Simulation on the freezing process of packaged food products 161-166 G. Wang, P. Zou, M. Liu Methods

Volume Issue 32 1 January 2014

1. Development of municipal monitor 1-6 C. Guan,G. Wang,S. Chen,H. Wang, F. Nie,Y. Sun,L. Ming

2. Study on selective mining of coal and gangue and strip-filling technology for thin seam 7-12 L. Wan, L. Ren, Q. Zeng, L. Wang 3. Multiple biodiesel mixtures in diesel engine - performance and emission analysis 13-24 K. A. Balasubramanian, K. Srithar

4. Research to hydraulic metal structure health diagnosis based on FAHP 25-38 G. Yang,K. Yang

5. Calculation model of comprehensive filtration coefficient and its effect on fracture length of coal reservoir 39-50 L. Xu, J. Cui, J. Tang,P.Yu,J Teng1,S. Huang,Y. Chen1, L. Cai,X. Sun 6. Research on China rural land circulation legal system based on land and energy 51-56 Y. Y. Zhu 7. Sealing mechanism and experimental research of MICSE based on the theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication 57-68 G. Zhiping, L. Guanfu, M. Shujing, W. Yanfei,G. Wei1, L. Yanzheng, H. Jianmei

8. US Fayetteville Shale Gas reservoir modeling 69-80 S. Zheng, H. Fan, S. Jiang

9. Study on capillary number curve of binary compound flooding in offshore oilfield 81-92 C. Nan, S. Kaoping, T. Engao, Z. Jian, P. Yanfu 10. Study on methods of measuring thermo-physical properties of inhomogeneous solid materials for solar thermal storage 93-106 W. Lu, F. Li, L. Jinhao 11. Leakage detection of heating network with graph theoretic approach 107-118 Y. Xianliang, J.Lianlian, H. Wenhui, W. Songling 12. Researching the law of remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding in offshore oil field 119-132 T. Engao, Y. Erlong, S. Liyan, J. Yinghua 13. Numerical computation of bend-flows using a modified 2D depth-averaged model in curvilinear coordinates 133-138 Y. Liu,S. Shao, Z Liu,W. Wei 14. The empirical study of the application of network information technology platform in the teaching of English writing 139-142 Y-J. Chu 15. The analysis of structure strength and calculation of critical speed of a new type of high-speed permanent magnet motor 143-148 X. Zhang, L. He, G. Li, Z. Zhou 16. Study on eutrophic evaluation and numerical simulation of TP content in Nansi Lake 149-154 L. F. Wang, L. Yang 17. Butterfly: the analysis of commercial housing price formation based on inflation visual 155-160 W. Liang, J. Duan

18. Simulation on the freezing process of packaged food products 161-166 G. Wang, P. Zou, M. Liu

19. Reliability analysis of key parts for differential system 167-172 X. Liu, S. Zheng, T. Chen, J. Feng

20. A construction method for dew point curves of hydrocarbon mixtures 173-180 W. Jia, C. Li, X. Wu

21. Sequence stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Late Triassic coal-measures in south China: implication for coal development 181-190 Y. Li, L. Shao, C. Zhang, C. Gao, W. Liang 22. The trend of china energy structure: Forecast natural gas consumption 191-194 Z. Cai, X. Liao 23. A multi-agent architecture for the self-healing of SGs based on IEC 6149961850 195-212 Z. Jiang, O. Mosbahi, M. Khalgui 24. Traveling-wave-based Fault-location method under low sampling rate 213-220 J. Tang, X. Yin1, Z. Zhang 25. Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of indoor particulate concentration in university functional buildings 221-234 L. Yang, F. Dong, J. Wei,G. Song, T. Qiang, A. Cheng 26. The causal relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Hong Kong 235-248 S. L. Lai, K. C. Kuo, P. Kanyasathaporn, M. Liu 27. The construction of forest farm’s sustainable development indicators and the empirical study--Taking ming xi state-owned forestry farm as an example 249-258 T. Li, B. Cheng, J. Zhao, J. Chen 28. Numerical simulation with Lattice Boltzmann method for flow and heat transfer of the nanofluids 259-272 S. Yao, G. Wang, X. Jia, L. Duan, C. Zhou 29. Study on quality evaluation method of color reproduction of coated paper in ink-jet printing 273-282 W. Da, C. Qifeng 30. Combustion of jatropha curcas oil on perforated burner 283-292 I. K. G. Wirawan, I. N. G. Wardana,R. Soenoko, S. Wahyudi Energy Education Science and Technology Part A. Energy Science and Research 2014 Volume issues 321: 283-292 Combustion of jatropha curcas oil on perforated burner

I. K. G. Wirawan

1,2, , I. N. G. Wardana 2 , Rudy Soenoko 2 , Slamet Wahyudi 2 1 Udayana University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Bali, Indonesia 2 Brawijaya University, Mechanical Engineering Department, East Java, Indonesia Received: 31 October 2013; accepted: 18 December 2013 Abstract Jatropha curcas oil premixed combustion behavior on perforated plate has been studied experimentally. The results showed that both of perforated and secondary flames were formed in very lean mixture with maximum laminar flame velocity S L higher than that of hexadecane and almost similar with that of ethanol flame. Slight increase of equivalent ratio φ causes drastic decrease of S L of perforated and secondary flame and S L reaches minimum at φ = 0.355 where the physic of flame change into open tip Bunsen and triple flame. Above φ = 0.365, S L of open tip Bunsen flame relatively constant much lower than that of hexadecane flame at around stoichiometry. Small explosions occur due to ambient air intervention attributed to unsaturated fatty acid components of Jatropha curcas which reaches 55 of the overall composition. Without ambient air intervention perforated flames experienced lift off at φ = 0.355 to 0.375, perforated and secondary flame are stable at φ = 0.387 to 0.467, and from φ = 0.489 to 0.585 the flame becomes cellular in the form of island and petal. Above φ = 0.632 the flame become very unstable. Keyword: Bunsen flame with open tip; Cellular flame; Laminar burning velocity; Perforated flame; Triple flame ©Sila Science. All Rights Reserved. 1. Introduction The availability of fossil fuels become the world attention as limited as non-renewable energy sources. To solve this problem, scientists have tried to make biofuels from crops as a fuel alternative to fossil fuels. The difficulty in making biofuels appears when the plant is also used as a food ingredient. In order to avoid this competition, non-food plants producing high ___________ Corresponding author: Tel.: +62-361-431-214 ; fax: :+62-361-703-321. E-mail address: wirawan_ikgyahoo.com I. K. G. Wirawan. 284 I. K. G. Wirawan et al. EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 31 2014 283-292 oil is needed. One of the plants that produce high oil but cannot be used as food is Jatropha curcas. Jatropha curcas contains 40.70 monounsaturated fatty acids and 37.80 polyunsaturated fatty acids that could potentially cause an explosion when combustion occurs [1]. Urgency using Jatropha curcas is as a source of energy because it produces biofuel with high productivity, while jatropha curcas is non edible and growing in arid regions. Several studies have been conducted with different fuel compositions to get a diesel alternative fuel with the raw material Jatropha curcas. Jatropha curcas can be used as biodiesel fuel and environmental friendly without modification. Jatropha curcas oil meets ASTM standards and showed better performance than ordinary fuel in diesel engines. Another advantage of jatopha is as follows: i able to reduce the greenhouse gas, ii used as a raw material and iii do not compete with food crops [2]. Different fuel properties of jatropha curcas oil methyl ester JMEs including heating value, filter plugging point, density, kinematic viscosity and oxidation stability in a mixture of diesel is calculated. Recommended mixture ratio of JMEs with diesel above 40 volume is compared with the relevant specifications for biodiesel-diesel blend [3]. Jatropha curcas oil has been tested and is able to replace fossil diesel fuel in a multi-cylinder with water cooling direct injection IDI engine type CI. Atrophy curcas oil give 3 higher pressure at top dead center, showed 5 shorter combustion duration, the same cumulative heat release at full load, but lower heat release at lower loads when compared to fossil diesel. Thus, minor modifications in the coolant and fuel supply circuit are needed on CI IDI engine type when using jatropha curcas oil [4]. Jatropha curcas seeds shell allows the generation of heat without formed into pellets or briquettes. Thermal power generated is 2.9 kg hour jatropha curcas seed shells of 11.1 kW with 87 efficiency furnace or 9.0 kg h shell jatropha curcas seeds of 36.7 kW with 91 efficiency furnace. The carbon monoxide is 0.4 - 2 gm 3 lower than burning wood by legal requirements in Germany for up to 50 kW combustion units [5]. Quasi-steady gas-phase combustion of spherical particles fed from jatropha curcas bio-diesel has been carried out numerically and experimentally [6]. Jatropha curcas bio-diesel used in the experiment were mixed with convective air environment and compared with ordinary diesel fuel under the same conditions. The investigation revealed that biodiesel from jatropha curcas without purification is suitable as an alternative to diesel fuel. Improvement in jatropha curcas biodiesel mixture is required to obtain optimal performance, the characteristics of good combustion and low emissions [7]. Influence of various parameters such as acid value AV, water content WC, and ash content AC of jatropha curcas oil sediment accumulation has been investigated. It also resulted in safe operation, low maintenance, and optimal power, required acid value AV is lower than 6.00 mg KOH g, WC moisture content less than 0.15 and ash content below 0.10 AC [8]. Experimental investigations have been conducted for the feasibility of Jatropha curcas as an alternative diesel fuel. The experiment used B 100 diesel, B 10 90 diesel and 10 biodiesel jatropha curcas and B 20 20 biodiesel jatropha curcas and 80 diesel. The results showed that the characteristics of the B 10 and B 20 are almost similar with B 0. These results showed that jatropha curcas biodiesel blends B 10 and B 20 can be used in Diesel engines without major modifications [9]. Based on previous study so far, Jatropha curcas is used as fuel for non-premixed combustion. Research on flame behavior such as laminar burning velocity, open end flame and cellular Bunsen flame has not been done. Based on this information, the novelty of this journal is utilization of jatropha curcas as fuel in premixed combustion to investigate the behavior of the flame. These studies provide greater benefits in jatropha curcas oil in premixed combustion. I. K. G. Wirawan et al. EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 31 2014 283-292 285

2. Methods

The experimental study on premixed combustion of jatropha curcas oil was carried out in an experimental apparatus shown schematically in Fig.1. The jatropha curcas oil was evaporated in a boiler with steam temperature kept constant at 160 o C. The oil steam from boiler was mixed with air from compressor at mixing chamber with equivalent ratio φ varied from lean φ=0.310 to rich mixture φ=1.548. Lean mixture is range below φ=0.894 and rich is above 1.094 while nearly stoichiometric is between φ=0.894 to 1.094. The reactant then flows into nozzle before it was ignited to form premixed flame at perforated plate installed on the top of the nozzle. Fig.1. Experimental equipment. The perforated plated was installed to utilize thermal contact resistant for preserving temperature distribution which is more uniform in entire surface of the plate and ensure the uniformity flow for jatropha curcas oil with air during the combustion process. Perforated plate was made from steel and designed with geometrical matrix with 19 holes. The diameter of each hole was 2.5 mm and the distance between holes was 3.75 mm. The flame image was captured by camera in two experimental conditions: 1 premixed flame of jatropha curcas oil in contact with surrounding ambient air, 2 premixed flame of jatropha curcas oil shielded from surrounding ambient air. The jatropha curcas oil used in this experiment consists of 85 fatty acid and 15 glycerol. The component of fatty acids in jatropha curcas oil is listed in table 1. More than 55 jatropha curcas components are unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. The reaction of jatropha curcas oil with the oxidizer was estimated by simple molar analysis described with equation 1 and equation 2 as follows: 0.004C 8 H 18 O 2 + 0.005C 10 H 20 O 2 +0.056C 12 H 24 O 2 +0.082C 14 H 28 O 2 +0.013C 15 H 30 O 2 +13.690C 16 H 32 O 2 +0.875C 16 H 30 O 2 +0.084 C 17 H 34 O 2 +20.136C 18 H 36 O 2 + 57.959C 18 H 34 O 2 + 6.766C 18 H 32 O 2 + 0.187C 18 H 30 O 2 +0.067C 20 H 40 O 2 286 I. K. G. Wirawan et al. EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research 31 2014 283-292 + 0.023C 20 H 34 O 2 + 0.004C 22 H 44 O 2 +0.010C 24 H 48 O 2 +0.038 C 24 H 46 O 2 +33.68O 2 +3.76N 2 17.70CO 2 + 33.95H 2 O+126.63N 2 ................................................... 1 C 3 H 5 OH 3 + 3.5O 2 +3.76N 2 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O+13.16N 2 ................................................... 2 The equation 1 is the combustion reaction of equivalent fatty acids molecule from present data in table 1 and equation 2 is that of glycerol. From equation 1 and 2 the stoichiometric air fuel ratio AFR stoic of jatropha curcas oil was 14.87 g air g fuel. The equivalent ratio φ was calculated as the ratio of stoichiometric air fuel ratio to actual air fuel ratio. Table 1. Jatropha curcas oil composition from many references Gas Chromatography is used to determine the percentage of fatty acids in jatropha curcas oil collected from Malang, East Java-Indonesia. Fatty acids are formed by long carbon chain where the carbon is bound by a single or a double bond. Methyl group is present at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. The absence or presence of a double bond between carbons defines saturated and unsaturated fatty acids [14].

3. Results and discussion