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a literary work have to be given the fullest possible chance to do so. Indeed, in some sense these approaches represent a necessary first step that precedes most
other approaches. Researchers who intend to employ the traditional approaches to a literary work will almost certainly employ simultaneously. That is, they will
bring to bear on a poem, for instance, all the information and insights these respective disciplines can give in seeing just what it means and does pp.78-79.
2. Theory of Literature
a. Theory of Character
Abrams, in A Glossary of Literary Terms, defines characters as the persons who are presented in a narrative and dramatic work who reveal themselves in
what they say dialogue and what they do the action. A character‟s speech or action may reveal some of
the author‟s ideas pp.20-21. According to E.M Forster 1985 in Aspect of the Novel, there are two
kinds of character; flat character and round character. He states, “ a flat character also called a type, or „two dimensional‟ is built around a single idea or quality
and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be adequately described in a single phrase or sentence.”. Flat characters tend to be
static. It means that the character does not change within the story. While a round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with
subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real person, is capable of surprising us.
Round characters are dynamic. They demonstrate their capacity to change or to
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grow as they react to events and to other characters. It means that the character can change within the story. p.23
Rohrberger and Woods 1971 say that there are two principal ways by which an author characterized their characters. First is Direct Method in which an
author uses the direct method to describe the character‟s physical appearance and also to describe their intellectual and moral attributes or to explain the degree of
th e characters‟ sensibility. This description is based on the author‟s point of view.
The second is Dramatic Method that instead of describing the character directly, an author uses the dramatic method to describe the character by placing himher in
situations to show what heshe is like; by the way shehe behaves or speaks. This description is drawn based on the character‟s view and opinions p.21.
b. Theory of Characterization
