she in sentence 4 and it should be followed through sentence 3 to find Alice as
the presupposition, hence it is also called remote.
3. Cohesion
Cohesion is textual markers that make links between one part of text and another Mei- yun, 1993: 12. The types of cohesion are classified under two
general terms. They are grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.
a. Grammatical Cohesion
Grammatical cohesion is the marking of semantic links between clauses and sentences in written discourse. It is categorized into three namely reference,
ellipsissubstitution, and conjunction.
1. Reference
According to McCarthy 1976: 35, reference items include pronouns, demonstratives, and articles like the and such a. Halliday and Hassan 1976: 37-
39 add another types of reference that is comparative. Personal reference can be identified by using devices such as pronoun, for example I, me, you, we, us, he,
him, she, her, they, them, it, and one. It can also be identified by the existence of determiner, for example mine, my, yours, your, ours, our, his, hers, her, their,
theirs, its, and one’s. The second type of reference is demonstrative which can be identified by
the existence of devices like this, that, these, those, who, whom, he, she, it, they, all of them,
few, many,
most, and several
Tiemersma in www.coherentwriting.com. The last one is comparative reference which can be
identified by the use of devices like same, identical, similarly, such, different, other, else, additional, more, less, and as many.
In identifying a textual reference item and its presupposition, a reader should notice whether it is anaphoric reference in which the presupposition of
reference can be identified in the preceding text or cataphoric reference in which the presupposition of reference can be identified in the following text Halliday
and Hasan, 1976: 56.
2. Ellipsis Substitution
Ellipsis is often referred to as “substitution by zero” Halliday and Hassan 1976: 142. Here is the example of ellipsis.
He loved her mother as much as any son would love his mother. In this example, the words in bracket are omitted because the content refers to the
previous presupposition. In substitution, the words in bracket can be replaced by the word do, however in ellipsis it can be omitted. Therefore, ellipsis is called
substitution by zero. In English, as it happens to ellipsis, the substitute has three function types.
The first is nominal substitution which functions as a noun, for instance the use of article one or ones:
These biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones. In this example, ones substit utes the use of the word biscuits. The second is verbal
substitution which functions as a verb, for example do: Never a woman in Windors knows more of Ann’s mind than I do.
In this case, the word do substitutes the word knows. The last is clausal substitution which functions as a clause. For instance:
Everyone seems to think he’s guilty. If so, no doubt he will offer to resign. In this case, so, substitutes for he’s guilty.
3. Conjunction
