the same time, however, the term ‘Loinang’ often also brought to mind a period when people lived more primitively than today and life was punctuated by intra-ethnic warfare.
Maps 4. Four views of the language situation on Sulawesi’s eastern peninsula
In summary, we can state: a ‘Loinang’ originally referred to certain groups living in the interior of the northern half of the peninsula, and by extension to their language; b even as an appellation for just
these people, it appears that Loinang was originally an exonym; c the further extension of the term Loinang to the entire area was a Dutch invention, which has been partly assimilated by the people
themselves; d even when people refer to themselves as being ethnically ‘Loinang’ in the broader sense, they refer to their language as Saluan; and e the term Loinang, perhaps in keeping with its
original reference, sometimes still carries connotations of not being properly civilized.
1.3.3 Saluan
According to Kruyt 1930, the term Saluan originally applied to a settled area on the northern coast of the eastern peninsula of Sulawesi,
10
but it came to be adopted as the name for the language spoken there and similar varieties elsewhere on the peninsula.
While Dutch authors of the first half of the twentieth century such as Adriani Adriani and Kruyt 1914:82–87, Gobée 1929, and Esser 1938 continued to use the term Loinang or less correctly,
Loinan, more recent authors—including among others Barr and Barr 1979, Rozali et al. 1982, Hente et al. 1984, Wumbu et al. 1986, Huong, Pawennari and Rahim 1995, and Hente, Baisu and Ansan
2000—have all preferred to use Saluan as the name for this language, and we heartily concur. During the course of our investigations, we encountered no objections to people calling their language Saluan,
even among so-called ‘Loinang’ peoples. The only exception was among the Batui, who insisted that their language was not Saluan. We return to this last point below.
1.3.4 Madi
The term Madi has also been employed as an alternate name for Saluan Goedhart 1908:476; Adriani and Kruyt 1914:544–555; Salzner 1960:14. It is derived from the negative term madi madiɁ ‘no,
not.’ This practice was promulgated by the Dutch, who were perhaps struck by the propensity for each
10
While Kruyt 1930:328 claimed that the original Saluan people inhabited an area on the kop ‘head’ of the eastern peninsula, other mapmakers that place Saluan generally locate it near present-day Toimaa and Lontio villages, or
roughly twenty-five kilometers west of Pagimana. See for example Topografischen Dienst 1940. Pinpointing the original denotation of ‘Saluan’ requires further investigation.
language to employ its own negative term.
11
Whilst such language names have been adopted and are still in use in a few places of Sulawesi, the convention of identifying languages after their negative term no
longer has currency in the Saluan area.
1.3.5 Baha and Batui
