218 two countries means that cooperation is
experiencing low tide. Then in 2000 experienced a resurgence marked by talks
between the delegations of Suwon City with the Chamber of Commerce of the city of
Bandung on economic conditions Bandung. While in 2001 there was no cooperation
programs
implemented and
cooperation conducted in 2002 with junior football
friendly match between the two cities. Then in 2003 sister city cooperation was re-
experiencing subdued because there are no programs implemented during the year. In
2004 the city of Suwon send a delegation to the city of Bandung as much as 2 times. And
then in 2005-2007 no information about the programs implemented. In 2008-2009 there is
associated Sister City program. Cooperation sister city of Bandung and Suwon City
continues to experience fluctuations in terms of implementation, until the new year this
cooperation 2011--2015 seen significant progress with the implementation of many
programs, No such program working visit Bandung Government delegation to Suwon in
2011, in 2012 the existing youth exchange programs and some activities of the delegation
Suwon in Bandung. Furthermore, in 2013 there was a program of visits to Samsung
Electronic City, the town hall Suwon, Suwon museums and other places. In the years 2014-
2015 was a lot of activities such as delegation visits between Bandung and Suwon, there
were few official meetings, and cultural festivals and student exchange. From the
description of Sister City program conducted between
Bandung and
Suwon widely
fluctuating program, therefore the authors concluded that the Sister City partnership
between Bandung and Suwon have ups and downs from year to year.
Based on this set above background prompted the authors to formulate the
problem as follows:What factors are affecting the ebb and flow of the implementation of
cooperation sister city of Bandung and Suwon City from 1997 until 2015?
The purpose of this study are as follows:To determine the cause or the factors
that influence the ebb and flow of cooperation sister city of Bandung and Suwon City.
The contribution of this study are as follows:
1. This study is expected to be useful to
enrich the
knowledge on
the implementation of international relations
undertaken by the Unit Level and Interstate any State, or sub-national actors
2. The results of this study are expected to
be useful as additional material and information and empirical study for
scholars of international relations with an interest in international relations made by
the Non-State Actor, Unit Level, and the Interstate in a State in the implementation
of the Foreign Relations paradiplomasi actors performed.
Based on
the background
and framework above, then the hypothesis that
could be addressed in this study is that the ups and downs in the implementation of
cooperation sister city of Bandung and Suwon City occurred from 1997 to 2015 is not very
significant, due to internal factors include bureaucracy, budget and human resources,
while external factors include the global crisis and the National paradigm.
2. LITERATURE STUDY
There are several studies related to the Sister
City partnership.
However, the
literature has focused fifth or boundary problem is different.
The first study was written by IkaArianiKartini
2012, discusses
the application of the principle of authority Public
Good Governance in International Relations through the sister city agreement. From the
research results
concluded that
the cooperation of sister city of Bandung has been
appropriate instruments, in accordance with international law and have been able to apply
the principles of good governance at the provincial and city governments in order to
achieve good and sustainable cooperation.
The second study is a study conducted by M. PriyudiEkananda 2014, brother
Priyudi The topic regarding the impact of co sister city of Bandung and Suwon were
restricted to the field of education and culture. The study states that the cooperation of sister
city of Bandung and Suwon City has implemented properly so that the impact on
the growing field of education and cultural development ofthe two cities.
219 The
third study
is of
StivaniIsmawiraSinambela 2014 with the theme of government policy in the area of
international cooperation arrangement with Penang Medan city government. The results
of his research, which is the sister city cooperation between Medan and Penang have
not run as expected between the two sides of the government caused the External and
Internal Government Issues.
The fourth
study is
from DaraKhoeraFazra
Muhammadiyah University, 2015. The results of his research
is the Local Government Policy Planning International Cooperation stating that the City
Government and the City of Nanning in collaborating lot dilaksaaka and taken over by
the local government, and the government does not take much central authority in the
Sister City partnership both cities.
The fifth
study from
Albert Soegijapranata
Catholic University
of Semarang, 2011. Results of research Albert
stated factors of the success of the Sister City Semarang-Brisbane, there are six factors: 1
the competence factor of human resources, 2 factors funding should be borne by both
parties and managed by the financial institutions
concerned, 3
factors infrastructure whose role is communication
and roads, 4 the institutional factors of government, where the government is the
point of greatest success in the Sister City 5 community factors must be active in sister
city, from all parties and actors governmental and 6 the factors country partners.
Fifth literature review above provide inputs and views to the author as well as
providing insight to the writer to try to find new things from the studies that had been
there before. As has been mentioned earlier that this study focused on analyzing the
causes of the ebb and flow of cooperation sister city of Bandung and Suwon City
starting from 1997 until 2015.
As for some of the theories and concepts that can be used as a basis to analyze
in relation to the implementation of Cooperation of Sister City Bandung and
Suwon City. As for some of the theory is as follows:In order to understand well the
concept of the Sister City, the author uses paradiplomasi theory and the theory of
complex interdependence.
Where paradiplomasi theory is used as a supporter of
the creation of sister city cooperation implemented by local governments. In
addition, the complex interdependence theory is used also as a foundation that was formed
sister city cooperation for their common characteristics of the two cities in question.
Therefore, its second city will not be too dependent on each other, which means sister
city cooperation is to develop the potential and advantages of each city, not to
supplement the shortage of one of the town. Circumstances like these will not make waver
a city when cooperation have ups or downs.
Paradiplomasi is the decentralization of political power and administrative authority in
a process that happens to actors sub-national, and political institutions of a public policy in
the central government authority to run foreign
relations, because
the local
government is
a tangible
form of
implementation of public policy. Unlike the foreign policy issued by a State, regional
diplomacy does not seek to represent the national interest is more general and broad, its
importance is to show the problem more specific without violating the rules on a
sovereign state, and that are in the control state, but to develop the regions those actors
have the freedom to determine the issues and objectives to be achieved, in implementing the
mechanism, the actors regional diplomacy was under the sovereignty of the country and
follow the international system in force that makes the actor State as a liaison for the
creation of such a relationship, it is called Paradiplomasi.
3
The theory of complex interdependence complexinterdependence is a term that was
first proposed by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
in a
book titled
Power and
Interdependence in 1977. The concept of this interdepensi born along with the advent of the
era of globalization, which basically states realize that the military is not again become a
dominant single solution and to achieve the goals or interests of the State, such as;
3
Akbarizal AB. “KewenanganPemerintah Kota
Bandung dalammenjalankanKerjasama Sister City dengan Kota BraunchweigTahun 2000-
2012.Skripsi UNIKOM, Bandung, 2013.
220 improving the economy, conflict resolution,
as well as social problems. However, based on the theory of complex interdependence
Keohane and Nye, developing mutual cooperation and beketergantungan more
effective in achieving the goals and interests of the country.
4
Sister City consists of two words that sister sisters and the City City, in this case
the Sister City means the City of brothers where in its development-oriented friendship
and partnership, a partnership that exists in the context of inter-State in mutually beneficial
cooperation and help each other and adhere to the
principle of
equal treatment
or Reciprocal.
5
Sister City is one of the forms of international cooperation for the development
of society have a role in areas where new partnership contained in or may be called
Sister City City Partners also can contribute to the Government and people of Indonesia.
6
Sister City Partnership is a cooperative relationship between the long-term official of
the city government in a country with cities in other countries are characterized by their
formal cooperation agreement Memorandum of Understanding and recognized and
approved by the parliament or the local parliament. In line with the spirit of regional
autonomy, it is based on the principle that refers to Law No.24 2000 on the conclusion
of
treaties, local
governments both
provincial, regency
and municipal
government has been confirmed as the government agencies that have qualified as a
proponent Organization
to make
international agreements. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs tt, generally co
City sister city is formed by a number of reasons, such as: equality and administrative
status, equal size area and functions, equations
4
HendriniRenolaFitridanFaiysal Rani.Op. Cit. H.935-937
5
Akbarizal AB. “KewenanganPemerintah Kota
Bandung dalammenjalankanKerjasama Sister City dengan Kota BraunchweigTahun 2000-
2012.Skripsi UNIKOM, Bandung, 2013.
6
Akbarizal AB. “Kewe a ga Pe eri tah Kota
Bandung dalammenjalankanKerjasama Sister City dengan Kota BraunchweigTahun 2000-2012.
Skripsi UNIKOM, Bandung, 2013.
to socio-cultural and topographical cantonal, equality problems faced, complementarity
between the two sides which may cause the flow of goods and services exchange of visits
of officials and businessmen.
7
To cooperate sister city, Bandung city does have ordinances its own procedures,
which are as follows:
8
1. Assessment : Assessments carried out by exchange of the potential of the area between
the two sides. These exchanges can take advantage of a foreign State representative
offices in Indonesia or the Indonesian representative offices abroad.
2. The signing of the LoI Letter of Intent : If the desire to work together to get a positive
response from each party, then between the two sides can sign a Letter of Intent LoI
3. Preparation of Cooperation Plan : After the signing
LoI, the
local government
immediately organize Cooperation Plan or the Terms of Reference and a Plan of Action that
describes the purpose and objectives of cooperation and benefits.
4. Approval of Parliament : Cooperation plan, a plan of action with the LoI was signed by
both parties then submitted to Parliament for approval.
5. Requests the Government Facilitation : After the approval of Parliament, local
government submitted a letter to the Interior Minister weeks to ask for the facilitation of
cooperation. The application letter is used as a condition for determining a draft MoU
involving the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Indonesian State Secretariat, Ministry of
Home Affairs and Ministry other related Institutions.
6.
Drafting MoU
Memorandum of
Understanding: MoU for cooperation sister city sister province classified documents
International treaties, so that the preparation is
7
NurulInsaeni. “PeranStrategisPemerintah
Daerah dalamKerjasamaInternasionaluntuk Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan”.JurnalDepartemenHubunganInter nasionalUniversitas Indonesia, Global Strategis
Th.7 No.1. Jakarta, 2011 h. 130
8
Harunata, Basilio Dias Araujo, dkk. “PedomanPelaksanaanKerjasama Sister City
Sister Province”.BagianKerjasamaSekretariat Daerah Kota Bandung, 2011.Hal. 1.
221 carried out by the Directorate General of
International Treaties and Legal Affairs Ministry as an expert on international law.
The draft has been prepared and discussed at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs interkem
forum consisting of the Foreign Ministry, the State Secretariat Affairs, Home Affairs, and
the Ministry had Agencies. Forum interkem then initials on the draft MoU was discussed.
Draft MoUinterkem meeting results delivered by the ministry the Interior to the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs to be forwarded to the office of the Indonesian representatives abroad to
communicate with prospective sister city sister province to get a response.
7. The signing of the MoU Memorandum of Understanding : The draft MoU which has
been approved overseas cooperation partners, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs then
submitted to the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of the District Municipal or
Provincial Governments concerned to process full
proposals Power.
The provincial
government municipal subsequently requests the issuance of a power of attorney full
power to the Minister of Foreign Affairs by attaching a draft MoU which has been
initialed. Secretary General of the Ministry of the Interior on behalf of Minister of the
Interior to send a recommendation letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs for issuance of
power of attorney Full Power signed a MoU to officials whose names are listed in Full
Power suitable date has been set. After rising power of attorney, or a provincial government
official city government cooperation partners abroad. The original MoU already signed sent
to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to be saved as a document of the State. Ministry of
Foreign Affairs published an official copy of a legitimate local government as a handle and
the Home Office. 8. Implementation of the Cooperation : After
the MoU signed, the cooperation document binding on both parties and agreed programs
can begin to be implemented. The provincial government district city formed a team of
co-operation as the daily implementation of the results of activities agreed. Provincial or
city government to allocate funds that may arise in such cooperation through the budget
and
other sources
are legitimate.
9. Evaluation of Cooperation : Ministry of Interior and the Ministry institutions
concerned will conduct periodic monitoring and evaluation to determine the outcomes and
results of cooperation appropriate instruments Monitoring and Evaluation compiled by the
Ministry of the Interior. 10. Implementation Activities : Provincial
Government or district city governments shall submit periodic reports to the Ministry
of the Interior on the Implementation of the cooperation program. The evaluation results
can be the basis for consideration of sister city plans further cooperation with other partners
in the provinces or cities abroad. 3.
RESEARCH METHOD
The research method used by the author in this research is descriptive qualitative
research method analasis, such research is research thoroughly, intended to provide an
understanding of the phenomena events of what is experienced research subjects, be it
behavior, perception, motivation and action, and in the description in the form of words
and language, in a specific context that is naturally and by utilizing a variety of natural
methods.
This study design using a descriptive case study, refer to the problem lies and
variables provided researchers only analyze the data based on the data and information
issued by the Government of Bandung and other sources in discussing permaslahan
studied researcher, so validtias the data which will be processed can be tested and
accountable academically.
The research location is directly held in Bandung and Bandung City Government
offices. Reach research is since 1997-2015. Data was collected by means of
literature study,
tracking important
documents, search data via the Internet and Online Media, observation and interviews.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
