represent the women aspiration that declared, ‘All men are created equal.’ Therefore, to bring the equality between men and women, the convention declare
another version; ‘All men and women are equal’. This event is the first bar of feminist movement and noticed in history as women great rebellion.
8
Then, in 1963’s, there is a second wave of feminist movement. This second wave
movement is born by the publishing of The Feminine Mystique, written by Betty Friedan.
9
The second wave of the feminist movement conveys specific objections; to try fighting the sexual discrimination, sexual insulting and getting a fairer
house job description. Finally, the movement of feminist rises into the third wave, as known as “the rebirth of feminism”
10
Which gives a new formulation to bring a new concept of life for women.
Furthermore, the feminist movement gives a new concept in women life. The feminist movement has good impacts in the world that showed from United
Nation activities which made Women Decade in Copenhagen, Denmark and conference in Nairobi, Kenya in 1985. As a result it is many countries used
equality of right and obligation in each society, even men and women.
C. Feminist Film Criticism
Feminism is a social movement which has had an enormous impact on film theory and criticism. Cinema is taken by feminists to be a cultural practice
representing myths about women and femininity, as well as about men and
8
Ibid. p. 1.
9
Ibid. p. 10.
10
Judith Pole and Ellen Levine. Rebirth of Feminism. New York: Quadrangle Books. 1971. P. 194
masculinity. Issues of representation and spectatorship are central to feminist film theory and criticism. In the Rebirth of Feminist book, Haskell and Rosen said that
the early feminist criticism was directed at stereotypes of women, mostly in Hollywood films. Suc as fixed and endlessly repeated images of women were
considered to be objectionable distortions which would have a negative impact on the female spectator. Hence, the call for positive images of women in cinema.
11
Feminist film critics work to raise our consciousness about the negative images of women in film in order to denaturalize these images, to expose them as
cultural constructs, not mirror reflections of the way women really are. The first feminist film critics took a sociological approach to the subject. The sociological
approach greatly contributed to an awareness of how restricted images of women film often were, but it was limited. Academic feminist critics, influenced by
Semiology, the study of how meaning is produced in communication systems such as language, literature, and film, suggested a more sophisticated and nuanced
approach. For these critics, the argument that women are presented as negative stereotypes or poor role models in film does not go far enough toward explaining
how Hollywood films reinforce the idea of women’s inferiority. What really matters is not so much the type of woman the fictive character in the film
represents, but what she comes to signify within the whole textual system of the film’s narrative.
12
11
Anneke Smelik.
Feminist Film
Criticism. http:www.let.uu.nlwomens_studiesannekefilmtheory.html. Accessed on August 05, 2010. 3:20
pm.
12
Marilyn Fabe , Closely watched film an introduction to the art narrative film technique, London: university of California press, 2004. P. 208.
