The Sources of Errors.

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2.6.2 The Sources of Errors.

There are hundreds of second language error sources or even countless. This study, therefore, will be to outline a number of major sources of learners errors, they are : interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, context of learning, and communication of strategies Sujoko, 1988:15-28. 2.6.2.1 Interlingual Transfer. These errors are caused by interference as native language to target language. For example Indonesian student that is learning is interfered by the structure of Indonesian in using or applying phrases: like: a book good instead of a good book, or a car red. Instead of a red car. 2.6.2.2 Intralingual Transfer. Errors here happen because of the target language rules being learned. For example: an English learner is studying modal auxiliaries in simple present tense for this third person singular that has been studied before, like: John cans sing instead of John can sing. 2.6.2.3 Context of Learning. This error source is the faulty learning of the target language. It can be caused by the teacher or the text book. The term is called: False concept Richard: 1971 or induced errors Stenson: 1974 as quoted by Sujoko 1988:18 and the social 21 context of language acquisition will produce other types of errors. Corder calls the term idiosyncratic dialect. 2.6.2.4 Communications Strategies. It is a strategy in communication to hide errors. It overlaps both inter- and intralingual transfer and context of learning. These are several communication strategies that will be explained here: 2.6.2.4.1 Avoidance It is the srategy to aviod difficult words to produce the same sense. It might be syntactic or lexical avoidance, phonological avoidance or topic avoidance. 2.6.2.4.2 Prefabricated Patterns It is the strategy to make communication runs smoothly by memorizing certain stock phrases or sentences without internalized knowledge of the components of the phrases. 2.6.2.4.3 Cognitive and Personality Styles It is the source of errors caused by one’s own personality styles of thinking. 2.6.2.4.4 Appeal to Authority 22 It is the strategy in communication to ask to the authority directly. The authority here might be someone or something that knows the difficulty. 2.6.2.4.5 Language Switch It is the strategy to make the communication run well by swithching the target language into the native language.

2.7 The Practical Uses of Error Analysis