INTRODUCTION SPATIAL DATABASE FOR THE IMPACT OF

SPATIAL DATABASE FOR THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGES TO VULNERABLE FISHERIES RESOURCES AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AGUS HARTOKO AND D. PRINGGENIES Ma r i n e G e o ma t i c C e n t r e . F a c u l t y o f F i s h e r i e s a n d Ma r i n e Sci en ce s . D i p o n e g o r o U n i ve r s i t y . Se ma r a n g . I n d o n e . s i a . a g u s h a r t o k o g y a h o o . c o m AB S T R ACT - An a l ysi s o n 2 5 ye a r s d a t a i n J a va s e a s i n c e 1 9 8 0 t o 2 0 0 8 h a d d e t e c t e d a s i g n i fi c a n t Se a Su r fa c e T e mp e r a t u r e SST p o s i t i ve a n o ma l y wh i c h r e g a r d e d a s a n i mp a c t o f c l i ma t e c h a n g e i n t e r ms o f e c o l o g i c a l o r o c e a n o g r a p h i c a l va r i a b l e s , h a d b e e n c o u p l e d wi t h a n e xt r e me se a s o n a l c h a n g e s o f o c e a n wi n d , wa ve h e i g h t , a n d t i d e - h e i g h t . So m e f i s h i n g p o r t a n d f i s h l a n d i n g p l a c e s i n J a va r e p o r t e d i n fi s h pr o d u c t i o n a n d se a so n a l c h a n g e s. Th e a r g u me n t wa s t h a t t h e se a wa t e r t e m p e r a t u r e b o t h SST a n d s u b - s u r fa c e wa s a s s u me d a s o n e o f t h e l i mi t i n g fa c t o r fo r s o me s ma l l p e l a g i c fi s h c o mm u n i t y s t r u c t u r e , a n d s o m e o t h e r s p e c i e s i s kn o wn a s s e a wa t e r t e m p e r a t u r e c o n f o r m e r p o ikil oth e r mi c sp e ci e s. T h e s t u d y wa s d e s i g n e d t o d e ve l o p a n i n t e g r a t e d Sp a t i a l D a t a b a s e Syst e m t o d e t e c t a n d mo n i t o r t h e p h e n o me n a o f g l o b a l wa r mi n g t h r o u g h t h e c h a n g e o n SS T a n d s u b - s u r f a c e s e a wa t e r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i t s i mp a c t t o o c e a n o g r a p h i c p h e n o me n a s u c h a s u p - we l l i n g , E l Ni n o , La Ni n a , 1 0 D , a n d o n t h e e c o s yst e m p h e n o me n a s u c h a s o n t h e se a s o n a l i t y o n p l a n kt on a n d l a r va l c ommu ni t y, fi sh b e ha vi o r a n d life c ycl e s su c h a s g o n a d m a t u r a t i o n , s p a wn i n g c yc l e s , e g g d e ve l o p m e n t , ve r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l m i g r a t o r y b e h a v i o r a n d u l t i m a t e l y i t s i m p a c t o n t h e v u l n e r a b l e m a r i n e f i s h r e s o u r c e s . T h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n c e p t a n d a p p r o a c h i n t h e s t u d y i s d yn a mi c - ma p p i n g b a s e d o n t i me - s e r i e s d a t a a n d d e ve l o p m e n t o f s p a t i a l m u l t i l a ye r e c o s ys t e m d a t a i n t e r a c t i o n a n a l ys i s a n d i d e n t i fi c a t i o n o f a n y s p e c i fi c o f e c o s ys t e m c h a r a c t e r i n e a c h a r e a , a c t u a l s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n . T i m e s e r i e s d a t a wa s b u i l t fr o m NC E P , La n d sa t _ TM, MO D I S, ALO S sa t e l l i t e da t a a n d i n - si t u ve s s e l e xp e d i t i o n s, TRI TO N b u o y, ARG O fl o a t a n d o t h e r s . Th e r a ft e r t o outline the gr a ss-root stra tegy on a da pta tion for the clima te cha nge in the vulnerable fisheries sector is necessa ry,.for susta ina ble use. Some a mbitious but importa nt phenomena had been ta ken into a ccount r ega r ded with the vulner a ble species wer e : benthic fish community in the shallow Ja va sea such a s flat fish Psettodida e; truly surfa ce wa ter pla nkton community a nd flying fish Cypsilur us.sp; high migr a tor y species in deepwa ter Thunnus.sp a nd Anguila .s p of Nor th Sula wesi, so u t h J a va a n d we st Su ma t r a I nd i a n o c ea n; the living fossil of Ca ela ca nth : La timer ia mena doensis off the nor th Sula wesi, Na utylus in Molluca s, Ba nda , Ka ngea n isla nds, hor se -shoe cr a b Limulus_sp, Loligo.sp, a nd Octopus in severa l coa st of in Indonesia , turtle tr a cking. Th e u l t i ma t e u se o f t h e a b o ve a p p r o a c h wo u l d b e t o d e t e c t a n d compr ehensive a na lysis on the ecologica l pa r a meter s inter a ction in or der to under sta nd the spa tia l cha r a cte r of the sea wa ter a s a a n ecosystem, ba sed on the digita l la yer of physica l va r ia bles ha d been developed ea rlier sea surfa ce a nd sub-surface sea wa ter tempera tur e, conductivity, sa linity; chemica l va r ia bles : pH, phospha te, nitr a te, dissolved oxygen and biologica l va ria bles : chlorophyll, phytopla nkton, zoopla nkton a nd la rva e mostly fish a nd cr usta cea n la r va e of sha llow wa ter J a va sea , sma ll pela gic or deepwa ter la rge pela gic refer to ea ch specia l purposes. Keywo rds: spa tia l-da ta ba se, clima te-cha nge, vulner a ble, fisher ies, a da pta tion-str a tegy

1. INTRODUCTION

The increasing need to introduce and emphasis the analysis of SST and its sub-surface layers of deep water temperature both horizontal and vertical profile to analyze of some oceanographic phenomena such as up-welling process and its relationship to its seasonal variability and spatial distribution was inevitable. Especially to avoid the misleading interpretation of using only sea surface temperature dat a for deep water fish biomass distribution analysis, etc. Average daily SST east monsoon 1997 El Nino event was 28.46°C, where as presumably La Nina event 2002: the average daily SST was 29.75°C and for 2007 was : 29.83°C indicates a higher SST than both 1997 and 2002. Average daily SST of west monsoon 2007 was 29.69°C. Daily SST of 2007 east monsoon was about 0.08 - 0.5°C higher than same season of 2002 TRITON Buoy data Hartoko, 2007. The paper analyze and revealed the fate occurrence of up welling zone in adjacent of Halmahera islands as well as the Hot Event HE phenomena through the analysis based on multi- la yer a nd su b-sur fac e ho r izo nt a l o f bo t h ho rizo nt a l and vert ica l temperature o f t he fie ld measurement 1997 and 2002 and 2007 TRITON data. Spat ia l mu lt i-dept h-la yer seawat er t emperat ure approach had been developed in the paper is important to detect its impact and analysis of deep water large pelagic fishery such as tuna fishery and its seasonal spatial distribution pattern Hartoko, 2009; Hartoko, 2010a. The paper would also specially analyze and discuss the sub-surface of horizontal temperature profile, which is not yet known and not developed yet to this matter before. The study was the first ever attempt in fisheries oceanography sciences to explore the empiric correlation between the spatial distribution of tuna Thunnus.sp and sub-surface in-situ temperature data. By means of optimalization and use of an in-situ data of both vertical and horizontal which will be processed into a multilayer subsurface seawater temperature of ARGO Float in Indian ocean. So far only sea surface temperature with temperature around 29 °C dat a were used to lo o k fo r t he co rrelat io n fo r t una spat ia l distribution, while the Thunnus.sp swimming layer as widely known is in about 80 — 250m depth with seawater temperature between 15 — 23 °C. The noble character of ARGO Float data is as in-situ data recorded directly by the sensors, transmitted to the satellite, transmitted to the ground station and ready to be used by researcher all over the world. The important of the paper is that first effort ever to elaborate and discuss a the possible real impact of global warming or climate change in term of sea surface temperature changes to endemic and vulnerable marine species in a tropical country such as Indonesia. As an example such as the spatial variations of benthic fishery resources, which is so far is very limited up to this day. Two important characters of benthic fishery, is firstly that they are sensitive to environmental changes due to their limited movement or sessile ness; secondly is the close relationship of benthic organisms to its bottom texture and c haracter. In other perspective, these two characters can be used to monitor both the impact and dynamic responses of the benthic community due to environmental changes, such as seawater pollution, global changes, climate changes such as seawater temperatur e anomalies, sea level rise, etc. The group of benthic fishery and regarded as vulnerable species such as flat-fish Psettodidae, mollusca: Loligo.sp, Sephia.sp and Octopus which is believed as the most vulnerable coastal shallow fisheries resources which would be such important database for the adaptation strategy due to climate change, especially to seawater anomaly and for the benthic and coastal fishery management in the future.

2. METODOLOGY