. ST {BL} : Instantly, he was ashamed of himself …

[pg117:ln15]

TT {GD} : Seketika itu juga, dia malu pada dirinya

sendiri... [pg137:ln15]

The word instantly is an adverb which is derived from adjective instant +

suffix –ly to show that the word is an adverb. Instant is translated into TT to

become seketika and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become

seketika itu juga. In another word the translation of suffix –ly is regular

2. ST {BL} : …she said sweetly. [pg307:ln18]

TT {GD} : ...ujarnya dengan suara manis. [pg369:ln8]

The word sweetly is an adverb which is derived from adjective sweet +

suffix –ly to show that the word is an adverb. Sweet is translated into TT to

become manis and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become dengan

suara manis. In another word the translation of suffix –ly is the manner of

adjective by using adverb phrase dengan suara manis.

b. Suffix –less

Suffix –less is a bound morpheme added to noun to form an adjective and it is translated to state the meaning “without”.

1. ST {BL} : …staring unseeingly out of the dusty office

window at the timeless minarets of Istanbul.

[pg17:ln3]

TT {GD} : ...memandang hampa ke luar jendela kantor

yang berdebu menatap menara-menara

Istambul yang seperti tak tersentuh waktu.

[pg13:ln5]

The word timeless is an adjective which is derived from noun time + suffix

–less to show that the word is an adjective. Time is translated into TT to become

waktu. In another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning

without by using adjective phrase tak tersentuh waktu.

2. ST {BL} : …with a careless gesture… [pg37:ln6]

TT {GD} : ...dengan sikap acuh tak acuh ... [pg38:ln6]

The word careless is an adjective which is derived from noun care +

suffix –less to show that the word is an adjective. Care is translated into TT to

become acuh and with attachment of suffix –less it is translated to become acuh

tak acuh. In another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning

without by using adjective phrase acuh tak acuh.

c. Suffix –s

Suffix –s is a bound morpheme added to noun to show the plural form.

1. ST {BL} : …mix with antiques… [pg37:ln31]

TT {GD} : ...dicampur dengan beberapa perangkat

perabotan antik ... [pg39:ln5]

The word antiques is a plural noun which is derived from singular antique

+ suffix –s to show that the word is plural form. Antique is translated into TT to

become antik and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become beberapa

perangkat perabotan antik. In another word the translation of suffix –s is by using

2. ST {BL} : She spent hours everyday… [pg137:ln7]

TT {GD} : Setiap hari dia melewatkan waktu

berjam-jam... [pg161:ln8]

The word hours is a plural noun which is derived from singular hour +

suffix –s to show that the word is plural form. hour is translated into TT to

become jam and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become waktu

berjam-jam. In another word the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication. It

means the repeating of base form to become noun phrase waktu berjam-jam.

3. ST {BL} : …domino masks. [pg177:ln16]

TT {GD} : ...topeng – topeng penutup mata.

[pg214:ln16]

The word masks is a plural noun which is derived from singular mask +

suffix –s to show that the word is plural form. Mask is translated into TT to

become topeng and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become topeng

– topeng penutup mata. In another word the translation of suffix –s is total

reduplication. It means the repeating of base form to become noun phrase topeng

d. Suffix –est

Suffix –est is a bound morpheme added to adjective to form the superlative of the adjective.

1. ST {BL} : It was by no means the largest ….

[pg107:ln32]

TT {GD} : Meskipun tidak merupakan yang paling

besar... [pg127 :ln7]

The word largest is adjective which is derived from adjective large +

suffix – est to show that the word is superlative of adjective. Large is translated

into TT to become besar and with attachment of suffix – est it is translated to

become yang paling besar. In another word the translation of suffix –est is

superlative of adjective by using adjective phrase yang paling besar.

e. Suffix –able

Suffix –able is a bound morpheme added to verb to form adjective.

1. ST {BL} : …your problems are manageable,…

[pg357:ln17]

TT {GD} : ...masalah-masalah anda masih bisa

The word manageable is an adjective which is derived from verb manage

+ suffix – able to show that the word is adjective. Manage is translated into TT to

become diatasi and with attachment of suffix – able it is translated to become

masih bisa diatasi. In another word the translation of suffix –able is to state

capability by using adjective phrase masih bisa diatasi.

f. Suffix -ing

Suffix –ing is a bound morpheme added to verb to form participle in terms

of present participle. Participles are also called “verbal adjectives” because they may become verbal and adjectival.

1. ST {BL} : She was a stunning redhead …

[pg307:ln11]

TT {GD} : Seorang berambut pirang yang sangat

menawan,...[pg368:ln6]

The word stunning is adjective which is derived from verb stun + suffix –

ing to show that the word is present participle. Stun is translated into TT to

become menawan and with attachment of suffix – ing it is translated to become

yang sangat menawan. In another word, the translation of suffix –ing is

2. ST {BL} : …and missing persons. [pg317:ln11]

TT {GD} : ...dan pencarian orang-orang yang

dilaporkan hilang. [pg382:ln6]

The word missing is adjective which is derived from verb miss + suffix –

ing to show that the word is present participle. Miss is translated into TT to

become hilang and with attachment of suffix – ing it is translated to become yang

dilaporkan hilang. In another word, the translation of suffix –ing is descriptive

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data that taken from Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline and

the translation in Indonesian Garis Darah by Trees Susilastuti, I can conclude

that:

First, morphemic shift is one of shifts that used to establish the correspondence of meaning between the two novels. Morphemic shifts consist of shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. Shifts from

morpheme to word occurred in suffix –s, suffix –es, suffix –less, suffix –ly, suffix

–ful, suffix –er, suffix -ing and shifts from morpheme to phrase occurred in suffix

–less, suffix –ly, suffix -s, suffix –est, suffix-ing and suffix –able. Each suffix is added to the end of word to form function of the suffix itself.

Second, suffix –s is added to noun to shows plural form so that the word in

ST is translated into TT by repeating the base form of word (reduplication) in

kinds of total reduplication and partial reduplication and by using word para,

semua and beberapa. Suffix –es is a variety of suffix –s that shows plural form

but it has differences with suffix –s. Suffix –es is added to noun if ended by

cluster/double consonant, vowel o and consonant y. Suffix –es is translated by

using total reduplication. Suffix –less is added to noun to form an adjective and it

is translated in TT to state the meaning without by using word tak. Suffix –ly is

added to noun and adjective to form an adjective and an adverb and it is translated

8. ST {BL} : …a set of newly discovered hieroglyphics. [pg367:ln18]

TT {GD} : ...seperangkat huruf-huruf hieroglif yang baru ditemukan. [pg437:ln5]

f. Suffix –ful

1. ST {BL} : …he was wonderful to them… [pg57:ln18] TT {GD} : ...dia sangat memperhatikan mereka...

[pg64:ln4]

2. ST {BL} : Another exchange of meaningful looks. [pg277:ln24]

TT {GD} : Lagi-lagi lemparan pandangan penuh arti. [pg334:ln8]

3. ST {BL} : …and their three beautiful daughters. [pg297:ln3]

TT {GD} : ...dan ketiga anak kami yang cantik. [pg356:ln3]

g. Suffix -er

1. ST {BL} : He had already located a jeweler,… [pg77:ln14]

TT {GD} : Dia sudah menemukan seorang ahli permata,…[pg88:ln2]

2. ST {BL} : Two strangers discussing the weather,… [pg127:ln8]

TT {GD} : Dua orang asing yang membicarakan cuaca,… [pg150:ln8]

3. ST {BL} : …she felt closer to Samuel and Terenia,… [pg137:ln8]

TT {GD} : …dia merasa lebih dekat kepada Samuel dan Terenia,.. [pg137:ln8]

h. Suffix -ing

1. ST {BL} : …she would search the grounds for the missing papers. [pg327:ln24]

TT {GD} : …dia akan memeriksa halaman sekitar villa untuk mencari kertas-kertas yang hilang. [pg288:ln5]

2. ST {BL} : She’s charming… [pg307:ln17] TT {GD} : Dia sangat menawan… [pg369:ln8]

3. ST {BL} : It was infuriating. [pg317:ln32]

TT {GD} : Hal itu sangat menjengkelkan. [pg382:ln17]

APPENDIX 2

Data Classification of Shifts from Morpheme to Phrase

a. Suffix –ly

1. ST {BL} : Instantly, he was ashamed of himself … [pg117:ln15]

TT {GD} : Seketika itu juga, dia malu pada dirinya sendiri... [pg137:ln15]

2. ST {BL} : …she said sweetly. [pg307:ln18]

TT {GD} : ...ujarnya dengan suara manis. [pg369:ln8]

b. Suffix –less

1. ST {BL} : …staring unseeingly out of the dusty office window at the timeless minarets of Istanbul. [pg17:ln3]

TT {GD} : ...memandang hampa ke luar jendela kantor yang berdebu menatap menara-menara Istambul yang seperti tak tersentuh waktu. [pg13:ln5]

2. ST {BL} : …with a careless gesture… [pg37:ln6] TT {GD} : ...dengan sikap acuh tak acuh ... [pg38:ln6]

c. Suffix –s

1. ST {BL} : …mix with antiques… [pg37:ln31]

TT {GD} : ...dicampur dengan beberapa perangkat perabotan antik ... [pg39:ln5]

2. ST {BL} : She spent hours everyday… [pg137:ln7] TT {GD} : Setiap hari dia melewatkan waktu

berjam-jam... [pg161:ln8]

3. ST {BL} : …domino masks. [pg177:ln16]

TT {GD} : ...topeng – topeng penutup mata. [pg214:ln16]

d. Suffix –est

1. ST {BL} : It was by no means the largest …. [pg107:ln32]

e. Suffix –able

1. ST {BL} : …your problems are manageable,… [pg357:ln17]

TT {GD} : ...masalah-masalah anda masih bisa diatasi... [pg427:ln10]

f. Suffix -ing

1. ST {BL} : She was a stunning redhead … [pg307:ln11]

TT {GD} : Seorang berambut pirang yang sangat menawan,...[pg368:ln6]

2. ST {BL} : …and missing persons. [pg317:ln11] TT {GD} : ...dan pencarian orang-orang yang

dilaporkan hilang. [pg382:ln6]