Example of AGV in the market Autonomous guided vehicle system in a factory Background of the Study

x LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Example of AGV in the market

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2.1 Autonomous guided vehicle system in a factory

7 2.2 Guide path of an AGV 8 2.3 A Pratt truss construction 12 2.4 A Pratt truss with addition of top polygon arc 13 2.5 A Parker truss but with exactly 5 pieces to the top chord 13 2.6 A lenticular truss construction 14 2.7 A Baltimore truss construction 15 2.8 Pennsylvania truss construction 15 2.9 A Whipple truss configuration 16 2.10 A construction of Warren truss 17 2.11 A double Warren truss configuration 17 2.12 A bowstring truss construction 18 2.13 A Fink truss configuration 18 2.14 Steel bridges construction trusses 19 2.15 Example drawing use CATIA software 21 2.16 Example of simulation results 22

2.17 SpaceClaim interface window

23 3.1 Flow chart for design and development of the structure 26 3.2 The first concept design 27 3.2 The first concept design 28 3.4 The third concept design 28 xi 3.5 An actual design of the AGV based on the concept design 31 3.6 System architecture conceptual model 33 3.7 The AGV wheel climb a slope 35 3.8 Non-design space for the AGV 37 4.1 A typical design process flow 39 4.2 CAE driven design process flow 40 4.3 The conceptual design process flow 41 4.4 Conceptual design of the AGV 42 4.5 The design space of the AGV 43 4.6 Topology optimization run window 44 4.7 The optimized design space 45 4.8 The imported model to SpaceClaim from solidThinking Inspire result 46 4.9 Design optimization flow 46 4.10 Design 1 with load path iteration new conceptual design 48 4.11 Von Mises Stress design 1 49 4.12 Design 1 optimization 49 4.13 Design 2 with load path iteration 1 50 4.14 Von Mises Stress for design 2 51 4.15 Design 2 optimization 51 4.16 Design 3 with load path iteration 2 52 4.17 Design 3 Von Mises Stress 52 4.18 Optimization design 3 53 4.19 Design 4 with load path iteration 3 53 4.20 Design 4 Von Mises Stress 54 4.21 Design 4 optimization 54 4.22 Design 5 with load path iteration 4 55 xii 4.23 Von Mises Stress value for design 5 55 4.24 Design 5 optimization 56 4.25 Design 6 with load path iteration 5 56 4.26 Von Mises Stress vale for design 6 57 4.27 Design 6 optimization 57 4.28 Design 7 with load iteration 6 58 4.29 Von Mises Stress for design 7 59 4.30 Final design 59 4.31 The AGV structure mass distribution 60 4.32 Von Mises Stress 61 xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATION AGV - Autonomous Guided Vehicle AGVS - Autonomous Guided Vehicle System BOM - Bill of Materials CAE - Computer Aided Engineering CAD - Computer Aided Design JIT - Just In Time WIP - Work In Progress STI - solidThinking Inspired 1 CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

For the last 10 years, the world economic growth rapidly and have been becomes the battle stage between the industrial companies. Because of this particular phenomenon, most companies lower their price by increasing their production quantity increase their sales in order to get the same profit margin. At this point, the situations affect the workers. When the production increases, the quantity parts supply also increase. The increasing of workload workers makes themselves stress and fatigue. This lead to the increasing of worker turnover rate for operating the production. This situation leads to the autonomous guided vehicle AGV implementation to support part supply operation. 30 to 80 percent of the total cost of production efficient material handling is critical to a manufacturing facilities success . According to Jones et al. 1998 Autonomous guided vehicle systems AGVS have become a key component for factory modernization and increased productivity with the recent advances in microprocessor and control system. The main concept of an autonomous guided vehicle AGV grasps all transport systems which are capable of functioning without driver assistance. When first introduced to industry, the AGV was in competition with driver operated material handling system such as pallet carts, fork lifts and tow tractors. However, since microprocessor technology has evolved, the capabilities and types of AGV system improved from time to time. Nowadays AGV is now in direct competition with other 2 forms of industrial transportation such as roller conveyors, belt conveyors and chain conveyors. According to Ali et al. 2010, AGV applications within the United States have grown remarkably during the last decade and are currently expanding at a 30 annual rate. AGVs can be found in nearly every sectors of industry. AGVs implementations are limited only by their operational applications and economic activity. AGV is introduced to support the supply system however the initial investment is very high and it cannot convince a certain company to invest such amount of money for the system. In this project, the focus research is more on a low cost of AGV with more energy efficient. Energy consumed is more on carrying the load, not for carrying its heavy body. This project is inspired by the ability of the ants, which can lift up to 5000 times of their own body weight as viewed in Your Universe Online website at http:www.redorbit.comnewsscience1113068168ant-neck-joint-helps-lift-weight- 021114 .

1.2 Problem Statement