Keanekaragaman Odonata dan Hubungannya Dengan Ekosistem dan Penggunaan Lahan di Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
in Northern Peninsular Malaysia
Keanekaragaman Odonata dan Hubungannya Dengan Ekosistem
dan Penggunaan Lahan di Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi2 and A. Hassan Ahmad3
1)
Lecturer Dept. Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture USU, Medan 20155
2) &3)
School of Biological Science, University of Science Malaysia
Diterima 01 Agustus 2005 / Disetujui 25 Agustus 2005
Abstract
Odonata larvae were sampled from 16 tributaries of Kerian River in Kerian River Basin (KRB)
using a long handle D-pond net from September 1998 until May, 1999 covering wet and dry
seasons. Platycnemididae (Suborder Zygoptera) and Libellulidae (Suborder Anisoptera) were the
most dominant families. The distribution of odonate genera was significantly different in wet season
(F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99) at p=0.05 in all streams but no difference in distribution was
detected between both seasons. Scores of biological indices (H’, D, E, R1, R2) and indicator species
based on selected chemical properties were listed, which showed the dragonfly fauna was slightly
poor.There were strong correlation between generic diversity to dissolved oxygen and nitrate in wet
season, likewise temperature and conductivity in dry season.
Keywords: diversity, Odonata, land use, Northern Peninsular Malaysia.
Abstrak
Larva Odonata disampel dari 16 cabang Sungai Kerian di Lembah Sungai Kerian
(LSK) menggunakan teknik jaring D-Ponds dari bulan September 1998 hingga Mei 1999,
meliputi musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Platycnemididae (Subordo Zygoptera) dan
Libellulidae (Subordo Anisoptera) adalah dua famili yang dominan ditemukan. Distribusi
genus Odonata berbeda secara signifikan pada musim hujan (F=4.70) dan musim kemarau
(F=3.99) pada P=0.05 di semua sungai tetapi tidak berbeda distribusinya di antara dua musim
yang diukur. Nilai indeks biologi (H’, D, E, R1, R2) dan indikator spesies berdasarkan seleksi
sifat kimia dicantumkan, yang menunjukkan fauna capung adalah agak kurang. Terdapat
hubungan yang sangat erat antara keanekaragaman genus dengan oksigen terlarut dan nitrat
pada musim hujan, demikian pula suhu dan konduktivitas pada musim kemarau.
Kata kunci: keanekaragaman, Odonata, penggunaan lahan, Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
Introduction
As Odonata larvae are aquatic,
their distribution is very much dependent
on their successful adaptations to live in
various microhabitats. Odonata are widely
distributed including in ponds, rice fields,
lakes, streams, and canals of all sizes.
Odonata was found to be a good
environmental indicator in Britain (Moore,
1995) and especially in the lowland areas of
Texas (Garono, et al., 1995). Their species
assemblage
is
dependent
on
the
composition and structure of vegetation
(Buchwald, 1994) and progressive increase
in seasonal variation of various abiotic
parameters correlates with the decrease in
larval richness that gives rise to the
dominance of certain species (FerrerasRomero and Garcia-Rojas, 1995).
Along a 50 km strecth of
increasingly polluted stream (with organic
matter) the odonatan assemblage was found
106
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian KULTURA • Vol. 40 • No. 2 • September 2005
to be dominated by generalist species
usually recorded in benthic habitat rather
than by typical riverine species which
decreased tremendously in the most
polluted sites. Lenat (1993) and Che
Salmah, et a.l (1999) said odonata sizes and
life history pattern was also influenced by a
degradation of the environmental quality.
This study focused on the
distribution of Odonata, mainly their larvae
and their relation to ecosystem and land
use. Attempts had been made to isolate
species that could be used as bioindicators
of specific habitat or ecosystem.
Material and Methods
Selection of Sampling Sites
Odonatan larvae were collected
from various habitats in Kerian River Basin
covering tip of Kedah to nothern parts of
Perak in the south. Sampling sites were
selected based on land use, presence or
absence
of
pollution,
hydrological
characteristics and available microhabitats.
Sixteen sites sampled included rice fields
(3), palm oil plantation (4), rubber
plantation (3), sand mine area (2), chicken
farm (2) and mountain stream (2).
Odonatan larvae were sampled
using a long handle D-pond net of 40 cm x
40 cm frame, 60 cm long net of
approximately 300 μm mesh size. They was
collected for identification using keys of
Usinger (1956), Morse, et al. (1994),
Westfall and May (1996) and Merrit and
Cummins (1996). The accompanying adults
was identified using the previously
mentioned keys to the further confirm
larval identification.
The chemical properties of water
such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature
and conductivity were measured in situ. The
water was also analyzed for nitrate and
phosphate contents using standard method
of Boyd (1979).
Results
107
Collection of Odonata in both
seasons (wet, dry) resulted in 566:646
individuals, 30:28 genera and 8:8 families
(Table 1). Suborder Anisoptera were
Libellulidae and Gomphidae were the most
dominant
family
besides
Suborder
Zygoptera
were
Chlorocyphidae,
Calopterygidae, Eupleidae and Aeshnidae
(Sub order Anisoptera) were represented by
only one species. Thirteen libellulids genera
such
as
Brachythemis
contaminata,
Crocothemis servilea Drury, Deielia phaon
Selys, Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt,
Macrodiplax sp, Nannophya pygmea Rambur,
Orthetrum brunneum\, O. sabina Drury, O.
taeniolatum, Sympetrum frequens Selys,
Tholymis tillarga, Pantala flavescens Fabricius
and Zyxomma petiolatum were recorded.
There were 10 genera of clubtails
(Gomphidae), Gastrogomphus abdominalis
McLachlan, Gomphidia
krugeri Chao,
Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris, Ictinogomphus
rapax Rambur, Lamelligomphus formosanus
Matsumura, Megalogomphus icterops Martin,
Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys, Paragompus
henryii Laidlaw, Seiboldius sp, and Stylurus
amicus Needham.
Seventeen species of Odonata were
found in rice fields, 27 species in palm oil
plantations, 17 species in rubber
plantations, 19 species in chicken farm, 21
species in sand mine area and 12 species in
mountain streams (Table 2).
There was a significance difference
in the distribution of odonatan individuals
among the streams in KRB in wet season
(F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99). An LSD
analysis showed that the odonatan larvae
distributions in Selama and Damak Streams
were significantly different from other
streams in wet season. During dry season,
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity
of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
Table 1. Seasonal distribution and diversity of Odonata. Ws=Wet season, Ds=Dry season
No
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Streams
Inchong
Chelong
Serdang
Air Putih
Salleh
Air Itam
Relau
Mengkuang
Nor
Damak
Seputih
Selama
Charok Merah
Taka
Kangar
Mahang
Total
Family
Ws
Ds
5
6
7
6
6
6
5
6
5
3
4
7
6
5
4
2
6
6
2
4
3
3
1
2
2
4
4
6
3
3
5
0
8
8
Genera
Ws
Ds
7
7
12
11
11
13
6
11
9
5
6
10
12
11
6
4
11
9
2
4
2
3
1
3
4
4
7
11
6
3
7
0
30
28
Individuals
Ws (%)
Ds (%)
19(3.36)
31(4.80)
92(42.20)
65(10.14)
94(16.61)
99(15.32)
36(6.36)
60(9.29)
87(15.37)
52(8.05)
28(4.95)
98(15.17)
58 (10.25)
43 (6.71)
14(2.47)
20(3.09)
48(8.48)
29(4.49)
3(0.53)
9(1.39)
15(2.65)
7(1.08)
4(0.71)
3(0.46)
15(2.65))
33 (5.11)
29 (5.12)
95 (14.47)
16 (2.83)
5 (0.77)
8 (1.41)
0 (0.00)
566 (100)
646 (100)
Table 2. Distribution of Odonata in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields; Pop=Palm oil
Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=chicken farm; Sm=Sand mine area; Ms=mountain
stream; - = no odonatan; +++ = abundant odonatan
Suborder/Famili/Genera
S.O. Zygoptera
Chlorocyphidae
Eupheidae
Calopterygidae
Coenagrionidae
Platycnemididae
S.O. Anisoptera
Gomphidae
Aeshnidae
Macromiidae
Libellulidae
R. quadrimaculata Needham
Bayadera indica Needham
Neurobasis sinensis Linneus
Agriocnemis pygmae Selys
Cercion lacteola Selys
Ischnura delicata Needham
Copera marginipes Rambur
Platycnemis anulata Selys
G.abdominalis McLachlan
Gomphidia krugeri Chao
Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur
L. formosanus Matsumura
Megalogomphus icterops Martin
Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys
Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
Seiboldius sp
Stylurus amicus Needham
Aeshnophlebia longistigma Selys
Macromia erato Fujian
Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
Macromia moorei fumata Fujian
Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servilea Drury
Deielia phaon Selys
Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt
Macrodiplax sp
Nannophya pygmea Rambur
Orthetrum brunneum
O. sabina Drury
O. taeniolatum
Sympetrum frequens Selys
Tholymis tillarga
Pantala flavescens Fabricius
Zyxomma petiolatum
Rf
Pop
Rp
Cf
Sm
Ms
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
108
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian KULTURA • Vol. 40 • No. 2 • September 2005
Table 3. LSD Analysis of distributions of means of odonatan larvae during both seasons.
a. wet season
3 2 5 7 9 4 14 6 1 15 13 11 8 16
12 10
b. dry season
3
6
2 13
14 4 5 7 1 9
11 8 10 15 12 16
Table 4. Score of biological inices of odonatan in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields;
Pop=Palm oil Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=Chicken farm; Sm=sand mine area;
Ms=Mountain stream; Ws=Wet season; Ds=Dry season
Biological
Indices
H’ (Ws)
H’ (Ds)
D (Ws)
D (Ds)
R1(Ws)
R1(Ds)
R2 (Ws)
R2 (Ds)
E (Ws)
E (Ds)
Rf
Pop
Rp
Cf
Sm
Ms
0.88-1.52
1.77-1.89
0.28-0.57
0.15-0.24
1.50-2.57
2.18-2.69
0.94-1.42
1.00-1.67
0.55-0.66
0.77-0.86
1.69-1.75
1.76-2.00
0.17-0.38
0.16-0.33
2.34-2.72
1.66-2.33
1.36-1.46
1.36-1.52
0.73-0.82
0.73-0.87
1.56-1.91
0.95
0.04-0.19
0.30
2.17-3.36
1.86
1.50-2.47
1.34
0.87-0.98
0.86
1.00-1.56
0.89-2.05
0.26-0.53
0.14-0.53
1.67-2.00
1.26-2.69
0.96-1.16
0.69-1.42
0.56-0.71
0.55-0.92
1.59-2.09
1.10-1.84
0.18-0.25
0.31-1.00
0.72-2.64
1.82-3.04
1.60-2.00
1.33-1.73
0.71-0.89
0.83-1.00
1.43-1.91
1.42
0.04-0.33
0.20
1.48-3.36
2.17
1.03-2.47
1.58
0.98-1.00
0.88
Table 5. Indicator species based on selected chemical properties of water
Water Parameter
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
Range
4.00 – 6.25
6.26 – 8.50
Conductivity (µs/cm)
0.00 – 29.99
Nitrate (mg/L)
30.00 – 59.99
0.00 – 0.22
Phospate (mg/L)
0.0-9.10
9.20-18.50
Dominant Species
1) Platycnemis annulata Selys
1) Orthetrum brunneum
2) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
3) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
1) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
2) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
1) Orthetrum Sabina Drury
1) Platycnemis annulata Selys
2) Orthetrum Sabina Drury
1) Brachythemis contaminata
1) Ishnura delicate Needham
Table 6. Relationship of taxa richness and water parameters (chemical properties). Ccws = Correlation
coefficient in wet season; Ccds = Correlation coefficient in dry season; Cctotal = Correlation
coefficient for cumulative data (wet and dry)
Parameter
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
Temperature (ºC)
Conductivity (µs/cm)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Phospote (mg/L)
109
Ccws
0.69
0.05
0.01
0.24
0.21
Ccds
0.03
0.34
0.22
0.11
0.06
Cctotal
0.27
0.13
0.24
0.14
0.12
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity
of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
distribution of Odonata was more or less
similar in six streams (Table 3).
Scores of biological indices (H’, D,
E, R1, R2) showed that odonatan in
relation to land use in this river basin was
slightly poor (Table 4).
Based on selected water parameter
ranges, several species were identified as
indicators of those parameters (Table 5).
There were strong correlation between
generic diversity to dissolved oxygen
(r=0.69mg/L), nitrate (r=0.24mg/L) and
phosphate (r=0.21mg/L) in wet season, thus
temperature, (r=0.34ºC), conductivity
(r=0.24mg/L) and nitrate (r=0.11mg/L) in
dry season (Table 6).
Discussions
Although the diversity of Odonata
is relatively low compared to most of other
orders of insects, Odonata showed
preference to specific habitats. In this study,
libellulids are common in lowlands such as
a freshwater swamps, palm oil plantations or
rice fields (Heckman, 1979, Van Vreden
and Ahmadzabidi, 1986). Ischnura sp., a
relatively tolerant species usually was also
represented in the rice fields (Nakao, et al.,
1976).
Relatively poor odonatan diversity
in these areas (17 species were identified in
rice fields) could indicate the presence of
disturbed or structurally less complex
microhabitats. Major pollutants arising from
agricultural activities such as excessive
nutrient inputs and pesticide use in
plantations polluted the water bodies
through run-off (Van Dam, et al., 1998).
Therefore only highly adapted or widely
distributes species were able to live in such
environment.
Physicochemical monitoring of a
water body is known to be insufficient to
fully characterize the status of health of the
water. However, it has been recognized as a
vital component of an integrated
assessment of water way’s (Schofield and
Davies, 1996). Some organisms such as
Odonata in this study, could make reliable
indicator species for certain range of water
parameters. Some of the odonatan displayed
strong preference to certain range of water
parameters.
Platycnemid,
Platycnemis
annulata Selys, inhabit aquatic habitat of
4.00-6.25 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Other
such as Orthetrum brunneum, Macromia
gerstaeckeri Fujian and Paragomphus henryii
Laidlaw thrived well in running water of
high oxygen content (6.26-8.50 mg/L).
Macromia
gerstaeckeri
Fujian
and
Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw preferred water
of low ion consentration whereas Orthetrum
sabina Drury survived better in a more
ionized water (30.00-59.99 μs/cm). The
range preference of these odonatan species
of many water parameters would make them
good indicator of specified degree of water
pollution or disturbance.
Conclusions
Libellulids was the dominant family of the
Odonata fauna of the Northern Peninsular
Malaysia. Some odonatan were typical
habitants of certain ecosystems and some
were very widely distributed that they could
be considered as biological indicators. Many
species were restricted to certain categories
of water parameters. Abundance of
heterogenous
microhabitats
and
environmental health status determined the
distribution and diversity of Odonata in this
study.
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by an
IRPA grant 02-6107-0121, Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment to
the second and third authors. I would like
to express my thank to Mr Hazri Abdullah
for his help in the field.
110
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian KULTURA • Vol. 40 • No. 2 • September 2005
water quality ratings. J. N. Am.
Benthol. Soc. 12: 279-290.
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dengan pustaka yang relevan. Memuat latar belakang penelitian dan harus diakhiri dengan
tujuan penelitian. Tidak terlalu luas tapi juga tidak terlalu singkat, idealnya 400-500 kata.
Bahan dan Metoda. Memuat bahan dan metoda penelitian, mencakup tempat, waktu, metoda
pengambilan sampel, pelaksanaan rancangan percobaan, metoda analisa, dan hal lain yang
berkaitan. Harus detil dan jelas sehingga orang yang berkompeten dapat melakukan
penelitian yang sama (repeatable and reproducible).
113
Hasil dan Pembahasan. Hasil melaporkan apa yang diperoleh dalam percobaan. Hasil
dirangkum dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik yang langsung diberi notasi statistika berdasarkan uji
beda rataan yang umum. Tabel dan grafik dilengkapi dengan nomor dan judul. Untuk tabel,
judul ditulis di bagian atas, sedangkan untuk grafik dan gambar ditulis di bagian bawah. Bila
tabel dan grafik dikutip, sumbernya disebutkan sesuai dengan Daftar Pustaka. Tidak
mengulang data yang disajikan dalam tabel atau grafik satu per satu dalam bentuk kata-kata
kecuali hal-hal yang sangat menonjol. Pembahasan membandingkan hasil yang kita peroleh
dengan data pengetahuan (hasil penelitian orang lain) yang sudah dipublikasikan dan disertai
dengan sitasi pustaka dan menjelaskan implikasi data yang diperoleh bagi ilmu pengetahuan
atau pemanfaatannya.
Kesimpulan. Kesimpulan disajikan dalam bentuk paragraf dan bukan dalam bentuk
penomoran. Jika ada saran, maka disajikan secara singkat dan relevan.
Ucapan Terima Kasih. Ucapan Terima Kasih dibuat sebagai ungkapan terima kasih kepada
pihak yang membantu penelitian, penelaah naskah, atau penyedia dana penelitian.
Daftar Pustaka. Daftar Pustaka harus memuat semua pustaka yang (hanya) digunakan di
dalam naskah. Daftar Pustaka disusun berdasarkan abjad, semua nama pengarang ditulis,
tanpa penomoran.
Di dalam teks, pustaka harus ditulis sebagai berikut:
• Dua penulis: Baker and Cook (1974) atau (Baker and Cook, 1974)
• Tiga penulis atau lebih: Suwanto, et al. (1992) atau (Suwanto, et al., 1992)
Bila terdapat lebih dari tiga pengarang, boleh menggunakan et al. atau dkk walaupun
pustaka berbahasa asing, yang penting seragam dalam naskah tersebut.
Contoh penulisan Daftar Pustaka:
• Buku: judul buku ditulis huruf kapital pada semua huruf awalnya.
Harjadi, S.S. 1991. Pengantar Agronomi. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. 230
hlm.
• Bagian bab dari buku:
awalnya saja.
judul bab dari buku ditulis dengan huruf kapital pada huruf
Jatala, P. dan J. Bridge. 1990. Nematoda parasitik pada tanaman akar dan ubi-ubian.
Dalam M.Luc, R.A. Sikora, dan J. Bridge (eds). Nematoda Parasitik di Pertanian
Subtropik dan Tropik. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. hlm 34-42.
• Artikel jurnal: judul artikel ditulis huruf kapital hanya pada huruf awalnya saja.
Penyingkatan nama jurnal mengikuti anjuran dari jurnal yang disitasi.
Brockwell, J. and P.J. Bottomley. 1995. Recent advances in innoculant technology and
prospects for the future. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 683-697.
• Pustaka yang diakses dari internet:
Fortnum, B.A. and S.B. Martin. 1997. Disease management strategies for control of
bacterial wilt of tobacco in the Southern USA. 2nd IBWS, Guadalope. Available at:
http://www.infra.fr/Internet/Departments/PAHOV/2nd IBWS/T43.html (diakses 11 Maret
2002).
• Pustaka dari CD ROM:
Foyd, R.B. and J. Kurle. 2000. Crop rotation scheme for dryland of Minnesota and North
Dakota. Agronomy Journal 67:342-350. Volumes 60-70, 1990-2000 (CD ROM
computer file). ASA, Madison, WI and Natl. Agric. Libr. Madison, WI (Nov 2001).
114
INDEKS PENULIS
Ahmad, A. Hassan
Andriani, Siskha
Che Salmah, Md. Rawi
Ginting, Sentosa
Gurning, T.M.
Haloho, Lermansius
Hanafiah, A.S.
Hapsoh
Hariyadi, Purwiyanto
Hasibuan, Rosma
Imeldawati, Luly
Jacob, T. Marzuki
Julianti, Elisa
Lahuddin
Lubis, Khairunnisa
Nainggolan, Rona J.
Nasution, Hasan Fuad
106
70
106
57
14
14
77
40, 77
47
30
35
1
47
63
84
57
35
Nurtjahja, Kiki
Prayitno, Dwi
Purwoko, B.S.
Saleh, Eniza
Sembiring, Hasil
Sihombing, Luhut
Simatupang, Pandapotan
Siregar, Ameilia Zuliyanti
Sitanggang, Masri
Soekarto, Soewarno T.
Suryanto, Dwi
Syarie, Atjeng M.
Wahyuni, Tri Hesti
Yahya, S.
Yusra
Zaituna, Anita
70
1
77
1
14
94
89
106
21
47
70
47
35
77
100
6
115
INDEKS SUBJEK
A. tegalensis
Aliran permukaan
analisis usaha tani dan Sumut
Aspergillus niger
benih
berat jerami
Brachiaria decumbens
burung puyuh
C. melanophthalmus penerokan
cekaman kekeringan
cendawan mikoriza
Centrosema pubescens
efisiensi pemasaran
elastisitas
Erosi
faktor topografis
fermentasi
fisiografi
G. bonninene
G. lucidum
G. tsugae
Ganoderma applanatum
ikan mas
internal transcribed spacer
isotermi sorpsi air
jagung
kandungan P tanaman
kapur api
karakterisasi dan klasifikasi
karakteristik absorpsi
keanekaragaman
kedelai
kerupuk ikan
ketahanan
kulit buah coklat
30
89
14
35
47
63
89
1
30
77
100
89
94
94
89
7
35
21
70
70
70
70
57
70
47
14
63
47
21
47
106
40, 77
57
84
35
kutu perisai
lama pengeringan
lateks
mikoriza
morfologi
musim hujan
musim kemarau
Odonata
P-Bray II
penebangan pohon
pengeringan kemoreaksi
penggunaan lahan
penginderaan jauh
performans
persebaran ruang
pH Ultisols
pH
piroklastik
pola tanam
Predator
produksi
P-tersedia
P-total
pupuk kandang
Puyuh petelur
salinitas
saluran tataniaga
Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
SIG
tanaman tebu
tapioka
tepung buah tanjung
transmisi harga
ultrastruktur akar
30
57
100
77
84
40
40
106
63
7
47
106
7
1
30
100
63
21
14
30
40, 77
100
100
89
35
84
94
106
7
30
57
1
94
84
116
in Northern Peninsular Malaysia
Keanekaragaman Odonata dan Hubungannya Dengan Ekosistem
dan Penggunaan Lahan di Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi2 and A. Hassan Ahmad3
1)
Lecturer Dept. Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture USU, Medan 20155
2) &3)
School of Biological Science, University of Science Malaysia
Diterima 01 Agustus 2005 / Disetujui 25 Agustus 2005
Abstract
Odonata larvae were sampled from 16 tributaries of Kerian River in Kerian River Basin (KRB)
using a long handle D-pond net from September 1998 until May, 1999 covering wet and dry
seasons. Platycnemididae (Suborder Zygoptera) and Libellulidae (Suborder Anisoptera) were the
most dominant families. The distribution of odonate genera was significantly different in wet season
(F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99) at p=0.05 in all streams but no difference in distribution was
detected between both seasons. Scores of biological indices (H’, D, E, R1, R2) and indicator species
based on selected chemical properties were listed, which showed the dragonfly fauna was slightly
poor.There were strong correlation between generic diversity to dissolved oxygen and nitrate in wet
season, likewise temperature and conductivity in dry season.
Keywords: diversity, Odonata, land use, Northern Peninsular Malaysia.
Abstrak
Larva Odonata disampel dari 16 cabang Sungai Kerian di Lembah Sungai Kerian
(LSK) menggunakan teknik jaring D-Ponds dari bulan September 1998 hingga Mei 1999,
meliputi musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Platycnemididae (Subordo Zygoptera) dan
Libellulidae (Subordo Anisoptera) adalah dua famili yang dominan ditemukan. Distribusi
genus Odonata berbeda secara signifikan pada musim hujan (F=4.70) dan musim kemarau
(F=3.99) pada P=0.05 di semua sungai tetapi tidak berbeda distribusinya di antara dua musim
yang diukur. Nilai indeks biologi (H’, D, E, R1, R2) dan indikator spesies berdasarkan seleksi
sifat kimia dicantumkan, yang menunjukkan fauna capung adalah agak kurang. Terdapat
hubungan yang sangat erat antara keanekaragaman genus dengan oksigen terlarut dan nitrat
pada musim hujan, demikian pula suhu dan konduktivitas pada musim kemarau.
Kata kunci: keanekaragaman, Odonata, penggunaan lahan, Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
Introduction
As Odonata larvae are aquatic,
their distribution is very much dependent
on their successful adaptations to live in
various microhabitats. Odonata are widely
distributed including in ponds, rice fields,
lakes, streams, and canals of all sizes.
Odonata was found to be a good
environmental indicator in Britain (Moore,
1995) and especially in the lowland areas of
Texas (Garono, et al., 1995). Their species
assemblage
is
dependent
on
the
composition and structure of vegetation
(Buchwald, 1994) and progressive increase
in seasonal variation of various abiotic
parameters correlates with the decrease in
larval richness that gives rise to the
dominance of certain species (FerrerasRomero and Garcia-Rojas, 1995).
Along a 50 km strecth of
increasingly polluted stream (with organic
matter) the odonatan assemblage was found
106
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian KULTURA • Vol. 40 • No. 2 • September 2005
to be dominated by generalist species
usually recorded in benthic habitat rather
than by typical riverine species which
decreased tremendously in the most
polluted sites. Lenat (1993) and Che
Salmah, et a.l (1999) said odonata sizes and
life history pattern was also influenced by a
degradation of the environmental quality.
This study focused on the
distribution of Odonata, mainly their larvae
and their relation to ecosystem and land
use. Attempts had been made to isolate
species that could be used as bioindicators
of specific habitat or ecosystem.
Material and Methods
Selection of Sampling Sites
Odonatan larvae were collected
from various habitats in Kerian River Basin
covering tip of Kedah to nothern parts of
Perak in the south. Sampling sites were
selected based on land use, presence or
absence
of
pollution,
hydrological
characteristics and available microhabitats.
Sixteen sites sampled included rice fields
(3), palm oil plantation (4), rubber
plantation (3), sand mine area (2), chicken
farm (2) and mountain stream (2).
Odonatan larvae were sampled
using a long handle D-pond net of 40 cm x
40 cm frame, 60 cm long net of
approximately 300 μm mesh size. They was
collected for identification using keys of
Usinger (1956), Morse, et al. (1994),
Westfall and May (1996) and Merrit and
Cummins (1996). The accompanying adults
was identified using the previously
mentioned keys to the further confirm
larval identification.
The chemical properties of water
such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature
and conductivity were measured in situ. The
water was also analyzed for nitrate and
phosphate contents using standard method
of Boyd (1979).
Results
107
Collection of Odonata in both
seasons (wet, dry) resulted in 566:646
individuals, 30:28 genera and 8:8 families
(Table 1). Suborder Anisoptera were
Libellulidae and Gomphidae were the most
dominant
family
besides
Suborder
Zygoptera
were
Chlorocyphidae,
Calopterygidae, Eupleidae and Aeshnidae
(Sub order Anisoptera) were represented by
only one species. Thirteen libellulids genera
such
as
Brachythemis
contaminata,
Crocothemis servilea Drury, Deielia phaon
Selys, Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt,
Macrodiplax sp, Nannophya pygmea Rambur,
Orthetrum brunneum\, O. sabina Drury, O.
taeniolatum, Sympetrum frequens Selys,
Tholymis tillarga, Pantala flavescens Fabricius
and Zyxomma petiolatum were recorded.
There were 10 genera of clubtails
(Gomphidae), Gastrogomphus abdominalis
McLachlan, Gomphidia
krugeri Chao,
Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris, Ictinogomphus
rapax Rambur, Lamelligomphus formosanus
Matsumura, Megalogomphus icterops Martin,
Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys, Paragompus
henryii Laidlaw, Seiboldius sp, and Stylurus
amicus Needham.
Seventeen species of Odonata were
found in rice fields, 27 species in palm oil
plantations, 17 species in rubber
plantations, 19 species in chicken farm, 21
species in sand mine area and 12 species in
mountain streams (Table 2).
There was a significance difference
in the distribution of odonatan individuals
among the streams in KRB in wet season
(F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99). An LSD
analysis showed that the odonatan larvae
distributions in Selama and Damak Streams
were significantly different from other
streams in wet season. During dry season,
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity
of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
Table 1. Seasonal distribution and diversity of Odonata. Ws=Wet season, Ds=Dry season
No
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Streams
Inchong
Chelong
Serdang
Air Putih
Salleh
Air Itam
Relau
Mengkuang
Nor
Damak
Seputih
Selama
Charok Merah
Taka
Kangar
Mahang
Total
Family
Ws
Ds
5
6
7
6
6
6
5
6
5
3
4
7
6
5
4
2
6
6
2
4
3
3
1
2
2
4
4
6
3
3
5
0
8
8
Genera
Ws
Ds
7
7
12
11
11
13
6
11
9
5
6
10
12
11
6
4
11
9
2
4
2
3
1
3
4
4
7
11
6
3
7
0
30
28
Individuals
Ws (%)
Ds (%)
19(3.36)
31(4.80)
92(42.20)
65(10.14)
94(16.61)
99(15.32)
36(6.36)
60(9.29)
87(15.37)
52(8.05)
28(4.95)
98(15.17)
58 (10.25)
43 (6.71)
14(2.47)
20(3.09)
48(8.48)
29(4.49)
3(0.53)
9(1.39)
15(2.65)
7(1.08)
4(0.71)
3(0.46)
15(2.65))
33 (5.11)
29 (5.12)
95 (14.47)
16 (2.83)
5 (0.77)
8 (1.41)
0 (0.00)
566 (100)
646 (100)
Table 2. Distribution of Odonata in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields; Pop=Palm oil
Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=chicken farm; Sm=Sand mine area; Ms=mountain
stream; - = no odonatan; +++ = abundant odonatan
Suborder/Famili/Genera
S.O. Zygoptera
Chlorocyphidae
Eupheidae
Calopterygidae
Coenagrionidae
Platycnemididae
S.O. Anisoptera
Gomphidae
Aeshnidae
Macromiidae
Libellulidae
R. quadrimaculata Needham
Bayadera indica Needham
Neurobasis sinensis Linneus
Agriocnemis pygmae Selys
Cercion lacteola Selys
Ischnura delicata Needham
Copera marginipes Rambur
Platycnemis anulata Selys
G.abdominalis McLachlan
Gomphidia krugeri Chao
Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur
L. formosanus Matsumura
Megalogomphus icterops Martin
Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys
Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
Seiboldius sp
Stylurus amicus Needham
Aeshnophlebia longistigma Selys
Macromia erato Fujian
Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
Macromia moorei fumata Fujian
Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servilea Drury
Deielia phaon Selys
Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt
Macrodiplax sp
Nannophya pygmea Rambur
Orthetrum brunneum
O. sabina Drury
O. taeniolatum
Sympetrum frequens Selys
Tholymis tillarga
Pantala flavescens Fabricius
Zyxomma petiolatum
Rf
Pop
Rp
Cf
Sm
Ms
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
-
108
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian KULTURA • Vol. 40 • No. 2 • September 2005
Table 3. LSD Analysis of distributions of means of odonatan larvae during both seasons.
a. wet season
3 2 5 7 9 4 14 6 1 15 13 11 8 16
12 10
b. dry season
3
6
2 13
14 4 5 7 1 9
11 8 10 15 12 16
Table 4. Score of biological inices of odonatan in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields;
Pop=Palm oil Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=Chicken farm; Sm=sand mine area;
Ms=Mountain stream; Ws=Wet season; Ds=Dry season
Biological
Indices
H’ (Ws)
H’ (Ds)
D (Ws)
D (Ds)
R1(Ws)
R1(Ds)
R2 (Ws)
R2 (Ds)
E (Ws)
E (Ds)
Rf
Pop
Rp
Cf
Sm
Ms
0.88-1.52
1.77-1.89
0.28-0.57
0.15-0.24
1.50-2.57
2.18-2.69
0.94-1.42
1.00-1.67
0.55-0.66
0.77-0.86
1.69-1.75
1.76-2.00
0.17-0.38
0.16-0.33
2.34-2.72
1.66-2.33
1.36-1.46
1.36-1.52
0.73-0.82
0.73-0.87
1.56-1.91
0.95
0.04-0.19
0.30
2.17-3.36
1.86
1.50-2.47
1.34
0.87-0.98
0.86
1.00-1.56
0.89-2.05
0.26-0.53
0.14-0.53
1.67-2.00
1.26-2.69
0.96-1.16
0.69-1.42
0.56-0.71
0.55-0.92
1.59-2.09
1.10-1.84
0.18-0.25
0.31-1.00
0.72-2.64
1.82-3.04
1.60-2.00
1.33-1.73
0.71-0.89
0.83-1.00
1.43-1.91
1.42
0.04-0.33
0.20
1.48-3.36
2.17
1.03-2.47
1.58
0.98-1.00
0.88
Table 5. Indicator species based on selected chemical properties of water
Water Parameter
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
Range
4.00 – 6.25
6.26 – 8.50
Conductivity (µs/cm)
0.00 – 29.99
Nitrate (mg/L)
30.00 – 59.99
0.00 – 0.22
Phospate (mg/L)
0.0-9.10
9.20-18.50
Dominant Species
1) Platycnemis annulata Selys
1) Orthetrum brunneum
2) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
3) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
1) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
2) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
1) Orthetrum Sabina Drury
1) Platycnemis annulata Selys
2) Orthetrum Sabina Drury
1) Brachythemis contaminata
1) Ishnura delicate Needham
Table 6. Relationship of taxa richness and water parameters (chemical properties). Ccws = Correlation
coefficient in wet season; Ccds = Correlation coefficient in dry season; Cctotal = Correlation
coefficient for cumulative data (wet and dry)
Parameter
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
Temperature (ºC)
Conductivity (µs/cm)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Phospote (mg/L)
109
Ccws
0.69
0.05
0.01
0.24
0.21
Ccds
0.03
0.34
0.22
0.11
0.06
Cctotal
0.27
0.13
0.24
0.14
0.12
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity
of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
distribution of Odonata was more or less
similar in six streams (Table 3).
Scores of biological indices (H’, D,
E, R1, R2) showed that odonatan in
relation to land use in this river basin was
slightly poor (Table 4).
Based on selected water parameter
ranges, several species were identified as
indicators of those parameters (Table 5).
There were strong correlation between
generic diversity to dissolved oxygen
(r=0.69mg/L), nitrate (r=0.24mg/L) and
phosphate (r=0.21mg/L) in wet season, thus
temperature, (r=0.34ºC), conductivity
(r=0.24mg/L) and nitrate (r=0.11mg/L) in
dry season (Table 6).
Discussions
Although the diversity of Odonata
is relatively low compared to most of other
orders of insects, Odonata showed
preference to specific habitats. In this study,
libellulids are common in lowlands such as
a freshwater swamps, palm oil plantations or
rice fields (Heckman, 1979, Van Vreden
and Ahmadzabidi, 1986). Ischnura sp., a
relatively tolerant species usually was also
represented in the rice fields (Nakao, et al.,
1976).
Relatively poor odonatan diversity
in these areas (17 species were identified in
rice fields) could indicate the presence of
disturbed or structurally less complex
microhabitats. Major pollutants arising from
agricultural activities such as excessive
nutrient inputs and pesticide use in
plantations polluted the water bodies
through run-off (Van Dam, et al., 1998).
Therefore only highly adapted or widely
distributes species were able to live in such
environment.
Physicochemical monitoring of a
water body is known to be insufficient to
fully characterize the status of health of the
water. However, it has been recognized as a
vital component of an integrated
assessment of water way’s (Schofield and
Davies, 1996). Some organisms such as
Odonata in this study, could make reliable
indicator species for certain range of water
parameters. Some of the odonatan displayed
strong preference to certain range of water
parameters.
Platycnemid,
Platycnemis
annulata Selys, inhabit aquatic habitat of
4.00-6.25 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Other
such as Orthetrum brunneum, Macromia
gerstaeckeri Fujian and Paragomphus henryii
Laidlaw thrived well in running water of
high oxygen content (6.26-8.50 mg/L).
Macromia
gerstaeckeri
Fujian
and
Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw preferred water
of low ion consentration whereas Orthetrum
sabina Drury survived better in a more
ionized water (30.00-59.99 μs/cm). The
range preference of these odonatan species
of many water parameters would make them
good indicator of specified degree of water
pollution or disturbance.
Conclusions
Libellulids was the dominant family of the
Odonata fauna of the Northern Peninsular
Malaysia. Some odonatan were typical
habitants of certain ecosystems and some
were very widely distributed that they could
be considered as biological indicators. Many
species were restricted to certain categories
of water parameters. Abundance of
heterogenous
microhabitats
and
environmental health status determined the
distribution and diversity of Odonata in this
study.
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by an
IRPA grant 02-6107-0121, Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment to
the second and third authors. I would like
to express my thank to Mr Hazri Abdullah
for his help in the field.
110
Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian KULTURA • Vol. 40 • No. 2 • September 2005
water quality ratings. J. N. Am.
Benthol. Soc. 12: 279-290.
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PEDOMAN SINGKAT PENULISAN
JURNAL ILMIAH PERTANIAN KULTURA
Persyaratan Umum
Artikel harus tulisan asli yang merupakan hasil penelitian dan peninjauan/ulasan
(review) yang belum pernah dimuat di dalam jurnal ilmiah mana pun, baik di lingkup nasional
maupun internasional. Tulisan harus mencakup salah satu disiplin ilmu dalam bidang
pertanian atau erat kaitannya dengan pertanian.
Semua artikel akan ditelaah oleh Mitra Bestari (Reviewer) sebelum dimuat. Redaksi
berhak mengubah kalimat, ejaan, tata letak, dan perwajahan tanpa mengubah isi sebenarnya.
Mitra Bestari dan Dewan Redaksi berhak menolak tulisan yang dianggap tidak relevan. Artikel
yang tidak dimuat dapat dikembalikan jika disertai perangko balasan.
Penyerahan naskah kepada Dewan Redaksi sebanyak 2 rangkap, sedangkan disket
(3,5’ format IBM) berisi file naskah dikirimkan setelah dinyatakan diterima untuk dipublikasi.
Naskah ditulis dengan pengolah kata MS Words Windows.
Naskah ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia yang berpedoman pada Tata Bahasa Baku
Bahasa Indonesia dan Ejaan yang Disempurnakan (EYD). Penyerapan kata asing dan
pemakaian kata asing harus dibatasi se-sedikit mungkin, dan kalau terpaksa, pemakaiannya
juga harus berpedoman pada Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI).
Naskah diketik rapi berjarak 2 spasi (Times New Roman, font 12) pada kertas putih
HVS A4. Tidak ada catatan kaki di dalam teks. Panjang naskah maksimum 10 halaman
termasuk tabel dan gambar. Subjudul ditulis di tengah.
Artikel meliputi urutan sebagai berikut: Judul (dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa
Inggris), nama dan alamat penulis, Abstract (bahasa Inggris) dengan keywords, Abstrak
(bahasa Indonesia) dengan kata kunci, Pendahuluan, Bahan dan Metode, Hasil dan
Pembahasan, Kesimpulan, Ucapan Terima Kasih (bila perlu), dan Daftar Pustaka.
Judul. Ditulis singkat, informatif, dan deskriptif (max. 28 kata). Penulisan huruf kapital hanya
pada awal kata. Ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia dan dibawahnya dalam bahasa Inggris.
Abstract atau Abstrak. Abstrak ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris dan dibawahnya dalam bahasa
Indonesia. Merupakan sari tulisan, meliputi tujuan, hasil dan kesimpulan dalam kalimatkalimat yang ringkas dan padat, sebaiknya tidak lebih dari 150 kata (dalam bahasa
Indonesia), dan 100 kata (dalam bahasa Inggris). Abstrak dalam bahasa Inggris ditulis dalam
bentuk past tense, kecuali bagian justifikasi masalah.
Keywords atau kata kunci. Keywords/kata kunci ditulis langsung sesudah abstract/abstrak pada
baris baru dimulai dari tepi kiri. Kata kunci paling banyak 5 kata, urutannya menunjukkan
hirarki dari yang paling utama sampai yang paling spesifik.
Pendahuluan. Pendahuluan merupakan justifikasi tentang subyek yang dipilih didukung
dengan pustaka yang relevan. Memuat latar belakang penelitian dan harus diakhiri dengan
tujuan penelitian. Tidak terlalu luas tapi juga tidak terlalu singkat, idealnya 400-500 kata.
Bahan dan Metoda. Memuat bahan dan metoda penelitian, mencakup tempat, waktu, metoda
pengambilan sampel, pelaksanaan rancangan percobaan, metoda analisa, dan hal lain yang
berkaitan. Harus detil dan jelas sehingga orang yang berkompeten dapat melakukan
penelitian yang sama (repeatable and reproducible).
113
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pihak yang membantu penelitian, penelaah naskah, atau penyedia dana penelitian.
Daftar Pustaka. Daftar Pustaka harus memuat semua pustaka yang (hanya) digunakan di
dalam naskah. Daftar Pustaka disusun berdasarkan abjad, semua nama pengarang ditulis,
tanpa penomoran.
Di dalam teks, pustaka harus ditulis sebagai berikut:
• Dua penulis: Baker and Cook (1974) atau (Baker and Cook, 1974)
• Tiga penulis atau lebih: Suwanto, et al. (1992) atau (Suwanto, et al., 1992)
Bila terdapat lebih dari tiga pengarang, boleh menggunakan et al. atau dkk walaupun
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Contoh penulisan Daftar Pustaka:
• Buku: judul buku ditulis huruf kapital pada semua huruf awalnya.
Harjadi, S.S. 1991. Pengantar Agronomi. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. 230
hlm.
• Bagian bab dari buku:
awalnya saja.
judul bab dari buku ditulis dengan huruf kapital pada huruf
Jatala, P. dan J. Bridge. 1990. Nematoda parasitik pada tanaman akar dan ubi-ubian.
Dalam M.Luc, R.A. Sikora, dan J. Bridge (eds). Nematoda Parasitik di Pertanian
Subtropik dan Tropik. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. hlm 34-42.
• Artikel jurnal: judul artikel ditulis huruf kapital hanya pada huruf awalnya saja.
Penyingkatan nama jurnal mengikuti anjuran dari jurnal yang disitasi.
Brockwell, J. and P.J. Bottomley. 1995. Recent advances in innoculant technology and
prospects for the future. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 683-697.
• Pustaka yang diakses dari internet:
Fortnum, B.A. and S.B. Martin. 1997. Disease management strategies for control of
bacterial wilt of tobacco in the Southern USA. 2nd IBWS, Guadalope. Available at:
http://www.infra.fr/Internet/Departments/PAHOV/2nd IBWS/T43.html (diakses 11 Maret
2002).
• Pustaka dari CD ROM:
Foyd, R.B. and J. Kurle. 2000. Crop rotation scheme for dryland of Minnesota and North
Dakota. Agronomy Journal 67:342-350. Volumes 60-70, 1990-2000 (CD ROM
computer file). ASA, Madison, WI and Natl. Agric. Libr. Madison, WI (Nov 2001).
114
INDEKS PENULIS
Ahmad, A. Hassan
Andriani, Siskha
Che Salmah, Md. Rawi
Ginting, Sentosa
Gurning, T.M.
Haloho, Lermansius
Hanafiah, A.S.
Hapsoh
Hariyadi, Purwiyanto
Hasibuan, Rosma
Imeldawati, Luly
Jacob, T. Marzuki
Julianti, Elisa
Lahuddin
Lubis, Khairunnisa
Nainggolan, Rona J.
Nasution, Hasan Fuad
106
70
106
57
14
14
77
40, 77
47
30
35
1
47
63
84
57
35
Nurtjahja, Kiki
Prayitno, Dwi
Purwoko, B.S.
Saleh, Eniza
Sembiring, Hasil
Sihombing, Luhut
Simatupang, Pandapotan
Siregar, Ameilia Zuliyanti
Sitanggang, Masri
Soekarto, Soewarno T.
Suryanto, Dwi
Syarie, Atjeng M.
Wahyuni, Tri Hesti
Yahya, S.
Yusra
Zaituna, Anita
70
1
77
1
14
94
89
106
21
47
70
47
35
77
100
6
115
INDEKS SUBJEK
A. tegalensis
Aliran permukaan
analisis usaha tani dan Sumut
Aspergillus niger
benih
berat jerami
Brachiaria decumbens
burung puyuh
C. melanophthalmus penerokan
cekaman kekeringan
cendawan mikoriza
Centrosema pubescens
efisiensi pemasaran
elastisitas
Erosi
faktor topografis
fermentasi
fisiografi
G. bonninene
G. lucidum
G. tsugae
Ganoderma applanatum
ikan mas
internal transcribed spacer
isotermi sorpsi air
jagung
kandungan P tanaman
kapur api
karakterisasi dan klasifikasi
karakteristik absorpsi
keanekaragaman
kedelai
kerupuk ikan
ketahanan
kulit buah coklat
30
89
14
35
47
63
89
1
30
77
100
89
94
94
89
7
35
21
70
70
70
70
57
70
47
14
63
47
21
47
106
40, 77
57
84
35
kutu perisai
lama pengeringan
lateks
mikoriza
morfologi
musim hujan
musim kemarau
Odonata
P-Bray II
penebangan pohon
pengeringan kemoreaksi
penggunaan lahan
penginderaan jauh
performans
persebaran ruang
pH Ultisols
pH
piroklastik
pola tanam
Predator
produksi
P-tersedia
P-total
pupuk kandang
Puyuh petelur
salinitas
saluran tataniaga
Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
SIG
tanaman tebu
tapioka
tepung buah tanjung
transmisi harga
ultrastruktur akar
30
57
100
77
84
40
40
106
63
7
47
106
7
1
30
100
63
21
14
30
40, 77
100
100
89
35
84
94
106
7
30
57
1
94
84
116