Background material in text 7 Foreground material in text 7

Peak episode 18 19 20a–b 20c 20d–e 21a 21b 22 23 1 SG 1 SG lion 1 SG lion lion lion roar lion 1 SG past x3 anterior, present copula ni, past copula kala ni past past copula kala ni past copula kala ni negative copula kana x2 past copula kala ni past past anterior, present present x3, past Denouement 24 25a 25b 26a 26b–c lion lion lion God 1 SG 1 SG consecutive past conditional kala ‘if’+ past past anterior kala ‘past’ + anterior past continuous kala ‘past’ + cont. copula ni persisitive chere conditional, future continuous Denouement 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1 SG 1 SG 1 SG 1 SG 1 SG 1 SG 1 SG consecutive past past consecutive x4 past dependent condition x2, past past, negative perfective Conclusion 34 37 39 1 SG teachers 1 SG past, consecutive consecutive x2 past speech thru 36 speech thru 38 present, dependent

5.3.1 Background material in text 7

All sections of this narrative contain some background material, and the orientation section, most of the peak, and the first part of the denouement only contain background material. A large variety of tense and aspect marking is found in the background material. In the inciting and developmental episodes these include copula constructions, past tense, persistive aspect, negative inceptive aspect, general negative and dependent aspect to describe information about ongoing situations in the past see 7.11 below. In the peak episode past tense, past anterior, and present tense are used for flashbacks and repetitions, and in the denouement conditionals are used to express what could have happened. 7.11a Dzuwa ta-ri-dzangbwe-dung-a sawa sawa ta-ri-dzangbwe-tuluk-a sawa sawa, 5.sun NEG -5- INCEP -pierce- FV completely NEG -5- INCEP -emerge- FV completely 7.11b ku-chere chimiri-miri. 17- PERS half_light ‘The sun was not yet shining through, it had not yet come out fully, it was still only half light.’ In the inciting episode, there are four past tense markers in a row. Sentence 7.3 presents general information and 7.4–7.5 fill in the details the events are on the event line, but have been prefigured by the summary in 7.3 and so are treated as an elaboration of 7.3; the remaining event line verbs in this paragraph use consecutive tense marking see below. In the second developmental episode, there are six past tense markers and only one consecutive tense marker. This is because this episode describes events that happened repeatedly over a period of time 7.14–7.16, until the narrator emerged from the forest 7.17 with consecutive tense marking which happens only once.

5.3.2 Foreground material in text 7

In contrast to the variety of tenses and aspects found in background material, foreground material contains only past and consecutive tense markers. The first foreground clause in each paragraph uses the past tense. The consecutive tense in line 27 follows a dependent clause containing a past tense. The norm is for this past tense to be followed by consecutive tense marking when events occur in sequence, as in 7.10 see also 7.16–7.17, 7.31a, and 7.34. 7.10 Phahi ná-hal-a vitabu vyangu, n-chi-andz-a mwendo pore pore. so 1 SG . PS t-take- FV 7.books 7.1 SG . POS 1 SG - CONS -start- FV 3.way slowly ‘So I took my books and slowly set out.’ The peak episode only uses the past tense to describe events on the event line. These describe a number of events that happened in very quick succession, although the description is lengthened by the use of extensive background material and repetition. 7.19a Gafula ná-sikir-a chitu chi-na-vum-a, mvumo mkpwulu sana, suddenly 1 SG . PST -hear- FV 7.thing 7- PRES -roar- FV 3.roar 3.large very 7.19b ná-lol-a mkpwono wangu wa kushoto 1 SG . PST -look-fv 3.hand 3.1 SG . POS 3. ASS left 7.19c dza hivi ná-on-a dzi-nyama dzi-kulu sana. like this 1 SG . PST -see- FV 5-animal 5-large very ‘Suddenly I heard something roaring, a very great roar, I looked to the left at that moment I saw a very large animal.’

5.4 Movement expressions