Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

F. Definition of Terms

1. Perception Perception is defined as a cognitive process that involves a stimulating object or even, an attentive adjustment, and the arousal of some degree of meaning or the apprehension of the object or event significance for some act of adjustment Stroud, 1946:88. People can perceive an object or event if it is present in fact; therefore, perception is a fundamental condition of thought. Perception is measured by the concrete experiences and abstract conceptualization Dangwal and Mitra, 1999:62. For example, some people best perceive information using concrete experiences like feeling, touching, seeing and hearing while others best perceive information abstractly using mental of visual conceptualization. When perceiving information, it must be processed by measuring the active experimentation and reflective observation. For example, some people process information best by active experimentation doing something with the information, while others process best by reflective observation thinking about it. I n this study, perception is the students’ cognitive process of comprehension and interpreting the use of individual presentations to develop self- directed learning conducted. 2. Individual Presentation Presentation can be defined as an act of presenting something to the audiences. Individual presentation is an opportunity for one person to get some PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI practice in speaking in front of a group Lee, 1998. In this presentation, the presenter talks should last approximately based on the limitation time. The presentation should cover a topic that interests the presenter and it is relevant to the course. In this study, the Seminar on Language Teaching course uses an individual presentation technique since each student has to come in front one by one to present and deliver the topic discussed. The students are usually equipped by visual aids during the individual presentation. One example of the visual aids commonly used by the students to present the materials for the presentation is PowerPoint program. 3. Self-Directed Learning Knowles 1975 stated that self-directed learning is a process by which the individuals take an initiative to analyze their learning needs, learning goals, learning resources, learning strategies, and learning outcomes p. 18. Others see self-direction as a personal attribute e.g., Guglielmino, 1977; Kasworm, 1988, with the goal of education described as developing individuals who can assume moral, emotional, and intellectual autonomy Candy, 1991. Based on the explanation above, the writer can conclude that in self- directed learning, the students are responsible to their learning process and choose their own learning objectives, activities, and priorities independently. In this study, self-directed learning refers to the students’ ability to learn a topic PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI dealing with Language Teaching with their own responsibility for the individual presentation. 4. Seminar on Language Teaching Seminar on Language Teaching is one of the compulsory courses offered in English Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University, and it is included in Kelompok Mata Kuliah Keahlian Berkarya KPE 474. In Seminar on Language Teaching course, the lecturers provide some topics dealing with language teaching or second language acquisition to be presented by the students as individual presentations. The students will get different topics to be discussed in each meeting and they have to prepare an individual presentation in the form of PowerPoint presentation. Each student should also prepare the handouts related to the topic and distribute the handouts to the audiences and the lecturer to help them understand the topic discussed during the individual presentations. The students will be graded based on their readiness in delivering individual presentations in front of the class. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE