11 e.
Reaction The description of the characters can be seen through their action to various
situations and events. The actions of the characters show his or her personality and the actions are related to his or her motives and thought.
f. Thought
This is also given directly by the author about the way of thinking of the character. The author gives directly what the characters are thinking about so that
the readers can find out the personality of the characters. g.
Mannerism The author gives the description about how the character behaves and talks,
we can know the personality of character through his or her mannerism.
2. Theory of Motivation
The writer uses some theories of motivation in this study from the psychology. Because of all of these theories are fulfilled each other, then the
writer uses these theories. These theories are discussed by the writer because these theories have relationship with the analysis. The writer is helped by these theories
to analyze this novel. According to Robert C. Beck in his book Motivation Theories and
Principles ,
“Motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. When
two or more behaviors are equally possible, one is chosen and the
12 organism persists in this behavior with more or less vigor until some
anticipated goal is either achieved or some other goal becomes more dominant” 1978: 24.
From the quotation above, it shows us that motivation is a choice. When we have two different choices, we will choose one which is considered as our best
choice. That will be our motivation to do something. Meanwhile, Jung says that motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desire, wishes, plans,
goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Some of these states imply a deliberate and calculated process involving reason.
Based on David C. Edward’s General Psychology, he stated that motivation is an invented construct which describes certain aspects of behavior
1969: 49. To say that a certain motive is in operation, such as a need to be with others of the same species, directly implies that the behavior of that individual is
directed towards satisfaction of this need state rather than others. Thus, if a person seeks out other individuals, we say that he is satisfying the conditions of this
particular state of affairs which we call the motive for affiliation, as opposed to describing the behavior in terms of other possible factors 1969: 50.
According to Huffman, Mark Vernoy and Judith Vernoy 2000: 401 there are two kinds of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation means the
desire to perform an act for its own sake. A motivation comes from our own behavior. We are motivated to do something, not because of external reward, but
because the behavior itself is rewarding. While extrinsic motivation means the
13 desire to perform an action because of external rewards or avoidance of
punishment. Though, the writer only uses intrinsic motivation in this study.
3. The Relationship between Literature and Psychology
