3. Control Variable
Control variables in this study are the sales growth X
5
and Leverage X
6
. Each variable is expressed with a notation SGROW and DEBT sequentially. Garcia-
Teruel and Martinez-Solano, 2007; and Gama, 2015
3.3.2. Operational Variable
1. Dependent Variable
The dependent variable used in this research is returned on assets ratio ROA of the companies. Return on assets of the companies is a measurement of the ability
of the company as a whole in making the profit by the number of assets available within the company.
ROA = Earnings After Tax
Total Assets × 100
2. Independent Variable
Working capital is the companys investment in short-term assets such as cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable. The sub-variables:
a. The Number of Days Account Receivables
The Accounts receivable day is the number of days that a customer invoice is outstanding before it is collected. The point of the measurement is to determine
the effectiveness of a companys credit and collection efforts in allowing credit to
reputable customers, as well as its ability to collect cash from them. Agency theory as a basic in understanding corporate governance.
The formula for accounts receivable days is:
AR = Accounts Receivable
Annual Revenue × Number of days in the year
b. The Number of Days Inventories
Days sales in inventory DSI are a way to measure the average time required for a company to convert its inventory into sales. A small number of days sales in
inventory indicate that a company is more efficient at selling off its inventory.
The days sales in inventory figure are intended for the use of an outside financial analyst who is using ratio analysis to estimate the performance of a company. The
metric is less commonly used within a business since employees can access detailed reports that reveal exactly which inventory items are selling better or
worse than average. The formula is:
INV = Inventory
The cost of goods sold × 365
c. Current assets ratio A current asset is an item on an entitys balance sheet that is either cash, a cash
equivalent, or which can be converted into cash within one year. It can be formulated as follows Gama, Maria A P P M. 2015:
CAR = Current Assets
Total Assets
