Word Formation In Online Oxford English Dictionary (A Study of Etymology)

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3 Respawn Affixation Process 25

4 Hexacopter Affixation Process 26

5 Obamacare Compound Process 28

6 Silvertail Compound Process 29

7 Neckbeard Compound Process 30

8 Clickbait Compound Process 31

9 Ship Clipping Process 33

10 Jel Clipping Process 35

11 Perf Clipping Process 35

12 YOLO Acronym Process 36

13 IDC Initialism 38

14 SMH Initialism 40

15 WDYT Initialism 41

16 Arancini Borrowing Process 43

17 Tiki-taka Borrowing Process 44

18 Marmite Inventing Process 45

19 Crazy Conversion or Functional Shift 46

20 Thing Conversion or Functional Shift 47

21 Headcam Blending Process 48

1

This chapter presents background to the study, research questions, objectives, significance to knowledge and framework of the theories.

1.1Background to the Study

In communication, it is important that information and concepts are conveyed correctly to avoid misunderstanding. Language is a tool for communicating these concepts through words, phrases, and sentences. To make these concepts understood similarly between the people using the language, agreement on what word represents what concept is essential. Metaphorically, when a baby was born, the parents will give a name to the baby. Over time, the name is identified as representing that particular baby. The same is true for new words in a language. The concept, which represents a particular human’s experience, is named and agreed by the language users, and the name, or word, is identified as representing that concept or the new things. As stated by Booji in The Grammar of Words, ‘The main reason for changing the lexical norm of a language is that language users need expressions for new concepts, or new things.” (2005: 275). Hence, new words are created to label new concepts. These new words may be originated from existing words, albeit with new interpretation or modification due to the dynamic use of language among the users.

The word ‘Selfie’ is discussed as an example. It is morphologically formed by combining two bound morphemes, morpheme ‘self’ and morpheme ‘–ie’through a process identified as an affixation process. Semantically, the morphemes ‘self’ and ‘ -ie’, respectively, mean the entire person of an individual and one belonging to. These two morphemes are combined into a new word. However, the meaning of this new word is different from the meaning of its original morphemes. Therefore, a change of meaning occurs from the original meaning of ‘the entire person of an individual’ and ‘one belonging to’ to ‘a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically taken with smartphone or webcam and shared it via social media’ as defined in the Online Oxford English dictionary.

The word ‘Selfie’ was never used in English daily conversation before the 21th century. Oxford Dictionary Blog stated that the word ‘Selfie’ first appeared in Australia in 2002 but it was not popular at that time. With the advances in capturing images using cameras, especially with the availibility of high quality camera in mobile phones, more people become familiar with the word ‘Selfie’. People use it to refer to pictures taken by themselves. Jude Pearsall, an editor for Oxford Dictionary, said that ‘Selfie’ became popular because of social media such as Flickr. The word ‘Selfie’ is then accepted and commonly used by english-speaking people. Related to the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this word was officially listed in Online Oxford English Dictionary in August 2013.

According to the discussion of the word ‘selfie‘ above, it can be assumed that a new word cannot be formed for granted. All happens with a certain reason. Reaching the goal, there are several processes used in its formation, such as compounding, shortenings, borrowing, back formation, conversion, and inventing, and affixation, as proposed by Brinton (2002) and Finegan (2008).

Related to this research, there are several researchers who also have conducted research on word formation. The first research entitled ‘The Study of English Word Formation in American Comic Strip: Superman vs The Amazing Spiderman and Batman vs the Incredible Hulk’ was conducted by Tri Rahmiati (2012), a student of UPI Bandung. The second research is ‘An Analysis of Word Formation Used in Twilight Novel by Stephanie Meyer and Twilight Movie’ conducted by a student of Universitas Sriwijaya, Melisa Nova Nanda (2013). Both researchers have focused on the word formation only. In order to make this research different, analysis of the origin of word and meaning properties are included.

1.2Research Questions

Based on the explanation in the background to the study above, the research questions in this research can be formulated as follows:

1. What processes of word formations are identified in the data? 2. What meanings in each morpheme are identified in the data? 3. What histories of words are found in the data?

1.3Objectives

In order to answer the research questions above, the objectives will be as the follows:

1. To identify the process of word formation in the data.

2. To describe the element of morphology involves in the word formation. 3. To describe the history of words involved in the data.

1.4Significance to Knowledge

This research has some purposes, theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it is expected that this research provides a brief explanation and knowledge to readers about how a new word is formed and how to look into the origin and the meaning properties of words. Practically, the readers can understand the meaning of the word without opening dictionary and can help the readers try to form new words by using the processes in word formation to express a new activity.

1.5Framework of the Theories

Several theories are used to analyze the data, starting from the theories of word formation process by Brinton (2002) as the grand theory to Finegan (2008) as the supporting theory. Brinton (2000: 85) stated “English has a number of means by which morphs combine or are altered to form new words”. In order to form a new

word, several processes are involved, namely derivation process, reduplication, conversion or functional shift, compound, blends, back formations, shortenings, and idioms.

In order to make the explanation clear, the theory of Finegan (2006) is used as the supporting theory. Finegan’s theory proposes, “in some societies, the needed for new nouns, adjectives, and verb arises frequently, and addition to these categories occur freely. For these reason nouns, adjectives, and verbs are called open classes.’ (2008: 46). According to the statement, it can be understood that the word formation is derived from an open class through some processes. Adding to Brinton’s theory, Finegan (2006: 50-51) mentioned other processes to create a new word. Those are semantic shift process, borrowed words, and inventing words. Brinton’s and Finegan’s theories are used to analyze the process of word formation morphologically.

This research does not only analyze the process of word formation morphologically, but also covers the issue when the change of word meaning is involved. The change of meaning can be discovered using the universal concept of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), which is explained by Godard and Wierzbicka (2007). This theory is used to analyze the meaning properties of the new word by using componential analysis.

In addition to the analysis of word formation morphologically and semantically, the new word is also analyzed in terms of its history. The history of the word can be

analyzed by looking at the followings: who invents the new word, when the new word was initially formed, and why the new word appeared. In the relation of history’s elements, Liberman’s theory (2008) is used as the etymological approach. This theory is used to find out the elements of history in the data found.

7 2.1 Etymology

Etymology is a term deals with history or origin of words. As dictionary.cambridge.org stated, “Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words, or a study of this type relating to particular word‖. With this study, how a word is formed or adapted as well as the origin of a word can be identified. Wedgwoodi (2009: i) also stated, ―etymology is the study to know the earliest meaning of a word and what are the cognate forms either in our own or in related languages.‖ It assumed that etymology is focused on analyzing the earliest meaning or the history of words and identifying whether a newly formed word adapted from other language still has the same meaning or whether the meaning has been modified in the process of formation.

After recognizing etymology as the study of the origin of words, it is apparent that etymology is a necessary tool to analyze data on new word formation in order to understand the overall process during the word formation. The focus of etymology in this research is only on new word formation.

2.1.1 Etymology of Word Formation

Many English is adapted from several languages. It is argued that English has many words with Latin, Greek, France, or Germanic origins. As Carstairs (2002:100)

stated, England was used West Germanic (Dutch, German, Frisian, and Afrikaans) as their language and less closely to the North Germanic languages (Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faeroese). On the other hand, England was ruled by France for a long period. A monarch and nobility whose native language was a variety of French set French as a language of law and administration and expected people of England to learn French. Thus, it affected England to speak French. That is the fact why it is not surprising if English vocabulary contains of many languages. English also has affixes borrowed in other languages such as Germanic, Latin, Greek or Romance. For example:-ish, -ed, -en, -er, -hood are Germanic affixes and –ion, ant, -ess, -ist are Romance or Greek affixes.

Related to the paragraph above, etymology is closely related to word formation, because every word formed has its own history. For example, when the word is formed by adding prefixes or suffixes, the meaning can be understood by seeking the history of each morpheme. Carstairs (2002: 100) suggested ―in derivational morphology, history sheds light particular on the distribution of free and bound roots and on the differences in productivity.‖ Related to the theory, this research will focus on analyzing etymology in the distribution of free and bound morpheme in the data.

Through etymology, the meaning or origin of the data is identified and specific information about them is sought. To add to the clarity of this research clearer, further steps were taken to analyze the data by adding morphological and semantic analysis.

Morphology is used to analyze the process of the word formation whereas semantics is used to discover the particular meaning of the data.

2.2 Morphology

The study of words structure is morphology. As Katamba (1993: 19) stated “morphology is the study of words structure.‖ Morphology is always related to the structure of words. Besides talking about the words structure, this study also discusses about the formation of words. As stated by Aronoff “in linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they are formed.” Based on the theory, it is explained that the morphology concerns about internal structure of words and also in the formation of word. .

The words have internal structure such as morpheme. The Morpheme is a smaller element of words. It is stated by Brinton (2002: 75), “the morpheme is not necessarily equivalent to a word, but may be a smaller unit.‖ Some morphemes can stand alone as a word and some cannot. The morpheme that can stand alone as a word is called as free morpheme. As Katamba (1993: 41) stated, “a free morpheme is one that can stand on its own –that is, it‘s an entire word.‖ The free morpheme has a full meaning without linking to other morpheme such as body, book, run, and bottle. Whereas, bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone as word. Katamba (1993: 41) mentioned that “A bound morpheme cannot stand on its own, but rather must be attached to a free morpheme.‖ The bound morpheme is the morpheme that

has to link to free morpheme to give function or characteristic the free morpheme. In order to combine both morphemes, it cannot be combined for granted. There is a process behind that and it is called word formation process.

2.2.1 Word Formation

As stated by Plag (2001:12), ―words that are obviously composed by putting together smaller elements to form larger words with more complex meanings.‖ It is implied that in creating a new word, smaller elements are combined to create the new words with complex meanings and sometimes there is a change in its meaning and word class.

In order to create the new words, there are some processes in word formation such as affixation, shortenings (clipping, initialsm, and acronym), borrowing, conversion or functional shift, inventing, and compounding

2.2.1.1 Affixation

Affixation is a common process to create new words, as proposed by Finegan (2008: 46). This process is creating new word by adding some morpheme into existing words through prefixes and suffixes. From the process, the meaning and/or the word class of the formed word may be changed. Brinton (2002: 86) stated the addition of derivational affix to a root produces a new word with one or more of the changes such as a phonological change (including stress change), a semantic change, and a change in word class. When prefixes un-, pre-, and dis-, for example, are

combined with free morpheme, they may give the opposite meaning and change in word class, but sometimes there is no change in class word; untrue (verb to adjective), unpopular (adjective to adjective), premix (verb to n), prewash (verb to noun), disappear (verb to verb), and disapprove (verb to verb).

Different from prefixes, suffixes may not describe the opposite meaning of the free morphem. Brinton (2002: 87) argued, “suffixes have two functions: to change the meaning of the root and to change the part of speech.‖ It is said when a new word is formed by adding suffix into a free morpheme, it changes meaning or the part of speech. For example, when suffix –ment is added to a verb agree and aggreement, it change the verbs into nouns, agreement and arrangement.

2.2.1.2 Shortenings

Shortening is a process of creating a new word by removing part of a word and it is divided into three parts, those are, acronym, initialism, and clipping.

a. Acronym

Acronym is the initial letters in a group of word and pronounced as a word. As Finegan (2008: 48) said ―acronym is shortenings in which the initial letters of an expression are joined and pronounced as a word‖. For example: NATO  North Atlantic Treaty Organization

AIDS  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome RADAR  RAdio Detecting And Ranging

b. Initialism

Initialism is the initial letters in a group of word and pronounced as a sequence of letters. For example:

NYU  New York University UK  United Kingdom

USA  United State of America

c. Clipping

Brinton (2002: 98) said ―clipping is the result of deliberately dropping part of a word, usually either the end or the beginning, or less often both, while retaining the same meaning and same word class.‖ This process is creating a new word by removing the parts of a word, it can be removing the beginning part of a word, removing the end part of a word or removing the beginning – end part of a word. For example:

Beginning: this part is creating new words by removing the beginning part of a word.

Burger  Hamburger Phone  Telephone

End: this part is creating new words by removing the end part of a word. Fan  Fanatic

Beginning and End: this part is creating new words by removing the beginning and the end part of a word.

Flu  Influenza Fridge  Refrigerator

2.2.1.3 Compounding

Compounding is a process of creating a new word with combined two or more free roots. As stated by Brinton (2002: 93) “a compound is a combination of two or

more free roots‖. As followings: Homeland - land which is one’s home

Homemade - something which is made at home Homebody - someone who stays at home Homestead - a place which is a home Homework - work which is done at home Homerun - a run to home

Homemaker - a person who makes (cares for) the home

2.2.1.4 Blending

The blending process is the combination of compound and clipping process. As Brinton (2002: 97) said, “a blend process involves two process of word formation, compounding and clipping.‖ This process usually creates a new word by removing the end part of the first word and removing the beginning part of the second word

resulting in a new word, the combination of the two free roots. Concerning about it, Brinton (2002: 97) mentioned “two free words are combined and blended, usually by clipping off the end of the first word and the beginning of the second word.‖ For example:

Sm (oke) + (F) og > Smog Mo (tor) + (ho) tel > Motel Spr (ay) + (tw) ig > Spring

2.2.1.5 Conversion or Functional Shift

Conversion or functional shift is creating a new word without adding or removing element of word, but this process is creating a new word with changing the part of speech or the function of the word so it will appear new sense in the word. Brinton (2002: 91) argued, “a functional shift is the conversion of one part of speech to another without the addition of a suffix.‖ Finegan (2008: 49) also said ―in some language, a word belonging to one category can be converted to another category without any changes to the form of the word.‖ As Following:

I clean my room.

A word clean in the sentence above has a function as a predicate or verb. My room is clean.

Different with the example before, a word clean in the sentence above has a function as an adjective.

2.2.1.6 Inventing Words

This process is creating a new word by using a popular brand, place, or name of popular person. Finegan (2008: 52) stated that ―inventing words from scratch is not common. The advantages of using familiar elements in forming new words and the ease of borrowing from other languages make inventing new words rare.‖ For example, people who use internet now commonly use the word google.

She is googling to search the information about Bandung.

2.2.1.7 Borrowing

This is a process of creating a new word with borrowing a word from another language. Finegan stated that:

In turn, many languages have welcomed English words into their stock, although some cultures resist borrowings. The Japanese have drafted the words beesubooru ‗baseball‘, futtobooru ‗football‘ and booringu

‗bowling‘ along with the sports they name, trading them for judo, jujitsu, and karate, which have joined the English-language team (2008: 52).

The theory above shows that in borrowing a word from another language it usually changes their utterance or writing, but still it has a same meaning

2.2 Semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning. As Palmer (1976:1) stated that ―semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning.‖ It technically talks about the meaning of the word. This study provides the ideas to seek the meaning of the

data by breaking down it into smaller semantic components using NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) approach suggested by Goddard. Goddard (2007:459) argued, ―The Natural Semantic Metalanguage is a decompositional system of meaning representation based on empirically established universal semantic primes, i.e., simple indefinable meanings which appear to be present as word-meanings in all

language‖.

This is the semantic primes, grouped into related categories.

 Substantives: I, YOU, SOMEONE, SOMETHING/THING, PEOPLE, BODY

 Relational substantives: KIND, PART

 Determiners: THIS, THE SAME, OTHER/ELSE  Quantifiers: ONE, TWO, MUCH/MANY, SOME, ALL  Evaluators: GOOD, BAD

 Descriptors: BIG, SMALL

 Mental predicates: THINK, KNOW, WANT, FEEL, SEE, HEAR  Speech: SAY, WORDS, TRUE

 Actions, events, movement, contact: DO, HAPPEN, MOVE,TOUCH  Location, existence, possession, specification: BE (SOMEWHERE), BE/EXIST, HAVE, BE (SOMEONE/SOMETHING)

 Life and death: LIVE, DIE

TIME, FOR SOME TIME, MOMENT/IN ONE MOMENT

 Space: WHERE/PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, NEAR, FAR, SIDE, INSIDE

 Logical concepts: NOT, MAYBE, CAN, BECAUSE, IF  Intensifier, augmentor: VERY, MORE

 Similarity: LIKE/AS

Here the definition of children using NSM as an example: Children

• people of one kind

• people of this kind have lived for a short time, not a long time • because of this, their bodies are small

• when people are like this, they can do some things, they can’t do many other things • because of this, if other people don’t do some good things for them, bad things can

happen to them

• all people are like this for some time before they can be not like this

In order to analyze the data, the writer decided to use NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) approach. This approach is assumed compatible for seeking the meanings in smaller semantic elements.

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This chapter explains about the object, the method, and the way data are collected and analyzed.

3.1 Research Object

The topic under discussion is word formation. According to Plag (2002: 12), word formation is ‘words that are obviously composed by putting together smaller elements to form larger words with more complex meanings’. In this research, the writer focused on analyzing the processes used and the history of the new words by aiming to know the factors origin of the new words. NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) is also used to analyze the meaning of the new words.

For this research, the data are collected from online Oxford English dictionary as the main source of the research data. This particular online dictionary is chosen because it contains a lot of relevant data. To make more specific, the data taken only new words listed in available months of 2014.

3.2 Research Method

“Penelitian kualitatif adalah tradisi tertentu dalam ilmu pengetahuan sosial yang secara fundamental bergantung pada pengamatan manusia dalam kawasannya sendiri dan memiliki ciri-ciri seperti latar alamiah, manusia sebagai alat, teori dasar, deskriptif lebih mementingkan proses daripada hasil dan adanya batas yang ditentukan oleh fokus.”

By referring to that definition, this research is qualified as a qualitative research as it uses human as an instrument to discover and observe phenomena by applying his knowledge in his field. The grand theory used to discover and observe the phenomena of word formation is Brinton’s theory.

The method used in this qualitative research is the analytic descriptive approach as this approach matches the objective of the study, as stated by Sugiyono (2007: 14), ―digunakan untuk menganalisa data dengan cara mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana adanya.” Thus, the data are analyzed and described in their nature by applying grand and supporting theories mentioned earlier.

3.2.1 Data Collection

Data were collected in this study through several steps. First, before taking the data, several theories are used to analyze the data. Second, oxforddictionaries.com was selected as the main source to get the necessary data. Third, the data were taken from the new words listed in the available months of 2014. There are seventy new words found in the data source. However, only twenty of seventy data were analyzed, because some of them have the similar type. Fourth, the data, then, were classified

into words and phrases. To make the analysis more focus, it was decided that only words were analyzed in this research. Finally, the data were analyzed morphologically by analyzing the process of word formation, semantically by analyzing the meaning properties of each morpheme, and etymologically by seeking the history of the words to know where and when the word first appeared and developed.

3.2.2 Data Analysis

The collected and classified data were analyzed through several steps. First, the new words were examined based on the process of the formation. Then, the new words were analyzed to identify the processes used in forming them. After identifying the process of formation, the meaning of the new words was analyzed and the origin of the new words was studied, including when the new words first appeared and what factors influence the concept of meaning. Lastly, the new words were analyzed based on the meaning of each morphemes using NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) to reveal changes in meaning, if any. When a change in meaning was found, a closer look to the elements was performed to identify the elements that are removed and/or maintained.

Some theories are used to analyze the data. The morphological analysis was performed based on the theories of Brinton (2000) and Finegan (2008). In NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) analysis, theory of Godard and Wierzbicka (2007)

was used. Theory of Liberman (2008) was used to discover the history of the new words.

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This chapter describes the analysis of word formation found in Online Oxford English Dictionary. There are some processes in word formation; derivation, reduplication, conversion or functional shift, compound, blends, back formation, shortenings, borrowing. Here are the data analyses.

4.1 Word Formation with Affixation Process

Derivation process (also called affixation process) is argued as a common way of creating new words. This process is identified as creating a new word by adding some bound morpheme, prefixes and/or suffixes, to free morpheme.

Data 1

‗Particular streets in New York might be redesign, creating ‗walkable and

bikeable streets‘.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bikeable

Bikeable. This new word is identified as an adjective derived from a verb bike. It consists of free morpheme [bike(v)] and bound morpheme -[–ablesuffix(adj)]. This free morpheme means ride a bicycle or motorcycle. This word historically is abbreviation from bicycle. It first appeared in late 19th century coined from bi- which means two + Greek kyklos which means circle or wheel. On the other hand, the bound morpheme

aims to give characteristic to the verb to form adjective meaning; capable of. This morpheme first appeared in Late Middle English and it was originated from Old French 14th century, that is, hable. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Bikeable(adj)]

[Bike(v)] [-ablesuffix(adj)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[ACTIVITY OF RIDING] + [TOOLS WITH TWO AND CIRCLE WHEELS] +

[CAPABLE OF]

Since the activity of this ‘riding’ involves the concepts of [PLACE] and [MOUNTAIN] as a result in the way in which this activity has been done, the meaning properties for bikeable are:

[ACTIVITY OF RIDING] + [TOOLS WITH TWO AND CIRCLE WHEELS] + [CAPABLE OF] + [PLACE] + [MOUNTAIN]

Thus, the concept of bikeable is defined as an environment suitable or safe for cyclist. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in May 2014.

Data 2

‗I would love to see something more ―snacky‖ on the appetizers menu to go

with drinks whilst sitting at the bar.‘

Snacky. This new word is identified as an adjective derived from a noun snack. It consists of free morpheme [snack(n)] - a small quantity of food or a light meal and bound morpheme [–ysuffix(adj)] aims to give characteristic to the noun to form adjective meaning; having quality of. This free morpheme [snack(n)] first appeared in Middle English 1680’s and it was originated from Middle Dutch 1300’s that is, snacken. Meanwhile, the bound morpheme –y was originated from Germanic that is –ig which has the same meaning. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Snacky(adj)] [snack(n)] [-ysufix(adj)]

This figure initiates the description of following meaning properties. [A LIGHT MEAL OR A SMALL QUANTITY OF FOOD]

+

[HAVING QUALITY OF]

Since the concept of [A LIGHT MEAL OR A SMALL QUANTITY OF FOOD] + [HAVING QUALITY OF] are added with the concept of [DENOTING OR RELATING TO] and [FOOD SUITABLE FOR EATING BETWEEN MEALS] as a result in the time when this kind of food is consumed, the meaning properties for snacky are:

[A LIGHT MEAL OR A SMALL QUANTITY OF FOOD] + [HAVING QUALITY OF] + [FOOD SUITABLE FOR EATING BETWEEN MEALS]

Thus, the concept of snacky is defined as denoting or relating to food suitable for eating between meals or as a light, casual meal. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word in May 2014.

Data 3

‗If an enemy defender gets destroyed, he will be respwnedafter 20 seconds.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/respawn

Respawn. This new word is identified as a verb derived from a verb spawn. It consists of bound morpheme [re-prefix(v)] and free morpheme [spawn(v)]. Bound morpheme [re-prefix(v)] aims to give repetition to the verb to form verb meaning; a repetitive of a word. It first appeared in Middle English and origin from Latin re- or red-; back or again. Free morpheme [spawn(v)] means an action to produce or generate something. It was originated from Latin expandere; expand Old French espandre; pour out and Anglo Norman French espaundre; to shed roe. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Respawn(verb)] [re-prefix(v)] [spawn(v)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [REPETITIVE OF A WORD]

+

Since the concept of [REPETITIVE OF A WORD] + [ACTION] + [PRODUCE OR GENERATE SOMETHNG] are added with the concept of [GAMERS] + [CHARACTER IN VIDEO GAME] + [REAPPEAR AFTER BEEN KILLED] as a result in the time when the character in video game can be back to the game after being killed because still has another life, the meaning properties for respawn are:

[ACTION] + [PRODUCE OR GENERATE SOMETHNG] + [GAMERS] + [CHARACTER IN VIDEO GAME] + [REAPPEAR AFTER BEEN KILLED]

Thus, the concept of respwan is defined as reappear after having been killed. This new word added into Online Oxford English Dictionary in December 2014.

Data 4

‗When the hexacopter arrived at their location, it would hover in place.‘ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hexacopter

Hexacopter. This new word is identified as a noun derived from a noun copter. It consists of bound morpheme [hexa-prefix(n)] and free morpheme [copter(n)]. This bound morpheme [hexa-prefix(n)] aims to give element six to the noun to form noun meaning and it was originated from Greek hex; six. Respectively, free morpheme [copter(n)] historically is informal from helicopter; a type of aircraft deriving both lift and propulsion from one or two sets of horizontally revolving rotors and capable of moving vertically and horizontally. This free morpheme first appeared in late 19th century and it was originated from French that is helicoptere, from Greek

helix; spiral + pteron; wing. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Hexacopter(n)]

[hexa-prefix(n)] [copter(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [ELEMENT HAVING SIX ANGLE]

+

[TOOL/INSTRUMENT] + [AIRCRAFT] + [MOVING VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY] Since the concept of [ELEMENT HAVING SIX ANGLE] + [TOOL/INSTRUMENT] + [AIRCRAFT] + [MOVING VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY] are added with the concept of [HAVING SIX ROTORS] as a result in the time when the helicopter has six rotors, the meaning properties for hexacopter are:

[TOOL/INSTRUMENT] + [AIRCRAFT] + [MOVING VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY] + [HAVING SIX ROTORS]

Thus, the concept of hexacopter is defined as an unmanned helicopter having six rotors. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in August 2014.

4.2 Word Formation with Compound process

This category explained the data of compound process. Compound process is a combination of two or more free roots or disposition for putting words together to create new words.

Data 5

‗Supporters of Obamacare point out that private health insurance was hardly

perfect before 2010‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Obamacare

Obamacare. This new word is categorized as a noun and formed by combining two free morphemes. It consists of free morpheme [Obama(n)] and free morpheme [care(n)]. [Obama(n)] is known as the name of 44th and current of the president of United States of America and the later is defined as the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something. This morpheme first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Proto-Germanic karo; lament, grief, or care. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Obamacare(n)]

[Obama(n)] [Care(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [PERSON] + [NAME OF 44TH AND CURRENT PRESIDENT OF USA]

+

[ATTENTION OR PROTECTION OF SOMETHING OR SOMEONE] Since the concept of [PERSON] + [NAME OF 44TH

AND CURRENT PRESIDENT OF USA] + [ATTENTION OR PROTECTION OF SOMETHING OR SOMEONE] are added with the concept of [PRESIDENT WORK PROGRAM] + [INSURANCE OF HEALT FOR U.S CITIZENS] as a result when Obama campaign his work program in citizens health, the meaning properties for obamacare are:

[PERSON] + [NAME OF 44TH AND CURRENT PRESIDENT OF USA] + [PRESIDENT WORK PROGRAM] + [INSURANCE OF HEALT FOR U.S CITIZENS]

Thus, the concept of obamacare is defined as an informal term for a federal law intended to improve access to health insurance for US citizens. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

Data 6

‗The area is not uniformly full of silvertails sending their kids to elite private

schools‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/silvertail

Silvertail. This new word is categorized as a noun and formed by combining two free morphemes. It consists of free morpheme [silver(n)] and free [tail(n)]. The free morpheme [silver(n)] means a shiny grey-white color or appearance like that of silver. This morpheme first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Germanic related to Dutch that is zilver. One after the other, the free morpheme [tail(n)] means

the lower or hanging part at the back of a shirt or a man‘s formal evening suit with

such a coat. This morpheme first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Middle Low German that is tagel. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Silvertail(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [COLOR] + [SHINY GREY-WHITE]

+

[LOWEST PART OF COAT OR FORMAL SUITE]

Since the concept of [COLOR] + [SHINY] + [LOWEST] + [COAT OR FORMAL SUITE] are added with the concept of [PERSON] refers to people in middle age + [HAVING SOCIAL PROMINENT] as a result when people have a power or considered important in society, the meaning properties for silvertail are:

[PERSON] + [SHINY] + [LOWEST] + [COAT OR FORMAL SUITE] + [HAVING SOCIAL PROMINENT]

Thus, the concept of silvertail is defined as a person who is socially prominent or who displays social aspirations. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

Data 7

‗Aneckbeardis like a wild, untamed wilderness located beneath one‘ chin.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/neckbeard

Neckbeard. This new word is categorized as a noun and formed by combining two free morphemes. It consists of free morpheme [neck(n)]; the part of a person or animal body connecting the head to the rest of the body and free morpheme [beard(n)]; a growth of hair on the chin and lower cheeks of a man‘s face. The free morpheme [neck(n)] first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Proto-Germanic that

is hnekk; the nape of the neck cognate from Old Frisian hnnekka, Middle Dutch necke. Whereas the free morpheme [beard(n)] first appeared in Old English related to Dutch baard and Germanic bart which have the same meaning. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Neckbeard(n)]

[Neck(n)] [Beard(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [PART OF BODY] + [PERSON/ANIMAL]

+

[HAIR] + [CHIN AND LOWER CHEEKS]

Since the concept of [PART OF BODY] + [PERSON/ANIMAL] + [HAIR] + [CHIN AND LOWER CHEEKS] are added with the concept of [POOR GROOMING] as a result when a man has beard in his neck with poor combing, the meaning properties for neckbeard are:

[PART OF BODY] + [PERSON/ANIMAL] + [HAIR] + [CHIN AND LOWER CHEEKS] + [POOR GROOMING]

Thus, the concept of neckbeard is defined as a growth of hair on a man’s neck, especially when regarded as indicative of poor grooming. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in August 2014.

Data 8

‘They’re essentially just clickbait blog post.’

Clickbait. This new word is categorized as a noun and formed by combining two free morphemes. It consists of free morpheme [click(v)] and free morpheme [bait(n)]. The free morpheme [click(v)] means to strike, move, or produce with a click. This morpheme first appeared in late 16th century and it was originated from Dutch and East Frisian klikken; to click. While the free morpheme [bait(n)] means something used in luring specially to a hook or trap. This morpheme first appeared in Middle English and it was originated from Old Norse beit; pasture, food or beita; to hunt or chase. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Clickbait(n)] [Click(v)] [Bait(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [ACTION] + [TO STRIKE OR MOVE]

+

[SOMETHING] + [USED IN LURING] + [TO ATTRACH]

Since the concept of [ACTION] + [TO STRIKE OR MOVE] + [SOMETHING] + [USED IN LURING] + [TO ATTRACH] are added with the concept of [VISITORS] + [WEB PAGE] as a result when a content in web page made to attract people to click the link, the

meaning properties for clickbait are:

[SOMETHING] + [TO ATTRACT] + [VISITORS] + [TO STRIKE OR MOVE] + [WEB PAGE] Thus, the concept of clickbait is defined as a content whose main purpose is to attract attention and encourage visitors to click on a link to particular web page. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in August 2014.

4.3 Word Formation with Shortenings Process

Shortenings divided into three parts. Those are clipping, acronym, and initialism forms have in common the deletion of sound without respect to morphological boundaries.

4.3.1 Clipping

Clipping is a process of creating a new word with removing the first, the end, the first and the end of parts in words.

Data 9

‗Their dedication to their shipsis scary sometimes.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ship#ship-2

Ship. This new word is categorized as a noun and formed by removing the beginning part of a word [relationship(n)]. This word first appeared in 1644 century combined from free morpheme [relation(n)] and bound morpheme [–shipsuffix(n)]. This free morpheme is categorized as a noun; the way in which two or more people or things are connected or related. It first appeared in Middle English and was originated from Anglo-French relacioun, Old French relacion; bring back, restoring. Furthermore, the bound morpheme [–shipsuffix(n)] aims to give quality or condition to the noun to form noun meaning. This morpheme first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Dutch –schap, German –schaft. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Relationship(n)]

[Relation(n)] [-shipsuffix(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [TWO OR MORE PEOPLE] + [CONNECT]

+

[CONDITION OR QUALITY]

Since the concept of [TWO OR MORE PEOPLE] + [CONNECT] + [CONDITION OR QUALITY] are added with the concept of [BINDING] + [PARTICIPANT] as a result when a couple have a relation between each other, the meaning properties for

relationship/ship are:

[TWO OR MORE PEOPLE] + [BINDING] + [CONNECT] + [PARTICIPANT] + [CONDITION OR QUALITY]

Thus, the concept of ship is defined as the relation connecting or binding participants. This new word added into Online Oxford English Dictionary in May 2014.

Data 10

‗We‘re in the hot tub—are you jel?‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/jel

Jel. This new word is categorized as an adjective and formed by removing the end part from a word jealous; intolerant of rivalry or unfaithfulness. The word [jealous(adj)] first appeared in Middle English and it was originated from Old French

gelos, from Medieval Latin zelosus; having or showing zeal. There is no changed in the meaning but the change happened in writing. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Jealous(adj)] The meaning properties for jealous/jel are:

[INTOLERANT] + [RIVALRY/UNFAITHFULNESS] As a result when a people envious with someone.

Thus, the concept of jel is defined as intolerant of rivalry or unfaithfulness. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

Data 11

‘Overall, our perf was decent.’

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/perf

Perf. This new word is categorized as a noun and it formed by removing the end part from a word performance; the execution of an action. The word [Performance(n)] formed from free morpheme [perform(v)]; carry out, accomplish, or fulfill an action, task, or function and bound morpheme [–ancesuffix(n)]. This free morpheme perform is categorized as a verb. It first appeared in Middle English and was originated from Old French parfoumir from par; through, to completion + foumir; furnish, provide. Moreover, the bound morpheme suffix [–ancesuffix(n)] aims to give instance of action or process to the noun to form noun meaning and it was

originated from Latin that is –antia. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Performance(n)]

[Perform(v)] [-ancesuffix(n)] The meaning properties for performance/perf are:

[AN ACTION] + [PROCESS] + [CARRY OUT SOMETHING]

Thus, the concept of perf is defined as the execution of an action. This new word added into Online Oxford English Dictionary in May 2014.

4.3.2 Acronym

Acronym is the initial letters of words in a group and pronounced as a word.

Data 12

‗I‘m tempted to shout ‗YOLO‘ at him, but remember I‘m not 14.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/YOLO

YOLO. This new word is formed by initialing from group word you only live once and pronounced as a word. The new word YOLO consists of free morpheme [you(pro)], [only(adv)], [live(v)], and [once(adv)]. The free morpheme [you(pro)] meeans the one or ones being addresses, used as the pronoun of the second person singular or plural in any grammatical relation. This morpheme first appeared in Old English as eow, ge and it was originated from Germanic euch. Then, the free morpheme [only(adv)] means as a single fact or instance and nothing more or different. This

morpheme first appeared in Old English as anlic. Afterwards, the free morpheme [live(v)] means to be alive. This morpheme first appeared in Old English as lifian and it was originated from German that is leben. The last, free morpheme [once(adv)] means one time and no more. This morpheme first appeared in Middle English as ones and the spelling change in 16th century into once. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

YOLO

[You(pro)] [Only(adv)] [Live(v)] [Once(adv)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[PERSON] + [BEING ADDRESSED] +

[A SINGLE] + [NOTHING MORE] +

[ACTION] + [TO BE ALIVE] +

[ONE TIME] + [NO MORE]

Since the concept of [PERSON] + [BEING ADDRESSED] + [A SINGLE] + [NOTHING MORE] + [ACTION] + [TO BE ALIVE] + [ONE TIME] + [NO MORE] are added with the concept of [WHITOUT WORRYING] + [RECKLESS BEHAVIOUR] as a result when people feel they have to live without fear because they only live once in this life, the

[PERSON] + [BEING ADDRESSED] + [A SINGLE] + [NOTHING MORE] + [ACTION] + [TO BE ALIVE] + [ONE TIME] + [NO MORE] + [RECKLESS BEHAVIOUR] + [WHITOUT WORRYING]

Thus, the concept of YOLO is defined to express the view that one should make the most of the present moment without worrying about the future, and often used as a rationale for impulsive or reckless behavior. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in May 2014.

4.3.3 Initialsm

Initialism is the initial letters of words in a group and pronounced as a sequence of letters.

Data 13

‘IDC what anybody says—I know what I saw’

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/IDC

IDC. This new word is formed by initialing from a group word I Don‘t Care. It pronounced as a sequence of letters. The new word IDC consists of free morpheme [I(pro)], [do(v)], [not(adv)], and [care(v)]. The free morpheme [I(pro)] used by speaker to refer to himself or herself. This morpheme first appeared in 12th century, historically shortened from Old English ic and it was originated from Proto-Germanic that is ek or ik cognates from Old Frisian. Then, the free morpheme [do(v)] means act, carry out. This morpheme first appeared in Middle English and it was originated from West Germanic that is don cognates from Old Saxon that is duan. Later, free morpheme [not(adv)] means joined to preceding verb, used to express negative of other words.

This morpheme first appeared in Middle English 13th century. The last, free morpheme [care(v)] means to feel interest or concern. This morpheme first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Proto-Germanic karo; lament, grief, or care. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

IDC

[I(pro)] [Dov + notadv] [Care(v)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[ONE PERSON] + [REFER TO HIMSELF] +

[ACT] + [CARRY OUT] + [NEGATIVE MEANING] +

[FEEL INTEREST OR CONCERN]

Since the concept of [ONE PERSON] + [REFER TO HIMSELF] + [ACT] + [CARRY OUT] + [NEGATIVE MEANING] + [FEEL INTEREST OR CONCERN] are added with the concept of [TEXT MESSAGE] + [NOT INTERESTED] as a result when people have no interest in something or someone, the meaning properties for IDC are:

[ONE PERSON] + [REFER TO HIMSELF] + [ACT] + [CARRY OUT] + [NEGATIVE MEANING] + [TEXT MESSAGE] + [NOT INTERESTED]

Thus, the concept of IDC is defined typically use in text message and used when people not interested in something that is being discussed. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

Data 14

‗I can both understand the outrage and SMHat it.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/SMH

SMH. This new word is formed by initialing from a group word Shake My Head. It pronounced as a sequence of letters. The new word SMH consists of free morpheme [shake(v)], [my(pro)], and [head(n)]. The free morpheme [shake(v)] means to move irregularly and fro. This morpheme first appeared in late 14th century and it was originated from Proto-Germanic skakanan cognates from Old Norse skaka. Afterwards, the free morpheme [my(pro)] means of or relating to me or myself especially as possessor, agent, object of an action, or familiar person. This morpheme first appeared in Middle English 12th century as mi reduced from mine. The last, the free morpheme [head(n)] means the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal typically separated from the rest of the body a neck, containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs. This morpheme first appeared in Old English as heafod and it was originated from Germanic related to Dutch hoofd and German haupt. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

SMH

[Shake(v)] [My(pro)] [Head(n)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[ACTION] + [MOVE IRREGULARLY] + [FRO] +

[RELATING TO MY] +

[PART OF BODY] + [CONTAINING OF BRAIN, MOUTH, AND SENSE ORGANS] Since the concept of [ACTION] + [MOVE IRREGULARLY] + [FRO] + [RELATING TO MY] + [UPPER PART OF BODY] + [CONTAINING OF BRAIN, MOUTH, AND SENSE

ORGANS] are added with the concept of [ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION] + [TO EXPRESS DISAPPROVAL/EXASPERATION/FRUSTATION] as a result in the time when people in the electronic communication express to something that do not agree, the meaning properties for SMH are:

[ACTION] + [MOVE IRREGULARLY] + [FRO] + [RELATING TO MY] + [UPPER PART OF BODY] + [ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION] + [TO EXPRESS

DISAPPROVAL/EXASPERATION/PRUSTATION] + [INSURANCE OF HEALT FOR U.S CITIZENS]

Thus, the concept of SMH is defined typically use in electronic communication to express disapproval, exasperation, frustration, etc. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in August 2014.

Data 15

‗WDYTof the names Ava and Erza for a twin boy and girl?‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/WDYT

WDYT. This new word is formed by initialing from a group word What Do You Think. It pronounced as a sequence of letters. The new word WDYT consists of free morpheme [what(pro)], [do(v)], [you(pro)] and [think(v)]. The free morpheme

[what(pro)] used for asking for information specifying something. This morpheme first appeared in late Old English and it was originated from Germanic. Then, the free morpheme [do(v)] means perform or carry out. This morpheme first appeared in Old English don and it was originated from Germanic. Next, the free morpheme [you(pro)] means the one or ones being addresses, used as the pronoun of the second person singular or plural in any grammatical relation. This morpheme first appeared in Old English as eow, ge and it was originated from Germanic euch. The last, the free morpheme [think(v)] means have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

WDYT

[What(pro)] [Do(v)] [You(pro)] [Think(v)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[ASKING INFORMATION] +

[PERFORM] + [CARRY OUT] +

[PERSON] + [BEING ADDRESSED] +

[PARTICULAR OPINION] + [IDEA OR OPINION]

Since the concept of [ASKING INFORMATION] [PERFORM] + [CARRY OUT] + [PERSON] + [BEING ADDRESSED] + [PARTICULAR OPINION] + [IDEA OR OPINION] are added with the concept of [ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION] + [TO ASK FOR SOMEONE

OPINION] as a result in the time when people in the electronic communication express to something that do not agree, the meaning properties for WDYT are:

[ASKING] + [INFORMATION, IDEA OR OPINION] + [ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION] Thus, the concept of WDYT is defined typically use in electronic communication to ask for someone opinion. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in August 2014

4.4 Borrowing

This is a process of creating a new word with borrowing a word from another language.

Data 16

‗Sun-dried tomato and mozzarella aranciniserved with salad‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/arancini

Arancini. This new word is categorized as a noun and it borrowed from Italian. The word [arancini(n)] in Italy has a meaning as a little orange. This word is name for a stuffed rice ball from Italy. This food has a shape and color like an orange that is why the name for it is arancini or little orange. This new word was originated from Sicily in 10th century during Arab rule. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[A FOOD] + [STAFFED INSIDE] + [HAVE A SHAPE LIKE AN ORANGE] + [FROM ITLAY], as a result when people named an Italian food with a shape and color like an orange.

Thus, the concept of arancini is defined as a name of food from Italy with has a shape like an orange. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in August 2014.

Data 17

‗Germany has adopted a special tiki-taka style with passing accuracy, skill,

and pace that other teams cannot handle.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/tiki-taka

Tiki-taka. This new word is categorized as a noun. This word is a football term which has a meaning as a style of play involving highly accurate short passing and an emphasis on retaining possession of the ball. It first appeared in 21st century and it was originated from Spanish spelled tiqui-taca. This word became popular because a Spanish announcer popularized in his comment on the television channel LaSexta. The word [tiki-taka(n)] is very closely with FC Barcelona, because there is the word came from. The description may be illustrated by the following figure. The meaning properties for tiki-taka are:

[A FOOTBALL TACTIC] + [WITH HIGHLY ACCURATE SHORT PASSING] + [FOR RETAINING POSSESSION OF BALL], as a result when a team football used a tactic with playing accurate short passing to retaining possession of ball. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

4.5 Inventing

This process is creating a new word by using a popular brand, place, or name of popular person.

Data 18

‗I always take Marmite and ketchup aboard; I can‘t travel without my

Marmite.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/marmite#Marmite

Marmite. This new word is categorized as a noun refers to a dark savory spread made from yeast extract and vegetable extract. This is a brand of food spreads in U.K. It became a new word and listed in Oxford dictionary because this product very popular in U.K. It first launched in 1902 in England invented by Justus Von Liebig. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

The meaning properties for marmite are:

[A BRAND] + [FOOD SPREAD] + [YEAST AND VEGETABLE EXTRACT], as a result when people named a food spread made from yeast and vegetable extract. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

4.6 Conversion or Functional Shift

This process is different with the other process. It formed a new word by adding new meaning into existing words so the words that formed with this process will change in the meaning and part of speech.

Data 19

‗Keep that crazyaway from me.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/crazy#crazy__9

Crazy. This word is usually categorized as an adjective and has a meaning as insane or unbalanced, especially as manifested in wild or aggressive behavior, but the word class and the meaning of [crazy(adj)] can be changed by adding some information on it. The word crazy consists of two morphemes; free morpheme [craze(v)] and bound morpheme [–ysuffix(adj)]. The free morpheme [craze(v)] means to shatter, crush or break to pieces. This morpheme first appeared in 14th century and it was originated from Old Norse krasa but entered English via Old French crasir. Whereas, the bound morpheme [–ysuffix(adj)] aims to give characteristic to the noun to form adjective meaning; having quality of. It was originated from Germanic that is – ig which has the same meaning. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Crazy(adj)]

[Craze(v)] [-ysuffix(adj)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[CRUSH] + [INSANE] +

[HAVING QUALITY OF]

Since the concept of [CRUSH] + [INSANE] [HAVING QUALITY OF] are added with the concept of [AGGRESSIVE] + [BEHAVIOR] as a result in the time when people did something insane or have aggressive behavior, the meaning properties for crazy are: [CRUSH] + [INSANE] [HAVING QUALITY OF] + [AGGRESSIVE] + [BEHAVIOR]

Thus, the concept of crazy is defined as insane or unbalanced, especially as manifested in wild or aggressive behavior. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in May 2014.

Data 20

‗Look at that metal rail thingover there.‘

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/thing#thing__23

Thing. This word is usually categorized as a noun; an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to. There is no changed in writing and word class, but there is an addition meaning on the word. This word first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Proto-Germanic cognates from Old Frisian. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[OBJECT] + [HAVE NO SPECIFIC NAME], as a result when people have no specific name for an object. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in May 2014.

4.7 Blends

A blending is a combination of two or more words to create a new one, usually by taking the beginning of the other word and the end of the other one.

Data 21

‗Podmore wore a headcam with the intention of obtaining footage of their

hunting foray.‘

http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/02/new-words-oxford-dictionaries/

Headcam. This new word is categorized as a noun and it formed by combining two morphemes. It consists of free morpheme [head(n)] and free morpheme [camera(n)]. The free morpheme [head(n)] means the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal typically separated from the rest of the body a neck, containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs. This morpheme first appeared in Old English as heafod and it was originated from Germanic related to Dutch hoofd and German haupt. Afterwards, the free morpheme [cam(n)] is historically abbreviation from [camera(n)]; a device for recording visual images in the form of photographs, cinema film, or video signals. This morpheme first appeared in

late 17th and it was originated from Greek kamara; object with an arched cover. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Headcam(n)]

[Head(n)] [Cam/camera(n)] This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover,

[UPPER PART OF BODY] + [CONTAINING OF BRAIN, MOUTH, AND SENSE ORGANS] +

[INSTRUMENT/TOOL] + [RECORDING VISUAL IMAGES]

Since the concept of [UPPER PART OF BODY] + [CONTAINING OF BRAIN, MOUTH, AND SENSE ORGANS] + [INSTRUMENT/TOOL] + [RECORDING VISUAL IMAGES] are added with the concept of [A SMALL VIDEO CAMERA] + [PUT IN

HAT/HELMET/STRAPPED] + [TO PROVIDE VIDEO FOOTAGE] as a result in the time when the small camera positioned to a hat or a similar things to record video footage, the meaning properties for headcam are:

[INSTRUMENT/TOOL] + [A SMALL VIDEO CAMERA] + [PUT IN HAT/HELMET/STRAPPED] + [RECORDING VISUAL IMAGES] + [TO PROVIDE VIDEO FOOTAGE]

Thus, the concept of headcam is defined as a small video camera attached to a hat or helmet or strapped to the head, used especially to provide video footage from the wearer’s perspective. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in February 2014.

Data 22

‗You can fail a mission and the game will continue, with permadeath for any

soldiers lost in the battle.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/permadeath

Permadeath. This new word is categorized as a noun and it formed by combining two morphemes. It consists of free morpheme [perma(adj)] and free morpheme [death(n)]. The free morpheme [perma(adj)] is historically abbreviation from [permanent(adj)] means lasting or remaining unchanged indefinitely, or intended to be so; not temporary. This morpheme first appeared in nearly 15th century and it was originated from Middle French that is permanent 14th century or directly from Latin that is permanentem. Meanwhile, the free morpheme [death(n)] means the action or fact or dying or being killed. This morpheme first appeared in Old English and it was originated from Proto-Germanic that is dauthuz cognates from Old Saxon doth, Old Frisian dath, Dutch dood. The description may be illustrated by the following figure.

[Permadeath(n)]

[Perma/Permanent(adj)] [Death(n)]

This figure initiates that meaning properties (meaning features) cover, [UNCHANGE] + [NOT TEMPORARY]

+

[DYING/BEING KILLED]

Since the concept of [UNCHANGE] + [NOT TEMPORARY] + [[DYING/BEING KILLED] are added with the concept of [CHARACTER IN VIDEO GAMES] + [CANNOT

REAPPEAR] as a result in the time when character in video game cannot back to the game because run out of live, the meaning properties for permadeath are:

[CHARACTER IN VIDEO GAMES] + [DYING/BEING KILLED] + [NOT TEMPORARY] + [CANNOT REAPPEAR]

Thus, the concept of permadeath is defined as a situation in which a character cannot reappear after have been killed. In the recent updates oxforddictionaries.com, this new word listed in December 2014.

52

This chapter illustrates the findings of the study, displays the answer to the research questions in Chapter I and gives suggestions to other researchers who are interested in filling the gaps of this topic.

5.1 Conclusions

Twenty two data have been analyzed in Chapter IV. The data were retrieved from Online Oxford English Dictionary on 2 April 2015. The twenty two data are classified according to the process. Four of the data are classified as new words formed using affixation process. Another four are new words formed using compounding process while seven of the data are new words formed using shortenings process (three initialism, one acronym, and three clipping), two new words are formed using borrowing process, one using inventing process, two using conversion or functional shift process, and the remaining two are formed using blending process. According to the explanation, here are the tables shown the phenomena:

5.1.1 Table of the word formation processes.

Word Formation Process Number of The data

Affixation Process 4

Compounding Process 4

Borrowing Process 2

Inventing Process 1

Conversion or Functional Shift Process 2

Blending Process 2

Shortenings Process

Clipping 3

Initialism 3

Acronym 1

Total Data 22

Adding to analyze the process of word formation morphologically, the data are also analyzed semantically by seeking the meaning properties of each morpheme using NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) approach. In twenty two data, two data have changed their meaning, then five data have additional meaning, next seven data have constriction meaning, and eight data remain have unchanged.

5.1.2 Table of meaning

Status Number of the data

Changed in their meaning 2

Additional meaning 5

Constriction meaning 7

Unchanged 8

Total 22

After that, the data are analyzed etymologically by seeking the origin of the word. With this approach, each morpheme from the data can be known where and when it came from. Based on the analyzed in Chapter IV, it can be concluded the data are originated from French, Old French, Anglo French, Middle French,

Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic, Greek, Dutch, Old Frisian, Old Nurse, Spanish, Italian, Latin, and Medieval Latin.

5.1.3 Table of the origin of the words

Languages Number of the data

French 1

Old French 6

Anglo Norman French 1

Middle French 1

Proto-Germanic 6

West Germanic 1

Germanic 10

Greek 4

Middle Dutch 2

Dutch 7

Old Frisian 4

West Frisian 1

Old Norse 3

Spanish 1

Italian 1

Latin 4

Medieval Latin 1

Total 54

5.2 Suggestions

This research is expected to deliver new knowledge to readers about word formation. Despite the initial intention to look into the initial appearance, actor coining the new words, and reason for the need for the new word, this research has not been able to thoroughly study and explain those elements. Hence, there is an opportunity for other researchers to perform further studies on the said elements.

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

RIKI GINANJAR NIM. 63711015

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA COMPUTER UNIVERSITY

BANDUNG

55

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Student’s Profile

a. Name : Riki Ginanjar

b. Address : Panenjoan RT. 03 RW. 14, Banjaran c. Place and Date of Birth : Bandung, 12 April 1992

d. Sex : Male

e. Religion : Moslem

f. Phone : 08972247489

g. E-mail : rikiginanjar1204@gmail.com

2. Educational Background 2.1Formal Education

No Year Institution

1 1997 - 1998 TK Annisa, Banjaran 2 1998 - 2004 SDN Banjaran II

3 2004 - 2007 MTS Darul Hikam Banjaran 4 2007 - 2010 SMK Merdeka Soreang 5 2011 – 2015 English Department

Indonesia University of Computer

3. Organization

No Year Organization

1 2011-2013 Member of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

2 2012-2013 Vice President of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

56

3 2013-2014 President of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

1. My beloved family, especially to my dearly loved parents. Thank you for all of your prayer. I will never make it without you support.

54

Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press

Brinton, Laurel. 2000. The Structure of Modern English a Linguitic Introduction. University of British Columbia: John Benjamins B.V.

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. 2002. An introduction to English Morphology Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press LTD.

Djajasudarma, T. Fatimah. 2011. Metode Linguistik: Ancangan Metode Penelitian dan Kajian. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama

Finegan, Edward. 2008. Language Its Structure and Use. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth

Godard and Wierzbicka. 2002. Meaning and Universal Grammar: Theory and Empirical Findings (2 volumes). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benajamins. Katamba, Francis. 1993. Modern Linguistics: Morphology. Palgrave Macmillan Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London: Routledge. O’Grady, William, et.al. 1996. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (Third

Edition). United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.

Sugiyono. 2007. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta

Wedgwood, Hensleigh. 1859. A Dictionary of English Etymology. London: Trubner & CO. 60, Paternoster Row.

Internet:

54

Germanic, Germanic, Greek, Dutch, Old Frisian, Old Nurse, Spanish, Italian, Latin, and Medieval Latin.

5.1.3 Table of the origin of the words

Languages Number of the data

French 1

Old French 6

Anglo Norman French 1

Middle French 1

Proto-Germanic 6

West Germanic 1

Germanic 10

Greek 4

Middle Dutch 2

Dutch 7

Old Frisian 4

West Frisian 1

Old Norse 3

Spanish 1

Italian 1

Latin 4

Medieval Latin 1

Total 54

5.2 Suggestions

This research is expected to deliver new knowledge to readers about word formation. Despite the initial intention to look into the initial appearance, actor coining the new words, and reason for the need for the new word, this research has not been able to thoroughly study and explain those elements. Hence, there is an opportunity for other researchers to perform further studies on the said elements.

WORD FORMATION

IN ONLINE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY

(A Study of Etymology)

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

RIKI GINANJAR NIM. 63711015

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA COMPUTER UNIVERSITY

BANDUNG

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Student’s Profile

a. Name : Riki Ginanjar

b. Address : Panenjoan RT. 03 RW. 14, Banjaran c. Place and Date of Birth : Bandung, 12 April 1992

d. Sex : Male

e. Religion : Moslem

f. Phone : 08972247489

g. E-mail : rikiginanjar1204@gmail.com

2. Educational Background 2.1Formal Education

No Year Institution

1 1997 - 1998 TK Annisa, Banjaran 2 1998 - 2004 SDN Banjaran II

3 2004 - 2007 MTS Darul Hikam Banjaran 4 2007 - 2010 SMK Merdeka Soreang 5 2011 – 2015 English Department

Indonesia University of Computer

3. Organization

No Year Organization

1 2011-2013 Member of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

2 2012-2013 Vice President of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

56

3 2013-2014 President of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

DEDICATION

First of all I give praise and thankfulness to Allah SWT for everything. Besides, I also give praise to my Prophet Muhammad SAW. I want to dedicate my skripsi for the following people:

1. My beloved family, especially to my dearly loved parents. Thank you for all of your prayer. I will never make it without you support.

54

REFERENCES

Anatoly, Liberman. 2008. An Analytic Dictionary of English Etymology. Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press

Brinton, Laurel. 2000. The Structure of Modern English a Linguitic Introduction. University of British Columbia: John Benjamins B.V.

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. 2002. An introduction to English Morphology Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press LTD.

Djajasudarma, T. Fatimah. 2011. Metode Linguistik: Ancangan Metode Penelitian dan Kajian. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama

Finegan, Edward. 2008. Language Its Structure and Use. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth

Godard and Wierzbicka. 2002. Meaning and Universal Grammar: Theory and Empirical Findings (2 volumes). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benajamins. Katamba, Francis. 1993. Modern Linguistics: Morphology. Palgrave Macmillan Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London: Routledge. O’Grady, William, et.al. 1996. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (Third

Edition). United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.

Sugiyono. 2007. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta

Wedgwood, Hensleigh. 1859. A Dictionary of English Etymology. London: Trubner & CO. 60, Paternoster Row.

Internet: