x 4.1.2 Flexural Properties
60 4.1.3 Impact Properties
64
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions 68
5.2 Recommendation For Future Works 70
REFERENCES 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY
76
APPENDICES
77
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
1.1 Gantt chart for Final Year Project 1
5 1.2
Gantt chart for Final Year Project 2 6
2.1 Chemical composition of natural fibres [25]
19 2.2
Properties of natural fibre [26] 20
3.1 Properties of Polylactide Acid 6100D
36 3.2
Properties of pineapple leaf fibre 37
4.1 Average tensile properties of the sample
52 4.2
Comparison on tensile strength and modulus of elasticity for PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite between
experimental and theoretical 54
4.3 Comparison on tensile properties of PALF reinforced
PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH, theoretical and treated with silane coupling agent.
58
4.4 Average flexural strength and modulus of elastic result
60 4.5
Comparison on flexural properties of PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH,
theoretical and treated with silane coupling agent 62
4.6 Energy absorbed of plain PLA and PALF reinforced PLA
biocomposite samples 64
4.7 Comparison on energy absorbed of PALF reinforced PLA
biocomposite treated with NaOH and treated with silane coupling agent
65
xii 5.1
Summary of main findings from experimental work 68
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Classification of composite material respect to the
matrix constituent [17] 10
2.2 The molecular structure of PLA [9]
15 2.3
Molecular structure of polypropylene [4] 16
2.4 Categories of natural fibres [23]
17 2.5
Different kind of reinforcing natural fibres [24] 18
2.6 Structure of cell wall of the natural fibres [24]
19 2.7
Views of pineapple leaf 21
2.8 Optical micrograph of cross section of PALF [10]
22 2.9
Relationship between Young’s modulus and tensile strength versus volume fraction of pineapple leaf fibre
of PALFPP composite Arib et al .,2006 24
2.10 Graph of tensile strength and Young’s modulus versus
a mixing time and b rotor speed George et al., 1995 25
2.11 Flexural modulus versus volume fraction Arib et al.,
2006 26
2.12 Graph of work of fracture of PALF-Polyester composite
versus fibre content with fibre length of 30mm Dewi et al
., 1998 27
2.13 Typical structure of a untreated and b treated with
alkaline treatment [32] 30
3.1 Flowchart of the project research
33
xiv 3.2
Overview of research methodology 34
3.3 Flow of the fabrication process
35 3.4
Views of a polylactide acid and b pineapple leaf fibre
37
3.5 Views of PALF immersed in NaOH solution
38
3.6 Views of PALF were air dried
39 3.7
Graph of temperature versus time for the fabrication process
40
3.8 Compression moulding
41 3.9
PALFPLA composite plate a before and b after demoulded produced via hot press machine
41
3.10 Shearing machine
42 3.11
Tensile specimen 43
3.12 Tensile specimen with aluminum plate end tabbed
43 3.13
The dimension of the specimen for tensile test 45
3.14 Views of a Universal Testing Machine UTM for
tensile and flexural testing and b UTM during tensile test
45
3.15 Allowable range of loading nose and support radii in
ASTM D790 [36] 47
3.16 The dimension of the specimen for impact test
49 3.17
Scanning Electron Microscope 50
4.1 Graph of comparison on the tensile strength between
plain PLA and PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite 52
4.2 Graph of comparison on modulus of elasticity between
plain PLA and PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite 52
4.3 Graph of comparison on the tensile strength for PALF
reinforced PLA biocomposite between experimental and theoretical result
55
xv 4.4
Graph of comparison on the modulus of elasticity for PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite between
experimental and theoretical result 55
4.5 Visual observation on failed tensile test specimen of a
plain PLA and b PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite 57
4.6 SEM micrographs image of plain PLA specimen failed
in tensile test at a 100 x and b 500 x magnification 57
4.7 SEM micrographs image of PALF reinforced PLA
biocomposite specimen failed in tensile test at a 100 x and b 500 x magnification
57
4.8 Graph of comparison on the tensile strength for PALF
reinforced PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH, theoretical and treated with silane coupling
agent 58
4.9 Graph of comparison on break elongation for PALF
reinforced PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH and treated with silane coupling agent
59
4.10 Graph of comparison on flexural strength between plain
PLA and PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite 60
4.11 Graph of comparison on modulus of elasticity between
plain PLA and PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite 61
4.12 Graph of comparison on flexural strength for PALF
reinforced PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH and treated with silane coupling agent
62
4.13 Graph of comparison on modulus of elasticity for PALF
reinforced PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH and treated with silane coupling agent
63
4.14 Graph of comparison on the energy absorbed between
plain PLA and PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite specimens
65
4.15 Graph of comparison on the energy absorbed for PALF
reinforced PLA biocomposite between treated with NaOH and treated with silane coupling agent with plain
PLA as the control value 66
4.16 Visual observation on failed impact test specimen of a
plain PLA and b PALF reinforced PLA biocomposite 67
xvi 4.17
SEM micrographs image of plain PLA specimen failed in impact test at a 100 x and b 500 x magnification
67
4.18 SEM micrographs image of PALF reinforced PLA
biocomposite specimen failed in impact test at a 100 x and b 500 x magnification
67
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
v =
Volume fraction w
= Weight fraction
V =
Volume W
= Weight
°C =
Degree Celsius σ
= Stress
ε =
Strain E
= Modulus of Elasticity
= Percentage
wt =
Weight Percent
xviii
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TITLE
PAGE
A Results of tensile
78 B
Results of flexural 80
C Result of impact
81
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION