E-learning Model for Mastery Learning Based on Gamma Feedback Learning Model
Advanced Science Letters
ISSN: 1936-6612 (Print): EISSN: 1936-7317 (Online)
Copyright © 2000-2015 American Scientific Publishers. All Rights Reserved.
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Dr. Hari Singh Nalwa, USA
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HONORARY EDITORS
Richard Ernst*, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
Eric B. Karlsson+, Uppsala University, Sweden
Douglas Osheroff*, Stanford University, USA
*Nobel Prize Laureate
+Member of the Nobel Committee for Physics 1987-1998 (chairman in 1998)
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Diederik Aerts (Quantum theory, Cognition, Evolution theory)
Brussels Free University, Belgium.
Yakir Aharonov (Physics, Quantum Physics)
School of Physics and Astronomy, Israel.
Peter C. Aichelburg (Gravitation)
University of Vienna, Austria.
Jim Al-Khalili (Foundations of Physics, Nuclear Reaction Theory)
University of Surrey, UK.
Jake Blanchard (Engineering Physics, Nuclear Engineering)
University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA.
Simon Baron-Cohen (Cognitive Neuroscience)
University of Cambridge, UK.
Franz X. Bogner (Cognitive Achievement)
University of Bayreuth, Germany.
John Borneman (Anthropology)
Princeton University, USA.
John Casti (Complexity Science)
Internationales Institut für Angewandte Systemanalyse, Austria.
Masud Chaichian (High Energy Physics, String Theory)
University of Helsink, Finland.
Sergey V. Chervon(Gravitation, Cosmology, Astrophysics)
Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Russia
Kevin Davey (Philosophy of Science)
University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
Tania Dey (Colloids/Polymers/Nanohybrids)
Canada.
Roland Eils (Bioinformatics)
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Germany.
Thomas Görnitz (Quantum theory, Cosmology)
University of Frankfurt, Germany.
Bert Gordijn (Nanoethics, Neuroethics, Bioethics)
Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Ji-Huan He (Textile Engineering, Functional Materials)
Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
Nongyue He (Biosensors/Biomaterials)
China.
Irving P. Herman (Materials and Solid State Physics)
Columbia University, USA.
Dipankar Home (Foundations of Quantum Mechanics)
Bose Institute, Kolkata, India.
Jucundus Jacobeit (Climate, Global Change Ecology)
University of Augsburg, Germany.
Yuriy A. Knirel (Bioorganic Chemistry)
N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russia.
Arthur Konnerth (Neurophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms)
University of Munich, Germany.
G. A. Kourouklis (Physics Solid State Physics)
Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece.
Peter Krammer (Genetics)
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Germany.
Andrew F. Laine (Biomedical Engineering)
Columbia University, USA.
Minbo Lan (Organic Functional Materials)
China.
Martha Lux-Steiner (Physics, Materials Science)
Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Germany.
Klaus Mainzer (Complex Systems, Computational Mind, Philosophy of Science)
University of Augsburg, Germany.
JoAnn E. Manson (Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease)
Harvard University, USA.
Mark P. Mattson (Neuroscience)
National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, USA.
Lucio Mayer (Astrophysics, Cosmology)
ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
Efstathios Meletis (Physics, Thin films, Nanomaterials, Corrosion, Tribology)
University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
Karl Menten (Radioastromy)
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastromie, Germany.
Yoshiko Miura (Biomaterials/Biosensors)
Japan.
Fred M. Mueller (Solid State Physics)
Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA.
Garth Nicolson (Illness Research, Cancer Cell Biology)
The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, USA.
Nina Papavasiliou (DNA Mutators, Microbial Virulence, Antiviral Defence, Adaptive
Immunity, Surface Receptor Variation)
The Rockefeller University, New York, USA.
Panos Photinos (Physics)
Southern Oregon University, USA.
Constantin Politis (Physics, Engineering)
University of Patras, Greece.
Zhiyong Qian (Biomedical Engineering, Biomaterials, Drug Delivery)
Sichuan University, CHINA.
Reinhard Schlickeiser (Astrophysics, Plasma Theory and Space Science)
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
Surinder Singh (Sensors/Nanotechnology)
USA.
Suprakas Sinha Ray (Composites/Polymer Science)
South Africa.
Koen Steemers (Architechture, Environmental Building Performance)
University of Cambridge, UK.
Shinsuke Tanabe (Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology)
Ehime University, Japan.
James R. Thompson (Solid State Physics)
The University of Tennessee, USA.
Uwe Ulbrich (Climat, Meteorology)
Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
Ahmad Umar (Advanced Materials)
Najran University, Saudi Arabia.
Frans de Waal (Animal Behavior and Cognition)
Emory University, USA.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Filippo Aureli, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Marcel Ausloos, Université de Liège, Belgium
Martin Bojowald, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Sougato Bose, University College, London, UK
Jacopo Buongiorno, MIT, USA
Paul Cordopatis, University of Patras, Greece
Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara, University of Firenze, Italy
Dionysios Demetriou Dionysiou, University of Cincinnati, USA
Simon Eidelman, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russia
Norbert Frischauf, QASAR Technologies, Vienna, Austria
Toshi Futamase, Tohoku University, Japan
Leonid Gavrilov, University of Chicago, USA
Vincent G. Harris, Northeastern University, USA
Mae-Wan Ho, Open University, UK
Keith Hutchison, University of Melbourne, Australia
David Jishiashvili, Georgian Technical University, Georgia
George Khushf, University of South Carolina, USA
Sergei Kulik, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Harald Kunstmann, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe, Germany
Alexander Lebedev, Laboratory of Semiconductor Devices Physics, Russia
James Lindesay, Howard University, USA
Michael Lipkind, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel
Nigel Mason, Open University, UK
Johnjoe McFadden, University of Surrey, UK
B. S. Murty, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Heiko Paeth, Geographisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Germany
Matteo Paris, Universita' di Milano, Italia
David Posoda, University of Vigo, Spain
Paddy H. Regan, University of Surrey, UK
Leonidas Resvanis, University of Athens, Greece
Wolfgang Rhode, University of Dortmund, Germany
Derek C. Richardson, University of Maryland, USA
Carlos Romero, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil
Andrea Sella, University College London, London, UK
P. Shankar, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
Leonidas Sotiropoulos, University of Patras, Greece
Roger Strand, University of Bergen, Norway
Karl Svozil, Technische Universität Wien, Auastria
Kit Tan, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Roland Triay, Centre de Physique Theorique, CNRS, Marseille, France
Rami Vainio, University of Helsinki, Finland
Victor Voronov, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, Russia
Andrew Whitaker, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
Lijian Xu, Hunan University of Technology, China
Alexander Yefremov, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Russia
Avraam Zelilidis, University of Patras, Greece
Alexander V. Zolotaryuk, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A SPECIAL SECTION
Selected Peer-Reviewed Articles from the 2nd International Conference on Internet Services
Technology and Information Engineering (ISTIE 2014), Bali, Indonesia, 31 May-1 June, 2014
Guest Editors:Ford Lumban Gaol, Suhono Supangkat, Mohan Kankanhalli, and Benfano Soewito
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1731-1733 (2014)
REVIEWS
Image Segmentation of Repetitive Patterns: A Review
Kamelia Kamel, Nursuriati Jamil, Azlina Narawi, and Abdul Rahman Gobil
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1734-1739 (2014)
Trend of Case Based Reasoning in Diagnosing Chronic Disease: A Review
Daniel Hartono Sutanto, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Mohd. Khanapi Abd. Ghani
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1740-1744 (2014)
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Development of Resistive Random Access Memory Simulation Model for Defect Analysis and
Testing
Norsuhaidah Arshad, Nor Zaidi Haron, Zahriladha Zakaria, and Norhayati Soin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1745-1750 (2014)
Multi-Sensor Fusion Based Effective Obstacle Avoidance and Path-Following Technology
Byambaa Dorj, Doopalam Tuvshinjargal, KilTo Chong, Dong Pyo Hong, and Deok Jin Lee
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1751-1756 (2014)
Design a Broadband Dual-Polarized Antenna
Kho Shin Phoo, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, Badrul Hisham Ahmad, and F. Abd. Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1757-1760 (2014)
Investigation of Multi Slot Stacked on Dipole Antenna Mohamad Hafize Ramli, Mohamad Zoinol
Abidin Abd. Aziz, Abdul Halim Dahalan, and Mohd Azlishah Othman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1761-1765 (2014)
Interpretive Structural Modeling to Improve National Productivity Using E-Commerce and MCommerce Based Practices in Indian Context
Sujata P. Deshmukh and G. T. Thampi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1766-1777 (2014)
Design of an Integrity Homecare Application for Self-Physical Rehabilitations
Hao-Hsinag Ku and Miao Ou Yang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1778-1782 (2014)
FPGA Based Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic System Using Perturb and Observe
Method During Shading Condition
Abd Kadir Mahamad, Sharifah Saon, and King Diaw
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1783-1787 (2014)
Design of Antenna with Rectifying Circuit for Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Application
Z. Zakaria, N. A. Zainuddin, M. N. Husain, M. N. I. Kamaruzaman, M. Z. A. Abd Aziz, N. Z. Haron, A. A.
M. Isa, and M. A. Mutalib
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1788-1792 (2014)
Geospatial Content for Smartphone
Khairul Anshar and Nanna Suryana Herman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1793-1797 (2014)
Power Quality and Electromagnetic Interference Noise Problems of Fluorescent Lamp System to
Control Systems
Chutipon Uyaisom and Werachet Khan-Ngern
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1798-1802 (2014)
All-in-One PC or Desktop Saves More Energy But Poses Worse Power Quality Problem with Effect
to Control System
Chutipon Uyaisom
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1803-1807 (2014)
Position Control and Optimization Using the Electronic Circuit Module with the Rotary Encoder
Anna Antonyová, Peter Antony, and Benfano Soewito
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1808-1812 (2014)
Detecting, Determining and Localizing Multiple Attacks in Wireless Sensor Network
Rajalakshmi and Umamaheswari
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1813-1816 (2014)
Design of Rugby Ball Patch Microstrip Antenna with Circle Slot for Ultra Wideband Frequency
(UWB)
Rudy Yuwono, Silvi A. D. Permata, Erfan A. Dahlan, and Ronanobelta Syakura
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1817-1819 (2014)
Accurate Heading Estimation of a Vehicle Using Low-Cost GPS Only
Ganduulga Gankhuyag, Lim Shin Taek, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1820-1823 (2014)
A Novel Approach to Signal Encryption: Improved Version of Conventional Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Scheme
A. Hira, N. Sakib, N. Sarker, M. N. Mollah, S. B. Mohamed, and M. A. Rashid
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1824-1828 (2014)
A Wireless System and Embedded Sensors on Spindle Rotating Tool for Condition Monitoring
Muhammad Rizal, Jaharah A. Ghani, Mohd Zaki Nuawi, and Che Hassan Che Haron
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1829-1832 (2014)
Designing Cham Fonts for Windows and Macintosh
Van Ngoc Sang and Mohamad Bin Bilal Ali
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1833-1836 (2014)
Multi-Camera View Synthesis Based on Depth Image Layer Separation (DILS) Algorithm
Nurulfajar Abd Manap, Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim, John Soraghan, and Lykourgos Petropoulakis
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1837-1841 (2014)
Development of PC Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for DC Motor
Abd Kadir Mahamad, Sharifah Saon, and Wan Hassan Wan Hamat
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1842-1845 (2014)
Improved Location and Positioning in WiMAX Networks with Virtual Multiple Input Multiple
Output Base Stations
A. A. M. Isa, M. H. Othman, M. S. I. M. Zin, M. S. M. Isa, M. S. M. Saat, N. Z. Haron, and Z. Zakaria
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1846-1850 (2014)
An Efficient Resource Allocation for Infrastructure-as-a-Service in Cloud Computing Environments
Wen-Hwa Liao, Chih-Kai Yu, and Ssu-Chi Kuai
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1851-1855 (2014)
Secure Mutual Authentication and Key-Agreement Protocol for IP Multimedia Server-Client
Deebak Bakkiam David, Muthaiah Rajappa, Thenmozhi Karupuswamy, and Swaminathan Pitchai Iyer
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1856-1863 (2014)
Fusing Data from Multiple Inexpensive Global Positioning System and an Electronic Compass to
Increase Heading Accuracy in Real Time
Felipe P. Vista IV, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1864-1868 (2014)
Correlation Coefficient for Energy Monitoring Based on Human Activity in the Office Room
Nur Hanim Mustafa, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Mohd Azlishah Othman,
and Fared Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1869-1872 (2014)
Design of Wideband Monopole Antenna with Co-Planar Waveguide Feeding Technique
Teik Kean Ong, Badrul Hisham Ahmad, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, and Mohd Fareq Abd.
Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1873-1875 (2014)
Enhanced Endocardial Boundary Detection in Echocardiography Images Using B-Spline and
Statistical Method
Slamet Riyadi, Mohd Marzuki Mustafa, and Aini Hussain
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1876-1880 (2014)
A Barrier Coverage Mechanism in Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks
Chih-Yung Chang, Chao-Tsun Chang, Ching-Sheng Wang, and Cheng-Chang Chen
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1881-1884 (2014)
Time Frame Selection Based Feature Extraction for Fire Detection in Video Surveillance
Guruh Fajar Shidik and Fajrian Nur Adnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1885-1889 (2014)
Performance Optimization of a Distributed Transcoding System Based on Hadoop for Multimedia
Streaming Services
Myoungjin Kim, Yun Cui, Seungho Han, and Hanku Lee
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1890-1894 (2014)
Qiblah Direction: An Android Application
Sera Syarmila Sameon and Muhammad Saddiq B. Salleh
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1895-1899 (2014)
Dynamic Interaction Network to Model Co-Integration in IDX Leading Stocks
Harya Widiputra
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1900-1904 (2014)
Application of Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Energy Saving Glass Coating Structure
Design
Fauzi Mohd Johar, Farah Ayuni Azmin, Abdul Samad Shibghatullah, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, Badrul
Hisham Ahmad, Siti Nadzirah Salleh, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Mahfuzah Md Shukor, Liew
Voon Bin, and Wong Wei Yang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1905-1909 (2014)
Comparative Analysis of Compact Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) with Band-Reject
Characteristics
Z. Zakaria, M. A. Mutalib, A. Ismail, N. A. Zainuddin, W. Y. Sam, M. S. M. Isa, A. A. M. Isa, and N. Z.
Haron
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1910-1913 (2014)
Geometrical-Invariant Grid-Based Colour Moment (GBCM) for Plant Identification
Nuril Aslina Che Hussin, Nursuriati Jamil, Sharifalillah Nordin, and Khalil Awang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1914-1917 (2014)
Texture Classification Using Random Forest
Mohammed M. Razooq and Md Jan Nordin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1918-1921 (2014)
Target Coverage Mechanism for Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks
Chih-Yung Chang, Gwo-Jong Yu, and Tzu-Chia Wang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1922-1926 (2014)
Mobile Robot Obstacle Avoidance Techniques
Aamir Reyaz, Bayanjargal Baasandorj, Sung Ho Park, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1927-1931 (2014)
The Role of Information and Communication Technology Sectors in Indonesian National Economy
from 1990 Through 2008: An Analysis Using Input-Output Approach
Ubaidillah Zuhdi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1932-1935 (2014)
A Student Modeling Based on Bayesian Network Framework for Characterizing Student Learning
Style
Adhistya Erna Permanasari, Indriana Hidayah, and Sapta Nugraha
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1936-1940 (2014)
Tri-Band Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) on Hybrid Material
Teik Kean Ong, Kho Shin Phoo, Mahfuzah Md. Shukor, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, Badrul
Hisham Ahmad, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, Fauzi Mohd Johar, Siti Nadzirah Salleh, Farah Ayuni Azmin,
and Fareq Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1941-1944 (2014)
A Comparison Framework of Classification Models for Software Defect Prediction
Romi Satria Wahono, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Sabrina Ahmad
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1945-1950 (2014)
Neural Network Parameter Optimization Based on Genetic Algorithm for Software Defect
Prediction
Romi Satria Wahono, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Sabrina Ahmad
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1951-1955 (2014)
High Performance Large Sparse PDEs with Parabolic and Elliptic Types Using AGE Method on DPCS
Norma Alias, Maizatul Nadirah Mustaffa, Hafizah Farhah Saipan Saipol, and Asnida Che Abd. Ghani
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1956-1960 (2014)
High Speed Computation of Muscle Stress Problem Using Crack Propagation Modelling on DPCS
Platform
Norma Alias, Hala Mokhtar, Yin San, Hafizah Farhah Saipan Saipol, Maizatul Nadirah Mustaffa,
Norfarizan Mohd Said, and Norhalena Mohd Nor
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1961-1966 (2014)
Vehicle Tracking Through Location Prediction and Feature Similarity in Traffic Video Streams
Du-Hyung Cho and Seok-Lyong Lee
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1967-1971 (2014)
A Royalty Optimization Model for Radio Spectrum Allocation
Ki-Seok Choi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1972-1975 (2014)
Mobile Robot Obstacle Avoidance Using Potential Field Method
Bayanjargal Baasandorj, Aamir Reyaz, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1976-1979 (2014)
Decision Support System for Agricultural Appraisal in Dryland Areas
Arif Imam Suroso, Sugiharto, and Arief Ramadhan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1980-1986 (2014)
An Assessment Model for Government Enterprise Architecture Establishment Phase
Nur Azaliah A. Bakar, S. Harihodin, and Nazri Kama
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1987-1991 (2014)
Dependable Adaptive Failure Detection
Ahmad Shukri Mohd Noor, Mustafa Mat Deris, and Md Yazid Md Saman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1992-1995 (2014)
Optimising Interdependent Distributed Environment with Co-Existence Neighbourhood
Ahmad Shukri Mohd Noor, Mustafa Mat Deris, and Md Yazid Md Saman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1996-1999 (2014)
Investigation of Impedance Modeling for Dual Band Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) by Using
Hybrid Materials
Teik Kean Ong, Kho Shin Phoo, Mahfuzah Md. Shukor, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, Badrul
Hisham Ahmad, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, Fauzi Mohd Johar, Siti Nadzirah Salleh, Farah Ayuni Azmin,
and Fareq Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2000-2003 (2014)
Factors Affecting on Security Perception in Online Purchase Intention
Fatemeh Meskaran, Bharanidharan Shanmugamm, and Zuraini Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2004-2008 (2014)
Comparative Study: The Implementation of Machine Learning Method for Sentiment Analysis in
Social Media. A Recommendation for Future Research
Miftah Andriansyah, Adang Suhendra, and I Wayan Simri Wicaksana
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2009-2013 (2014)
Enhancement of Student Motivation in Learning Through BLOSSOMS Video Activity
Nurul'Izzati Hamizan and Norasykin Mohd Zaid
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2014-2017 (2014)
Design and Implementation of Web-Based Paddy Crop Management System Based on Open
Source Tools and Web Service Technologies
Sohailah Safie, Mohamad Fairol Zamzuri Che Sayuti, and Rubiyah Yusof
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2018-2021 (2014)
Therapeutics Approach in Microenterprise E-Business System: The SOAPIE Method
Hanitahaiza Hairuddin, Erne Suzila Kassim, Ariff Md Ab Malik, Noor Zalina Zainal, and Nor Laila Md
Noor
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2022-2025 (2014)
Optimization of Pre-Processing of Extensive Projects in Geographic Information Systems
Dalibor Bartonek, Jirí Bureš, and Irena Opatrilová
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2026-2029 (2014)
Call Center Technology and Interactive Voice Response Based VoIP
M. Firdaus, Warnia Nengsih, and Ibnu Surya
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2030-2033 (2014)
Adaptive Principal Component Analysis Based Recursive Least Squares for Artifact Removal of EEG
Signals
Arjon Turnip and Mery Siahaan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2034-2037 (2014)
IT Strategy Alignment in University Using IT Balanced Scorecard Framework
Muhammad Izman Herdiansyah, Suzi Oktavia Kunang, and Muhammad Akbar
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2038-2041 (2014)
Green IT Implementation Strategy: Development of a Tracking Indicator
Sri Fatiany Abdul Kader Jailani, Erne Suzila Kassim, and Hanitahaiza Hairuddin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2042-2045 (2014)
Preserving Privacy for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Emergency Services via Heterogeneous Access
Control Model
Asmidar Abu Bakar, El-Munzir Hassan El-Talib, and Roslan Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2046-2049 (2014)
Field Programmable Gate Arrays Implementation of Multiplier Free Architecture for Image
Compression
Parvatham Vijay and Seetharaman Gopalakrishnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2050-2054 (2014)
Application Specific Integrated Circuit Implementation of Multiplier Free Modified Flipping
Architecture for Image Compression
Parvatham Vijay and Seetharaman Gopalakrishnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2055-2059 (2014)
A Representational State Transfer Based Architecture for Web Services Using Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles
Keunyoung Park, Doohyun Kim, Sangil Lee, Dong Kuk Ryu, and Dongwoon Jeon
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2060-2063 (2014)
Comparison of CST and Customize Program in Theoretical for Scattering Transmission Parameter
for Energy Saving Glass (ESG) Application
F. M. Johar, S. N. Salleh, F. A. Azmin, M. K. Suadi, M. Md. Shukor, B. H. Ahmad, and A. S.
Shibghatullah
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2064-2068 (2014)
A Data Envelopment Analysis-Based Index to Measure the Progress of the e-Service Society in
Europe
Corrado lo Storto
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2069-2072 (2014)
Subjective Judgment, Cognitive Style and Ecommerce Website Evaluation: A Non-Parametric
Approach
Corrado lo Storto
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2073-2077 (2014)
Improved Indoors Location Awareness Architecture in Mobile Phones
Vahid Davoudi, Salwani Mohd Daud, Mahdieh Abosadeghi, and Meysam Ahmadi Oskooei
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2078-2081 (2014)
Pollution Instrumentation Using Global Positioning System and Data Logger Based-On Propeller
Ferry Wahyu Wibowo
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2082-2086 (2014)
E-Learning Model for Mastery Learning Based on Gama Feedback Learning Model
Dwijoko Purbohadi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2087-2091 (2014)
HTML Format Tables Extraction with Differentiating Cell Content as Property Name
Detty Purnamasari, Lintang Yuniar Banowosari, I Wayan Simri Wicaksana, and Suryadi Harmanto
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2092-2096 (2014)
Extension of NS2 Framework for Wireless Sensor Network
Mohamed Doheir, Atheer Kadhim, Khyrina Airin Fariza Abu Samah, Burairah Hussin, and Abd Samad
Hasan Basari
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2097-2101 (2014)
On Measuring Business Value of Radio Frequency Identification Technology on Logistics Service
Moon-Soo Kim
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2102-2105 (2014)
Performance of Meta-Heuristic Techniques in Freeman Chain Code (FCC) Extraction for
Handwritten Character Recognition
Dewi Nasien, Habibollah Haron, Siti Sophiyati Yuhaniz, Aini Najwa Azmi, and Haswadi Hassan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2106-2110 (2014)
Multi-Criterial Analysis Based on Comparison with Etalon
Dalibor Bartonek and Stanislava Dermeková
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2111-2114 (2014)
Software Engineering Challenges in Multi Platform Mobile Application Development
Hammoudeh S. Alamri and Balsam A. Mustafa
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2115-2118 (2014)
Efficiency Energy Consumption in Cloud Computing Based on Constant Position Selection Policy in
Dynamic Virtual Machine Consolidation
Guruh Fajar Shidik and Ahmad Ashari
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2119-2124 (2014)
A Methodology for Investigating Opportunities for Service Technologies
Chulhyun Kim and Moon-Soo Kim
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2125-2128 (2014)
Comparison Neural Network and Support Vector Machine for Production Quantity Prediction
Nur Rachman Dzakiyullah, Burairah Hussin, Chairul Saleh, and Aditian Maytri Handani
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2129-2133 (2014)
Toward a Trend-Based Web Page Rank by Using Big Data on Smartphones
Dae-Young Choi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2134-2137 (2014)
Energy Monitoring System in Common Room Based on Human Behavior in Malaysia
Nur Hanim Mustafa, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Mohd Azlishah Othman,
and Fared Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2138-2141 (2014)
The Process of Incorporating Online Collaborative Learning: An Analysis of Malaysian Tertiary ICT
Educators' Perceptions
Mohd Nihra Haruzuan Mohamad Said, Lokman Tahir, Mohd Fadzli Ali, and Norasykin Mohd Zaid
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2142-2146 (2014)
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
Copyright © 2014 American Scientific Publishers
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Advanced Science Letters
Vol 20, 2087-2091, 2014
E-learning Model for Mastery Learning
Based on Gamma Feedback Learning Model
Dwijoko Purbohadi*
Information Technology Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, DI Yogyakarta, 55253 Indonesia
Gama Feedback Learning Model (GFLM) is a method of learning that adapted from a feedback-control system in
engineering. It is designed especially for the mastery learning that uses e-learning. Students will receive more complete and
perfect learning environment. With enough time and the right way of learning, students can achieve mastery. The objective of
this paper is to build a blended learning model that combines face-to-face and e-learning based on the GFLM. The e-learning
models that have been built then tested in the group of students who attend English courses for grammatical mastering. The
obtained results are very significant, 100% of the students in the experimental group achieved mastery, and 40% of students
in the control group achieve mastery. Whereas for the testing of implementation by using Partial Least Square (PLS) stated
that mastery is 93.4% affected by the interface, the effectiveness of a tutorial, the learning treatment, the student motiva tion,
and the student activities, and 6.6% affected by the unknown variable.
Keywords: GFLM, blended Learning, mastery learning
.
The Model of face-to-face learning group with a lot of
1. INTRODUCTION
participants had some limitations, such as limited in lecturerstudent interaction. This condition also makes difficult to
Mastery learning is a learning method that uses a
monitor learning outside the classroom activities, difficult to
concept: if every student is given the opportunity to study
know every student learning problems, and difficult to
with enough time it is possible for them to achieve mastery1.
motivate students who are having learning difficulties. The
Mastery learning is accomplished if done in the right
problems mentioned above show how important the new
conditions, and all students are able to learn well 2, otherwise
concept of e-learning model that suitable for mastery
mastery learning cannot accomplish if students are not
learning.
motivated3. The implementation of mastery learning requires
Gama Feedback-control Learning Model (GFLM) is an
a thorough learning model that can be applied easily and
e-learning based model which specifically designed to adapt
should use e-learning4.
the principles of feedback control and apply it in teachingIdeal learning is one lecturer for one student, supported
learning so that each student achieves mastery6. GFLM
by adequate equipment and appropriate methods. As time
designed for a learning group model, but it can provide
goes by, the ratio of the lecturer compares to student is
monitoring and improvement of individual learning by
getting smaller, meaning that lecturer manages learning
intelligent system (computer) and lecture (human) so that all
groups with a growing number of students. This condition
students achieve mastery. Mastery can be achieved by every
causes the lecturer to be difficult to manage learning
student because GFLM gives students: flexible learning time
activities; as a result the possibility of students to achieve
and treatment until they reach mastery using Intelligent
mastery is reduced, big number student gives a negative
Tutoring System. In GFLM, the lecturer has a duty to
effect on learning5.
oversee, detects problems, and provides motivated task and
*
comment.
Email Address: [email protected]
1
Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 20, No. 10/11/12, 2014
2087-2091/2014
doi:10.1166/asl.2011.1261
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
2. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
E-learning provides the advantages in teaching and
learning because they have the ability to interact with
students individually especially for the presentation of
information, management, and tutorials through the internet.
One important development of e-learning is a Learning
Management System (LMS) in 19977. LMS is an internetbased application. LMS has the reliability and success is
higher when compared to other systems, especially
successful in improving the quality of web-based education
management. LMS is an integrated system that supports
number of students. LMS provides a place to organize and
change the course of both their latest material and material
that is being given, is known as the Learning Object (LO).
Learning objects are a new way of learning content design,
development, and delivery. LO provide all of the material
for an entire course or lecture, a learning object provides
material for a single lesson or lesson-topic within a course,
i.e. simulations, interactive data sets, quizzes, surveys,
annotated texts, and adaptive learning modules 8.
The paper uses the definition of e-learning: e-learning
is the content and instructional methods that rely on the use
of computer tools to build knowledge or skills appropriate
learning objectives9. The development of e-learning models
must use technologies and pedagogical approaches. One
innovation of e-learning that gives a lot of influence on
education is the emergence of LMS, such as Moodle, Sakai,
A Tutor, Blackboard, etc. LMS can equipped with activity
recorder features and score (e-portfolio) to monitor student
behavior 10. However, LMS is not a teaching tool, so it need
teaching modules. The development of LMS leads to the
interoperability another LMS issue, so that standard
SCORM (Shareable Content Object Reference Model) arises.
Authoring tools are one of SCORM development tools,
especially for building the content easily, quickly, and
having a professional output 11.The rapid development of
technology has affected educational approaches; particularly,
the internet which caused students to prefer more
customizable and interactive systems for learning.
3. GAMA FEEDBACK LEARNING MODEL
Learning model with feedback-control techniques are
learning control model which by this more students can
achieve mastery. Further explained, mastery is likely to be
achieved when students are motivated to actively learn and
always under the supervision of lecturers. If a lecturer finds
problems, actions will be taken to motivate students. This
method has similarities with the principles of feedbackcontrol in engineering. Gama Feedback-control Learning
Model (GFLM) is an e-learning based model which
specifically designed to adapt the principles of feedback
control and apply it in teaching-learning so that each student
achieves mastery. GFLM designed for a learning group
model, but it can provide monitoring and improvement of
individual learning so that all students achieve mastery.
Mastery can be achieved by every student because GFLM
gives students: flexible learning time, continuous learning,
an assistance when they have difficulties, and motivation to
be willing to learn continuously active until they reach
mastery. In GFLM, the lecturer has a duty to oversee, detects
problems, and provides motivated task and comments to the
students. Figure 1 shows the GFLM block diagram.
Figure 1. GFLM Block Diagram
The GFLM process control consists of: (a) the
measurement of learning achievement through online
tutorials to get scores for mastery criteria and learning
achievement comparison, (b) finding learning problems, (c)
evaluate for selecting improvement strategies, and (d)
providing motivation and improvement actions. To realize
the GFLM process control study implementation, then elearning environment such as LMS, which is equipped with
an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) and the appropriate
instructional plan is used. The main important task of an
ITS is the application of its “intelligence”. This means
applying different technique of teaching for different
students, without any intervention from the human teachers12.
Using ITS concepts, learning activities can be carried out
entirely by students using the LMS facility. Thus, by
combining ITS and LMS, students can learn independently
and freely, but observed, while more lecturer serve as
supervisors and mentors so that students are willing to
perform tasks such as an instructional plan. Finally, the
learning model as a mastery learning concept in
experimental group can be realized.
4. METHOD
The GFLM process consists of the measurement of
learning outcomes through test and activity, comparing the
learning mastery criteria with learning progress, finds
learning problems, evaluation for selecting improvement
strategies, and providing motivation and improvement
actions. To measure the successfulness of the GFLM
required the data of pretest, posttest, and activity. All
students are given the opportunity to use the e-learning
environment; this is done to avoid new problems arising
outside the context of the learning and the research
themselves. The research was carried out without being
noticed by faculty and students, this is to avoid a change in
attitude because they know if the area being studied. Data is
collected from the experimental group and the control group.
What is meant by the experimental group were students who
score at least 40% of tutorials and the rest goes to the control
group.
2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
4.1 Procedures
H4: Activity is influenced by motivation13, the higher the
motivation, the more the students eager to collect
activity score.
H5: Effectiveness of tutorial influence motivation. More
effective the tutorial, the student will have higher
motivation to use it.
H6: The interface will influence the effectiveness of a
tutorial for users to feel comfortable using it.
H7: Learning treatment give effect on motivation14, the
lecturer comments can determine whether students were
motivated to use the tutorial or not
GFLM have a dependent variable that will be measured
by the independent variables. The dependent variable is the
mastery (Y), while the independent variables consist of the
convenience of the interface (T), the effectiveness of online
tutorials (E), the influence of treatment (B), motivation (M)
and activity (A). The independent variables were the
effectiveness of online tutorials, motivations and activities of
an independent variable that is temporary (intervening). The
convenience of the interface (T) is the independent variable
that determines the success of the model. A great interface is
not perceived by students, but the poor interface will
decrease due to lower interest in providing motivation (M).
In this case, the motivation is a very important element in
learning. Effectiveness (E) can be seen from the results of
the use of interactive modules which is an online learning
tool in the achievement of the course objectives.
The core of interactive modules is to help students
achieve mastery of each topic as it will affect the success of
the overall student achieve mastery. Treatment (B) contains
information for students after completing the activities. The
comments are coming from the e-learning facility or from
the lecturer for motivation treatments. The score information
can become a trigger the process of improvement and
reinforcement. Motivation (M) is an intermediate variable to
achieve mastery. With a strong motivation, mastery is easier
to achieve. Students who have high motivation are willing to
work on any given task. Activity (A) is an in-class activity,
i.e tutorial or discussion. Activities outside the classroom
carried out independently by the LMS as working on the
pre-test, post-test and using ITS. Activity is closely related
to the motivation. If the motivation is high the activity is
also high. The higher activity means greater the chances for
success. Thus GFLM modeled as follows:
Y=T+B+M+A+E
Implementation test can be measured by latent variables
collected in the survey. The survey consists of 40
questionnaires with answer options using a Likert’s scale.
From the model calculations, it is known that there are 9
questions were rejected because it has loading factor less
than 0.45. Data obtained from the questionnaires were
derived from the entire population (latent variables). The
data from the questionnaires is then be processed to see the
implementation level model through the relationship
between constructs. Implementation can be seen from the
effect of the interface toward the effectiveness of the
tutorial, learning treatment effects on motivation,
motivational influence on the activities and also the
influence of activities towards achieving mastery.
Implementation test is conducted by testing the research
model using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) method
and PLS (Partial Least Square) software. PLS was chosen
because this research has aimed to develop a model so that
the characteristics of the test are having a nature of
estimation[15]. It will be stated as implemented when the
model can prove that it give a positive effect to the students;
that is, the student feels glad that they helped by this model
to achieve mastery. There are two model evaluation: inner
and outer model. Inner model describes the relationship
Where:
Y = Mastery
T = Interface
B = Treatment
M = Motivation
A = Activity
E = Tutorial Effectiveness
Model Testing needs to be done to see the success of
learning implementation. Due to this model applies to the
actual learning activities involving human nature that is
difficult to exactly quantify, it needs to have some
hypotheses. Calculations can be performed to test the
hypothesis qualitatively and quantitatively. The several
hypotheses describe as follows:
H1: The experimental group had a significant increase in
student achievement compared to the control group.
H2: There is a 95% of the experimental group students
who achieve mastery1.
H3: Mastery is strongly influenced by the degree of
activity1, the higher the score the more likely the activity
achieves mastery.
3
Hypotheses H1 and H2 are used to test the successfulness
of the model and H3, H4, H5, H6, and H7 are used to test the
influence variables of the model. These parameters are used
to construct the research model to develop the relationships
between constructs like as in Figure 2. The model consists of
effectiveness of a tutorial and treatment construct that
influence on motivation[2],[13]. The Effectiveness of the
tutorial is influenced by the interface (display appearance).
Motivation affects activity and it will ultimately determine
student mastery[14].
Interface
Tutorial
Motivation
Activity
Mastery
Treatment
Figure 2. Design of Research Model
4.2 Data analysis
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
between variables, both endogenous and exogenous latent
while outer model explains the relationship between the
latent variables and the indicators to measure the reliability
and validity of the measurement results. The criteria of inner
model are shown in table 1 Dan outer model is shown in
table 2.
Table 1. Inner model criteria
Criteria
Value
R2 (Determination
Coefficient)
Min 0.67
Q2
(Cross Validity)
Positive
GoF
(Goodness of Fit)
Min 0.48
Explanation
R2 value indicates how far the
endogenous
latent
variables
influenced by exogenous latent
2
variables. R values above 0.67 are
affected stronger, less than 0:19 are
less affected, of which is said to be
affected[16].
Q2 Is a measure of how well the
observed values reconstructed by the
model. Q2 positive means construct
has relevance to the prediction model,
the negative Q2 means it has no
relevance to the prediction model.
Cross-validated commonality Q2 for
all latent variables and cross-validated
redundancy Q2 for endogenous latent
variables. Smart PLS could see Q2 to
level constructs and indicators.
Shows how well the values observed
by the model
An inner model evaluated by looking at the percentage of
variance or R-square value on the dependent latent
constructs (mastery). Inner model (structural model) has
functioned to explain the relationship between latent
variables (LV) to the entire model. An inner model is
evaluated by looking at the percentage of variance or Rsquare value on the dependent latent constructs (mastery).
Table 2. Outer model criteria.
Criteria
Loading
factor
Cross loading
factor
Cronbach’s
alpha
Composite
reliability
AVE
and
Composite
reliability
Value
Explanation
Min 0.7
To study the reliability
The highest value
of the construct [17]
To see the discriminant validity, a
factor loading indicator of a
construct should be higher than the
loading factor indicator for the other
constructs.
Min 0.7
Min 0.7 [18]
Min 0.5 and 0.6
[19]
To see the internal reliability, i.e.
how well a reflective latent variable
through the indicator.
To see the construct validity and
reliability
AVE
Min 0.5 [20]
To see whether a construct has good
discriminant validity or not
AVE
Higher than the
correlation value
between
constructs
To see whether a construct has good
discriminant validity or not
The value of cross loading showed the good discriminate
validity if the correlation between the indicators of its
constructs is higher than the value of the indicator
correlation with other constructs. Blindfolding testing is
used to see how well the size of the observed values
reconstructed by means positive model. Q2 constructs have
relevance to the prediction model, the negative Q 2 means it
has no relevance to the prediction model. Smart PLS can
show Q2 to level constructs and indicators.
4.3 Techniques
The experiment of the model was conducted at a nursing
department in a college in Palembang, Indonesia. The model
applied to English subject. The data are taken randomly and
directly in real teaching activity. There are three learning
objectives, namely: grammar, pronunciation, and fluency.
The model includes the practice of computer-assisted
learning study at home independently, and theory or practice
in the classroom. Thus, students are required to skillfully
communicate effectively using English. There are 17
sessions in each semester, consist of 2 hours tutorial, 2
hours practice, and one hour of homework. From earlier
study found that lecturers did not have enough time to teach
all the grammar topics in both practice sessions and theory
sessions. These conditions are considered suitable for the
use of GFLM, with the aim that all students are able to
achieve mastery of grammatical by utilizing time outside the
classroom.
The research population consisted of students
participating in an English course. The number of students
participating in learning was 113 students. Experiments
conducted during one semester in the first academic year of
2011/2012. To measure the successfulness of the model
required the data of pretest, posttest, and activity.
Implementation test required the data that’s collected
through questionnaires which were collected at the end of
the semester. All students are given the opportunity to use
the facilities of the model (e-learning). This is done to avoid
new problems arising outside the context of the learning and
the research themselves. The research was carried out
without being noticed by faculty and students, this is to
avoid a change in attitude because they know if the area
being studied. Data is collected from the experimental group
and the control group. What is meant by the experimental
group were students who score at least 40% of tutorials and
the rest goes to the control group.
5. RESULT
From the PLS calculations, the R 2 value (coefficient of
determination) in the mastery is 0.934 (above 0.8, very high),
which means that 93.4% mastery influences by variables in
the model and the remaining 6.6% mastery is influenced by
other variables that are not known. This value indicates that
the relationship between endogenous variables (dependent)
with exogenous variables (independent) very closely. GoF is
one of the techniques to calculate the validity of the model
in the global PLS[17]. From the calculated values, it is
obtained that the GoF value is 0.5502. GoF value is larger
than Ward's criterion (0.48), so it can be concluded that the
observed values are considered quite good models. The
value of Q2 for all levels of constructs and indicators are
positive, it indicates that the model can provide a good
prediction.
From the PLS calculations of outer model, it is revealed
that the construct activities and mastery AVE values are
above 0.5 but the construct of treatment, motivation, and
4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
AVE values interface are below 0.5. When it is observed
from the composite reliability values, it is shown that the
construct
activities,
learning
treatment,
tutorials
effectiveness, mastery, and the interface have a composite
reliability value above 0.8, only the construct of motivation
that is less than 0.8.
The two model measurement above, inner model and
outer model above, shows that all constructs have good
reliability. It means that the model meets the inner and outer
test model and bootstrapping calculation can be d
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Koen Steemers (Architechture, Environmental Building Performance)
University of Cambridge, UK.
Shinsuke Tanabe (Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology)
Ehime University, Japan.
James R. Thompson (Solid State Physics)
The University of Tennessee, USA.
Uwe Ulbrich (Climat, Meteorology)
Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
Ahmad Umar (Advanced Materials)
Najran University, Saudi Arabia.
Frans de Waal (Animal Behavior and Cognition)
Emory University, USA.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Filippo Aureli, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Marcel Ausloos, Université de Liège, Belgium
Martin Bojowald, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Sougato Bose, University College, London, UK
Jacopo Buongiorno, MIT, USA
Paul Cordopatis, University of Patras, Greece
Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara, University of Firenze, Italy
Dionysios Demetriou Dionysiou, University of Cincinnati, USA
Simon Eidelman, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russia
Norbert Frischauf, QASAR Technologies, Vienna, Austria
Toshi Futamase, Tohoku University, Japan
Leonid Gavrilov, University of Chicago, USA
Vincent G. Harris, Northeastern University, USA
Mae-Wan Ho, Open University, UK
Keith Hutchison, University of Melbourne, Australia
David Jishiashvili, Georgian Technical University, Georgia
George Khushf, University of South Carolina, USA
Sergei Kulik, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Harald Kunstmann, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe, Germany
Alexander Lebedev, Laboratory of Semiconductor Devices Physics, Russia
James Lindesay, Howard University, USA
Michael Lipkind, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel
Nigel Mason, Open University, UK
Johnjoe McFadden, University of Surrey, UK
B. S. Murty, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Heiko Paeth, Geographisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Germany
Matteo Paris, Universita' di Milano, Italia
David Posoda, University of Vigo, Spain
Paddy H. Regan, University of Surrey, UK
Leonidas Resvanis, University of Athens, Greece
Wolfgang Rhode, University of Dortmund, Germany
Derek C. Richardson, University of Maryland, USA
Carlos Romero, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil
Andrea Sella, University College London, London, UK
P. Shankar, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
Leonidas Sotiropoulos, University of Patras, Greece
Roger Strand, University of Bergen, Norway
Karl Svozil, Technische Universität Wien, Auastria
Kit Tan, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Roland Triay, Centre de Physique Theorique, CNRS, Marseille, France
Rami Vainio, University of Helsinki, Finland
Victor Voronov, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, Russia
Andrew Whitaker, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
Lijian Xu, Hunan University of Technology, China
Alexander Yefremov, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Russia
Avraam Zelilidis, University of Patras, Greece
Alexander V. Zolotaryuk, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A SPECIAL SECTION
Selected Peer-Reviewed Articles from the 2nd International Conference on Internet Services
Technology and Information Engineering (ISTIE 2014), Bali, Indonesia, 31 May-1 June, 2014
Guest Editors:Ford Lumban Gaol, Suhono Supangkat, Mohan Kankanhalli, and Benfano Soewito
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1731-1733 (2014)
REVIEWS
Image Segmentation of Repetitive Patterns: A Review
Kamelia Kamel, Nursuriati Jamil, Azlina Narawi, and Abdul Rahman Gobil
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1734-1739 (2014)
Trend of Case Based Reasoning in Diagnosing Chronic Disease: A Review
Daniel Hartono Sutanto, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Mohd. Khanapi Abd. Ghani
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1740-1744 (2014)
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Development of Resistive Random Access Memory Simulation Model for Defect Analysis and
Testing
Norsuhaidah Arshad, Nor Zaidi Haron, Zahriladha Zakaria, and Norhayati Soin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1745-1750 (2014)
Multi-Sensor Fusion Based Effective Obstacle Avoidance and Path-Following Technology
Byambaa Dorj, Doopalam Tuvshinjargal, KilTo Chong, Dong Pyo Hong, and Deok Jin Lee
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1751-1756 (2014)
Design a Broadband Dual-Polarized Antenna
Kho Shin Phoo, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, Badrul Hisham Ahmad, and F. Abd. Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1757-1760 (2014)
Investigation of Multi Slot Stacked on Dipole Antenna Mohamad Hafize Ramli, Mohamad Zoinol
Abidin Abd. Aziz, Abdul Halim Dahalan, and Mohd Azlishah Othman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1761-1765 (2014)
Interpretive Structural Modeling to Improve National Productivity Using E-Commerce and MCommerce Based Practices in Indian Context
Sujata P. Deshmukh and G. T. Thampi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1766-1777 (2014)
Design of an Integrity Homecare Application for Self-Physical Rehabilitations
Hao-Hsinag Ku and Miao Ou Yang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1778-1782 (2014)
FPGA Based Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic System Using Perturb and Observe
Method During Shading Condition
Abd Kadir Mahamad, Sharifah Saon, and King Diaw
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1783-1787 (2014)
Design of Antenna with Rectifying Circuit for Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Application
Z. Zakaria, N. A. Zainuddin, M. N. Husain, M. N. I. Kamaruzaman, M. Z. A. Abd Aziz, N. Z. Haron, A. A.
M. Isa, and M. A. Mutalib
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1788-1792 (2014)
Geospatial Content for Smartphone
Khairul Anshar and Nanna Suryana Herman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1793-1797 (2014)
Power Quality and Electromagnetic Interference Noise Problems of Fluorescent Lamp System to
Control Systems
Chutipon Uyaisom and Werachet Khan-Ngern
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1798-1802 (2014)
All-in-One PC or Desktop Saves More Energy But Poses Worse Power Quality Problem with Effect
to Control System
Chutipon Uyaisom
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1803-1807 (2014)
Position Control and Optimization Using the Electronic Circuit Module with the Rotary Encoder
Anna Antonyová, Peter Antony, and Benfano Soewito
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1808-1812 (2014)
Detecting, Determining and Localizing Multiple Attacks in Wireless Sensor Network
Rajalakshmi and Umamaheswari
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1813-1816 (2014)
Design of Rugby Ball Patch Microstrip Antenna with Circle Slot for Ultra Wideband Frequency
(UWB)
Rudy Yuwono, Silvi A. D. Permata, Erfan A. Dahlan, and Ronanobelta Syakura
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1817-1819 (2014)
Accurate Heading Estimation of a Vehicle Using Low-Cost GPS Only
Ganduulga Gankhuyag, Lim Shin Taek, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1820-1823 (2014)
A Novel Approach to Signal Encryption: Improved Version of Conventional Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Scheme
A. Hira, N. Sakib, N. Sarker, M. N. Mollah, S. B. Mohamed, and M. A. Rashid
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1824-1828 (2014)
A Wireless System and Embedded Sensors on Spindle Rotating Tool for Condition Monitoring
Muhammad Rizal, Jaharah A. Ghani, Mohd Zaki Nuawi, and Che Hassan Che Haron
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1829-1832 (2014)
Designing Cham Fonts for Windows and Macintosh
Van Ngoc Sang and Mohamad Bin Bilal Ali
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1833-1836 (2014)
Multi-Camera View Synthesis Based on Depth Image Layer Separation (DILS) Algorithm
Nurulfajar Abd Manap, Masrullizam Mat Ibrahim, John Soraghan, and Lykourgos Petropoulakis
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1837-1841 (2014)
Development of PC Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for DC Motor
Abd Kadir Mahamad, Sharifah Saon, and Wan Hassan Wan Hamat
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1842-1845 (2014)
Improved Location and Positioning in WiMAX Networks with Virtual Multiple Input Multiple
Output Base Stations
A. A. M. Isa, M. H. Othman, M. S. I. M. Zin, M. S. M. Isa, M. S. M. Saat, N. Z. Haron, and Z. Zakaria
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1846-1850 (2014)
An Efficient Resource Allocation for Infrastructure-as-a-Service in Cloud Computing Environments
Wen-Hwa Liao, Chih-Kai Yu, and Ssu-Chi Kuai
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1851-1855 (2014)
Secure Mutual Authentication and Key-Agreement Protocol for IP Multimedia Server-Client
Deebak Bakkiam David, Muthaiah Rajappa, Thenmozhi Karupuswamy, and Swaminathan Pitchai Iyer
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1856-1863 (2014)
Fusing Data from Multiple Inexpensive Global Positioning System and an Electronic Compass to
Increase Heading Accuracy in Real Time
Felipe P. Vista IV, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1864-1868 (2014)
Correlation Coefficient for Energy Monitoring Based on Human Activity in the Office Room
Nur Hanim Mustafa, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Mohd Azlishah Othman,
and Fared Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1869-1872 (2014)
Design of Wideband Monopole Antenna with Co-Planar Waveguide Feeding Technique
Teik Kean Ong, Badrul Hisham Ahmad, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, and Mohd Fareq Abd.
Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1873-1875 (2014)
Enhanced Endocardial Boundary Detection in Echocardiography Images Using B-Spline and
Statistical Method
Slamet Riyadi, Mohd Marzuki Mustafa, and Aini Hussain
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1876-1880 (2014)
A Barrier Coverage Mechanism in Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks
Chih-Yung Chang, Chao-Tsun Chang, Ching-Sheng Wang, and Cheng-Chang Chen
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1881-1884 (2014)
Time Frame Selection Based Feature Extraction for Fire Detection in Video Surveillance
Guruh Fajar Shidik and Fajrian Nur Adnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1885-1889 (2014)
Performance Optimization of a Distributed Transcoding System Based on Hadoop for Multimedia
Streaming Services
Myoungjin Kim, Yun Cui, Seungho Han, and Hanku Lee
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1890-1894 (2014)
Qiblah Direction: An Android Application
Sera Syarmila Sameon and Muhammad Saddiq B. Salleh
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1895-1899 (2014)
Dynamic Interaction Network to Model Co-Integration in IDX Leading Stocks
Harya Widiputra
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1900-1904 (2014)
Application of Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Energy Saving Glass Coating Structure
Design
Fauzi Mohd Johar, Farah Ayuni Azmin, Abdul Samad Shibghatullah, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, Badrul
Hisham Ahmad, Siti Nadzirah Salleh, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Mahfuzah Md Shukor, Liew
Voon Bin, and Wong Wei Yang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1905-1909 (2014)
Comparative Analysis of Compact Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS) with Band-Reject
Characteristics
Z. Zakaria, M. A. Mutalib, A. Ismail, N. A. Zainuddin, W. Y. Sam, M. S. M. Isa, A. A. M. Isa, and N. Z.
Haron
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1910-1913 (2014)
Geometrical-Invariant Grid-Based Colour Moment (GBCM) for Plant Identification
Nuril Aslina Che Hussin, Nursuriati Jamil, Sharifalillah Nordin, and Khalil Awang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1914-1917 (2014)
Texture Classification Using Random Forest
Mohammed M. Razooq and Md Jan Nordin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1918-1921 (2014)
Target Coverage Mechanism for Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks
Chih-Yung Chang, Gwo-Jong Yu, and Tzu-Chia Wang
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1922-1926 (2014)
Mobile Robot Obstacle Avoidance Techniques
Aamir Reyaz, Bayanjargal Baasandorj, Sung Ho Park, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1927-1931 (2014)
The Role of Information and Communication Technology Sectors in Indonesian National Economy
from 1990 Through 2008: An Analysis Using Input-Output Approach
Ubaidillah Zuhdi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1932-1935 (2014)
A Student Modeling Based on Bayesian Network Framework for Characterizing Student Learning
Style
Adhistya Erna Permanasari, Indriana Hidayah, and Sapta Nugraha
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1936-1940 (2014)
Tri-Band Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) on Hybrid Material
Teik Kean Ong, Kho Shin Phoo, Mahfuzah Md. Shukor, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, Badrul
Hisham Ahmad, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, Fauzi Mohd Johar, Siti Nadzirah Salleh, Farah Ayuni Azmin,
and Fareq Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1941-1944 (2014)
A Comparison Framework of Classification Models for Software Defect Prediction
Romi Satria Wahono, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Sabrina Ahmad
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1945-1950 (2014)
Neural Network Parameter Optimization Based on Genetic Algorithm for Software Defect
Prediction
Romi Satria Wahono, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Sabrina Ahmad
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1951-1955 (2014)
High Performance Large Sparse PDEs with Parabolic and Elliptic Types Using AGE Method on DPCS
Norma Alias, Maizatul Nadirah Mustaffa, Hafizah Farhah Saipan Saipol, and Asnida Che Abd. Ghani
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1956-1960 (2014)
High Speed Computation of Muscle Stress Problem Using Crack Propagation Modelling on DPCS
Platform
Norma Alias, Hala Mokhtar, Yin San, Hafizah Farhah Saipan Saipol, Maizatul Nadirah Mustaffa,
Norfarizan Mohd Said, and Norhalena Mohd Nor
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1961-1966 (2014)
Vehicle Tracking Through Location Prediction and Feature Similarity in Traffic Video Streams
Du-Hyung Cho and Seok-Lyong Lee
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1967-1971 (2014)
A Royalty Optimization Model for Radio Spectrum Allocation
Ki-Seok Choi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1972-1975 (2014)
Mobile Robot Obstacle Avoidance Using Potential Field Method
Bayanjargal Baasandorj, Aamir Reyaz, Deok Jin Lee, and Kil To Chong
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1976-1979 (2014)
Decision Support System for Agricultural Appraisal in Dryland Areas
Arif Imam Suroso, Sugiharto, and Arief Ramadhan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1980-1986 (2014)
An Assessment Model for Government Enterprise Architecture Establishment Phase
Nur Azaliah A. Bakar, S. Harihodin, and Nazri Kama
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1987-1991 (2014)
Dependable Adaptive Failure Detection
Ahmad Shukri Mohd Noor, Mustafa Mat Deris, and Md Yazid Md Saman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1992-1995 (2014)
Optimising Interdependent Distributed Environment with Co-Existence Neighbourhood
Ahmad Shukri Mohd Noor, Mustafa Mat Deris, and Md Yazid Md Saman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 1996-1999 (2014)
Investigation of Impedance Modeling for Dual Band Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) by Using
Hybrid Materials
Teik Kean Ong, Kho Shin Phoo, Mahfuzah Md. Shukor, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd. Aziz, Badrul
Hisham Ahmad, Mohamad Kadim Suaidi, Fauzi Mohd Johar, Siti Nadzirah Salleh, Farah Ayuni Azmin,
and Fareq Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2000-2003 (2014)
Factors Affecting on Security Perception in Online Purchase Intention
Fatemeh Meskaran, Bharanidharan Shanmugamm, and Zuraini Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2004-2008 (2014)
Comparative Study: The Implementation of Machine Learning Method for Sentiment Analysis in
Social Media. A Recommendation for Future Research
Miftah Andriansyah, Adang Suhendra, and I Wayan Simri Wicaksana
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2009-2013 (2014)
Enhancement of Student Motivation in Learning Through BLOSSOMS Video Activity
Nurul'Izzati Hamizan and Norasykin Mohd Zaid
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2014-2017 (2014)
Design and Implementation of Web-Based Paddy Crop Management System Based on Open
Source Tools and Web Service Technologies
Sohailah Safie, Mohamad Fairol Zamzuri Che Sayuti, and Rubiyah Yusof
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2018-2021 (2014)
Therapeutics Approach in Microenterprise E-Business System: The SOAPIE Method
Hanitahaiza Hairuddin, Erne Suzila Kassim, Ariff Md Ab Malik, Noor Zalina Zainal, and Nor Laila Md
Noor
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2022-2025 (2014)
Optimization of Pre-Processing of Extensive Projects in Geographic Information Systems
Dalibor Bartonek, Jirí Bureš, and Irena Opatrilová
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2026-2029 (2014)
Call Center Technology and Interactive Voice Response Based VoIP
M. Firdaus, Warnia Nengsih, and Ibnu Surya
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2030-2033 (2014)
Adaptive Principal Component Analysis Based Recursive Least Squares for Artifact Removal of EEG
Signals
Arjon Turnip and Mery Siahaan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2034-2037 (2014)
IT Strategy Alignment in University Using IT Balanced Scorecard Framework
Muhammad Izman Herdiansyah, Suzi Oktavia Kunang, and Muhammad Akbar
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2038-2041 (2014)
Green IT Implementation Strategy: Development of a Tracking Indicator
Sri Fatiany Abdul Kader Jailani, Erne Suzila Kassim, and Hanitahaiza Hairuddin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2042-2045 (2014)
Preserving Privacy for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Emergency Services via Heterogeneous Access
Control Model
Asmidar Abu Bakar, El-Munzir Hassan El-Talib, and Roslan Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2046-2049 (2014)
Field Programmable Gate Arrays Implementation of Multiplier Free Architecture for Image
Compression
Parvatham Vijay and Seetharaman Gopalakrishnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2050-2054 (2014)
Application Specific Integrated Circuit Implementation of Multiplier Free Modified Flipping
Architecture for Image Compression
Parvatham Vijay and Seetharaman Gopalakrishnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2055-2059 (2014)
A Representational State Transfer Based Architecture for Web Services Using Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles
Keunyoung Park, Doohyun Kim, Sangil Lee, Dong Kuk Ryu, and Dongwoon Jeon
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2060-2063 (2014)
Comparison of CST and Customize Program in Theoretical for Scattering Transmission Parameter
for Energy Saving Glass (ESG) Application
F. M. Johar, S. N. Salleh, F. A. Azmin, M. K. Suadi, M. Md. Shukor, B. H. Ahmad, and A. S.
Shibghatullah
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2064-2068 (2014)
A Data Envelopment Analysis-Based Index to Measure the Progress of the e-Service Society in
Europe
Corrado lo Storto
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2069-2072 (2014)
Subjective Judgment, Cognitive Style and Ecommerce Website Evaluation: A Non-Parametric
Approach
Corrado lo Storto
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2073-2077 (2014)
Improved Indoors Location Awareness Architecture in Mobile Phones
Vahid Davoudi, Salwani Mohd Daud, Mahdieh Abosadeghi, and Meysam Ahmadi Oskooei
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2078-2081 (2014)
Pollution Instrumentation Using Global Positioning System and Data Logger Based-On Propeller
Ferry Wahyu Wibowo
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2082-2086 (2014)
E-Learning Model for Mastery Learning Based on Gama Feedback Learning Model
Dwijoko Purbohadi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2087-2091 (2014)
HTML Format Tables Extraction with Differentiating Cell Content as Property Name
Detty Purnamasari, Lintang Yuniar Banowosari, I Wayan Simri Wicaksana, and Suryadi Harmanto
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2092-2096 (2014)
Extension of NS2 Framework for Wireless Sensor Network
Mohamed Doheir, Atheer Kadhim, Khyrina Airin Fariza Abu Samah, Burairah Hussin, and Abd Samad
Hasan Basari
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2097-2101 (2014)
On Measuring Business Value of Radio Frequency Identification Technology on Logistics Service
Moon-Soo Kim
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2102-2105 (2014)
Performance of Meta-Heuristic Techniques in Freeman Chain Code (FCC) Extraction for
Handwritten Character Recognition
Dewi Nasien, Habibollah Haron, Siti Sophiyati Yuhaniz, Aini Najwa Azmi, and Haswadi Hassan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2106-2110 (2014)
Multi-Criterial Analysis Based on Comparison with Etalon
Dalibor Bartonek and Stanislava Dermeková
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2111-2114 (2014)
Software Engineering Challenges in Multi Platform Mobile Application Development
Hammoudeh S. Alamri and Balsam A. Mustafa
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2115-2118 (2014)
Efficiency Energy Consumption in Cloud Computing Based on Constant Position Selection Policy in
Dynamic Virtual Machine Consolidation
Guruh Fajar Shidik and Ahmad Ashari
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2119-2124 (2014)
A Methodology for Investigating Opportunities for Service Technologies
Chulhyun Kim and Moon-Soo Kim
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2125-2128 (2014)
Comparison Neural Network and Support Vector Machine for Production Quantity Prediction
Nur Rachman Dzakiyullah, Burairah Hussin, Chairul Saleh, and Aditian Maytri Handani
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2129-2133 (2014)
Toward a Trend-Based Web Page Rank by Using Big Data on Smartphones
Dae-Young Choi
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2134-2137 (2014)
Energy Monitoring System in Common Room Based on Human Behavior in Malaysia
Nur Hanim Mustafa, Mohd Nor Husain, Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz, Mohd Azlishah Othman,
and Fared Malek
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2138-2141 (2014)
The Process of Incorporating Online Collaborative Learning: An Analysis of Malaysian Tertiary ICT
Educators' Perceptions
Mohd Nihra Haruzuan Mohamad Said, Lokman Tahir, Mohd Fadzli Ali, and Norasykin Mohd Zaid
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2142-2146 (2014)
Controlling Algorithm for Energy-Consumption, Radio Bandwidth and Signal Strength Deploying
Single Fitness Function to Solve Coverage Area Problems
Kalid Abdlkader Marsal, Ismail Abdullah, Waidah Ismail, and Khairi Abdul Rahim
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2147-2151 (2014)
An Endosymbiotic Evolutionary Algorithm for Designing Hub and Spoke Network with Asymmetric
Allocation
Ji Ung Sun
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2152-2156 (2014)
Generating Data Recovery Keys Using Chinese Remainder Theorem
Pramote Kuacharoen
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2157-2161 (2014)
A Survey of Spray-and-Wait Routing Protocol in Pocket Switched Network
Deni Yulianti, Satria Mandala, Dewi Nasien, Mohd. Sharizal Sunar, A. Hanan Abdullah, and Abdul
Samad Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2162-2165 (2014)
The Integrated Software Visualization Model to Support Novices' Program Comprehension
Affandy, Nanna Suryana, and Burairah Husin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2166-2170 (2014)
Support Vector Machine (SVM) in Handwritten Character Recognition Using Freeman Chain Code
(FCC)
Dewi Nasien, Habibollah Haron, Aini Najwa Azmi, and Siti Sophiayati Yuhaniz
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2171-2175 (2014)
Information Privacy Concerns in the Use of Social Media Among Healthcare Practitioners: A
Systematic Literature Review
Fiza Abdul Rahim, Zuraini Ismail, and Ganthan Narayana Samy
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2176-2179 (2014)
The Application of Multi Layer Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network for Learning Style
Identification
Bilal Luqman Bayasut, Gede Pramudya, and Halizah Basiron
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2180-2183 (2014)
A Review on Barriers in Adopting Healthcare Information System
Noor Hafizah Hassan, Zuraini Ismail, and Fiza Abdul Rahim
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2184-2187 (2014)
Data Quality Mining Implementation on Sistem Operasi Terpadu (SOT) Data
Bobby Suryajaya
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2188-2192 (2014)
Blended Learning: The Evaluation Studies
Mohd Fadzli Ali, Gordon Joyes, and Linda Ellison
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2193-2197 (2014)
Evaluation of Students' Knowledge on Information Security at Technical and Vocational Training
Corporation in Saudi Arabia
Hassan Almalki, Ganthan Narayana Samy, and Bharanidharan Shamugam
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2198-2201 (2014)
Model of Inbound Asean Economics Community Tourists in Thailand by Using Twining of Feature
Selection and Classification Algorithms
Anongnart Srivihok and Arunee Intrapairot
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2202-2205 (2014)
Study on the Reluctance of Organization Toward IPv6 Adoption in Indonesia Using Bajnath's
Model
Gadang Ramantoko and Archenar
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2206-2210 (2014)
Impact of Functional Test Automation for Web Systems
Viviane Tani, Charles Prada, Priscila Fagundes, Aline de Oliveira, and Lidiane Visintin
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2211-2214 (2014)
The Mediating Effect of e-Satisfaction Between e-Service Quality and e-Loyalty in Internet Banking
Zohreh Bang Tavakoli, Mohd Shoki Md Ariff, Kamaruzaman Abdul Rahim, Norhayati Zakuan, and
Khalid Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2215-2219 (2014)
Examining Adoption of Internet Banking System Among Future Managers and ICT Professionals
Using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model
Yip Poh Yen, Mohd Shoki Md Ariff, Kamaruzaman Abdul Rahim, Norhayati Zakuan, Ahmad Jusoh, and
Khalid Ismail
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2220-2224 (2014)
A Hybrid Computational Intelligence Computing for the Hub Location-Routing Problem
Ji Ung Sun
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2225-2229 (2014)
Success Model of Internet Banking: A Conceptual Framework
Masoomeh Jafarpoor, Norhayati Zakuan, Alireza Parvari, Muhamad Zameri Mat Saman, and Mohd
Shoki Md Ariff
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2230-2233 (2014)
Field Programmable Gate Arrays and Application Specific Integrated Circuits Implementation of
COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer Using Wave-Pipelined Circuits
Rengaprabhu Paramasivam, Venkatasubramanian Adhinarayanan, and Seetharaman Gopalakrishnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2234-2238 (2014)
Implementation of One Level and Two Level 2D-DWT Using Application Specific Integrated Circuit
Venkatasubramanian Adhinarayanan, Rengaprabhu Paramasivam, and Seetharaman Gopalakrishnan
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2239-2243 (2014)
Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Indirect Procurement Division on Electronic Auction at
Consumer Goods Company in Indonesia
M. Dachyar and Yupita
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2244-2247 (2014)
Trust in Virtual Team Software Development
Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff, Roslina Ibrahim, Nurazean Maarop, and Noor Azlinda Mat Seman
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20, 2248-2251 (2014)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
Copyright © 2014 American Scientific Publishers
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Printed in the United States of America
Advanced Science Letters
Vol 20, 2087-2091, 2014
E-learning Model for Mastery Learning
Based on Gamma Feedback Learning Model
Dwijoko Purbohadi*
Information Technology Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, DI Yogyakarta, 55253 Indonesia
Gama Feedback Learning Model (GFLM) is a method of learning that adapted from a feedback-control system in
engineering. It is designed especially for the mastery learning that uses e-learning. Students will receive more complete and
perfect learning environment. With enough time and the right way of learning, students can achieve mastery. The objective of
this paper is to build a blended learning model that combines face-to-face and e-learning based on the GFLM. The e-learning
models that have been built then tested in the group of students who attend English courses for grammatical mastering. The
obtained results are very significant, 100% of the students in the experimental group achieved mastery, and 40% of students
in the control group achieve mastery. Whereas for the testing of implementation by using Partial Least Square (PLS) stated
that mastery is 93.4% affected by the interface, the effectiveness of a tutorial, the learning treatment, the student motiva tion,
and the student activities, and 6.6% affected by the unknown variable.
Keywords: GFLM, blended Learning, mastery learning
.
The Model of face-to-face learning group with a lot of
1. INTRODUCTION
participants had some limitations, such as limited in lecturerstudent interaction. This condition also makes difficult to
Mastery learning is a learning method that uses a
monitor learning outside the classroom activities, difficult to
concept: if every student is given the opportunity to study
know every student learning problems, and difficult to
with enough time it is possible for them to achieve mastery1.
motivate students who are having learning difficulties. The
Mastery learning is accomplished if done in the right
problems mentioned above show how important the new
conditions, and all students are able to learn well 2, otherwise
concept of e-learning model that suitable for mastery
mastery learning cannot accomplish if students are not
learning.
motivated3. The implementation of mastery learning requires
Gama Feedback-control Learning Model (GFLM) is an
a thorough learning model that can be applied easily and
e-learning based model which specifically designed to adapt
should use e-learning4.
the principles of feedback control and apply it in teachingIdeal learning is one lecturer for one student, supported
learning so that each student achieves mastery6. GFLM
by adequate equipment and appropriate methods. As time
designed for a learning group model, but it can provide
goes by, the ratio of the lecturer compares to student is
monitoring and improvement of individual learning by
getting smaller, meaning that lecturer manages learning
intelligent system (computer) and lecture (human) so that all
groups with a growing number of students. This condition
students achieve mastery. Mastery can be achieved by every
causes the lecturer to be difficult to manage learning
student because GFLM gives students: flexible learning time
activities; as a result the possibility of students to achieve
and treatment until they reach mastery using Intelligent
mastery is reduced, big number student gives a negative
Tutoring System. In GFLM, the lecturer has a duty to
effect on learning5.
oversee, detects problems, and provides motivated task and
*
comment.
Email Address: [email protected]
1
Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 20, No. 10/11/12, 2014
2087-2091/2014
doi:10.1166/asl.2011.1261
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
2. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
E-learning provides the advantages in teaching and
learning because they have the ability to interact with
students individually especially for the presentation of
information, management, and tutorials through the internet.
One important development of e-learning is a Learning
Management System (LMS) in 19977. LMS is an internetbased application. LMS has the reliability and success is
higher when compared to other systems, especially
successful in improving the quality of web-based education
management. LMS is an integrated system that supports
number of students. LMS provides a place to organize and
change the course of both their latest material and material
that is being given, is known as the Learning Object (LO).
Learning objects are a new way of learning content design,
development, and delivery. LO provide all of the material
for an entire course or lecture, a learning object provides
material for a single lesson or lesson-topic within a course,
i.e. simulations, interactive data sets, quizzes, surveys,
annotated texts, and adaptive learning modules 8.
The paper uses the definition of e-learning: e-learning
is the content and instructional methods that rely on the use
of computer tools to build knowledge or skills appropriate
learning objectives9. The development of e-learning models
must use technologies and pedagogical approaches. One
innovation of e-learning that gives a lot of influence on
education is the emergence of LMS, such as Moodle, Sakai,
A Tutor, Blackboard, etc. LMS can equipped with activity
recorder features and score (e-portfolio) to monitor student
behavior 10. However, LMS is not a teaching tool, so it need
teaching modules. The development of LMS leads to the
interoperability another LMS issue, so that standard
SCORM (Shareable Content Object Reference Model) arises.
Authoring tools are one of SCORM development tools,
especially for building the content easily, quickly, and
having a professional output 11.The rapid development of
technology has affected educational approaches; particularly,
the internet which caused students to prefer more
customizable and interactive systems for learning.
3. GAMA FEEDBACK LEARNING MODEL
Learning model with feedback-control techniques are
learning control model which by this more students can
achieve mastery. Further explained, mastery is likely to be
achieved when students are motivated to actively learn and
always under the supervision of lecturers. If a lecturer finds
problems, actions will be taken to motivate students. This
method has similarities with the principles of feedbackcontrol in engineering. Gama Feedback-control Learning
Model (GFLM) is an e-learning based model which
specifically designed to adapt the principles of feedback
control and apply it in teaching-learning so that each student
achieves mastery. GFLM designed for a learning group
model, but it can provide monitoring and improvement of
individual learning so that all students achieve mastery.
Mastery can be achieved by every student because GFLM
gives students: flexible learning time, continuous learning,
an assistance when they have difficulties, and motivation to
be willing to learn continuously active until they reach
mastery. In GFLM, the lecturer has a duty to oversee, detects
problems, and provides motivated task and comments to the
students. Figure 1 shows the GFLM block diagram.
Figure 1. GFLM Block Diagram
The GFLM process control consists of: (a) the
measurement of learning achievement through online
tutorials to get scores for mastery criteria and learning
achievement comparison, (b) finding learning problems, (c)
evaluate for selecting improvement strategies, and (d)
providing motivation and improvement actions. To realize
the GFLM process control study implementation, then elearning environment such as LMS, which is equipped with
an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) and the appropriate
instructional plan is used. The main important task of an
ITS is the application of its “intelligence”. This means
applying different technique of teaching for different
students, without any intervention from the human teachers12.
Using ITS concepts, learning activities can be carried out
entirely by students using the LMS facility. Thus, by
combining ITS and LMS, students can learn independently
and freely, but observed, while more lecturer serve as
supervisors and mentors so that students are willing to
perform tasks such as an instructional plan. Finally, the
learning model as a mastery learning concept in
experimental group can be realized.
4. METHOD
The GFLM process consists of the measurement of
learning outcomes through test and activity, comparing the
learning mastery criteria with learning progress, finds
learning problems, evaluation for selecting improvement
strategies, and providing motivation and improvement
actions. To measure the successfulness of the GFLM
required the data of pretest, posttest, and activity. All
students are given the opportunity to use the e-learning
environment; this is done to avoid new problems arising
outside the context of the learning and the research
themselves. The research was carried out without being
noticed by faculty and students, this is to avoid a change in
attitude because they know if the area being studied. Data is
collected from the experimental group and the control group.
What is meant by the experimental group were students who
score at least 40% of tutorials and the rest goes to the control
group.
2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
4.1 Procedures
H4: Activity is influenced by motivation13, the higher the
motivation, the more the students eager to collect
activity score.
H5: Effectiveness of tutorial influence motivation. More
effective the tutorial, the student will have higher
motivation to use it.
H6: The interface will influence the effectiveness of a
tutorial for users to feel comfortable using it.
H7: Learning treatment give effect on motivation14, the
lecturer comments can determine whether students were
motivated to use the tutorial or not
GFLM have a dependent variable that will be measured
by the independent variables. The dependent variable is the
mastery (Y), while the independent variables consist of the
convenience of the interface (T), the effectiveness of online
tutorials (E), the influence of treatment (B), motivation (M)
and activity (A). The independent variables were the
effectiveness of online tutorials, motivations and activities of
an independent variable that is temporary (intervening). The
convenience of the interface (T) is the independent variable
that determines the success of the model. A great interface is
not perceived by students, but the poor interface will
decrease due to lower interest in providing motivation (M).
In this case, the motivation is a very important element in
learning. Effectiveness (E) can be seen from the results of
the use of interactive modules which is an online learning
tool in the achievement of the course objectives.
The core of interactive modules is to help students
achieve mastery of each topic as it will affect the success of
the overall student achieve mastery. Treatment (B) contains
information for students after completing the activities. The
comments are coming from the e-learning facility or from
the lecturer for motivation treatments. The score information
can become a trigger the process of improvement and
reinforcement. Motivation (M) is an intermediate variable to
achieve mastery. With a strong motivation, mastery is easier
to achieve. Students who have high motivation are willing to
work on any given task. Activity (A) is an in-class activity,
i.e tutorial or discussion. Activities outside the classroom
carried out independently by the LMS as working on the
pre-test, post-test and using ITS. Activity is closely related
to the motivation. If the motivation is high the activity is
also high. The higher activity means greater the chances for
success. Thus GFLM modeled as follows:
Y=T+B+M+A+E
Implementation test can be measured by latent variables
collected in the survey. The survey consists of 40
questionnaires with answer options using a Likert’s scale.
From the model calculations, it is known that there are 9
questions were rejected because it has loading factor less
than 0.45. Data obtained from the questionnaires were
derived from the entire population (latent variables). The
data from the questionnaires is then be processed to see the
implementation level model through the relationship
between constructs. Implementation can be seen from the
effect of the interface toward the effectiveness of the
tutorial, learning treatment effects on motivation,
motivational influence on the activities and also the
influence of activities towards achieving mastery.
Implementation test is conducted by testing the research
model using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) method
and PLS (Partial Least Square) software. PLS was chosen
because this research has aimed to develop a model so that
the characteristics of the test are having a nature of
estimation[15]. It will be stated as implemented when the
model can prove that it give a positive effect to the students;
that is, the student feels glad that they helped by this model
to achieve mastery. There are two model evaluation: inner
and outer model. Inner model describes the relationship
Where:
Y = Mastery
T = Interface
B = Treatment
M = Motivation
A = Activity
E = Tutorial Effectiveness
Model Testing needs to be done to see the success of
learning implementation. Due to this model applies to the
actual learning activities involving human nature that is
difficult to exactly quantify, it needs to have some
hypotheses. Calculations can be performed to test the
hypothesis qualitatively and quantitatively. The several
hypotheses describe as follows:
H1: The experimental group had a significant increase in
student achievement compared to the control group.
H2: There is a 95% of the experimental group students
who achieve mastery1.
H3: Mastery is strongly influenced by the degree of
activity1, the higher the score the more likely the activity
achieves mastery.
3
Hypotheses H1 and H2 are used to test the successfulness
of the model and H3, H4, H5, H6, and H7 are used to test the
influence variables of the model. These parameters are used
to construct the research model to develop the relationships
between constructs like as in Figure 2. The model consists of
effectiveness of a tutorial and treatment construct that
influence on motivation[2],[13]. The Effectiveness of the
tutorial is influenced by the interface (display appearance).
Motivation affects activity and it will ultimately determine
student mastery[14].
Interface
Tutorial
Motivation
Activity
Mastery
Treatment
Figure 2. Design of Research Model
4.2 Data analysis
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Adv. Sci. Lett. 20 (10/11/12), 2087-2091, 2014
between variables, both endogenous and exogenous latent
while outer model explains the relationship between the
latent variables and the indicators to measure the reliability
and validity of the measurement results. The criteria of inner
model are shown in table 1 Dan outer model is shown in
table 2.
Table 1. Inner model criteria
Criteria
Value
R2 (Determination
Coefficient)
Min 0.67
Q2
(Cross Validity)
Positive
GoF
(Goodness of Fit)
Min 0.48
Explanation
R2 value indicates how far the
endogenous
latent
variables
influenced by exogenous latent
2
variables. R values above 0.67 are
affected stronger, less than 0:19 are
less affected, of which is said to be
affected[16].
Q2 Is a measure of how well the
observed values reconstructed by the
model. Q2 positive means construct
has relevance to the prediction model,
the negative Q2 means it has no
relevance to the prediction model.
Cross-validated commonality Q2 for
all latent variables and cross-validated
redundancy Q2 for endogenous latent
variables. Smart PLS could see Q2 to
level constructs and indicators.
Shows how well the values observed
by the model
An inner model evaluated by looking at the percentage of
variance or R-square value on the dependent latent
constructs (mastery). Inner model (structural model) has
functioned to explain the relationship between latent
variables (LV) to the entire model. An inner model is
evaluated by looking at the percentage of variance or Rsquare value on the dependent latent constructs (mastery).
Table 2. Outer model criteria.
Criteria
Loading
factor
Cross loading
factor
Cronbach’s
alpha
Composite
reliability
AVE
and
Composite
reliability
Value
Explanation
Min 0.7
To study the reliability
The highest value
of the construct [17]
To see the discriminant validity, a
factor loading indicator of a
construct should be higher than the
loading factor indicator for the other
constructs.
Min 0.7
Min 0.7 [18]
Min 0.5 and 0.6
[19]
To see the internal reliability, i.e.
how well a reflective latent variable
through the indicator.
To see the construct validity and
reliability
AVE
Min 0.5 [20]
To see whether a construct has good
discriminant validity or not
AVE
Higher than the
correlation value
between
constructs
To see whether a construct has good
discriminant validity or not
The value of cross loading showed the good discriminate
validity if the correlation between the indicators of its
constructs is higher than the value of the indicator
correlation with other constructs. Blindfolding testing is
used to see how well the size of the observed values
reconstructed by means positive model. Q2 constructs have
relevance to the prediction model, the negative Q 2 means it
has no relevance to the prediction model. Smart PLS can
show Q2 to level constructs and indicators.
4.3 Techniques
The experiment of the model was conducted at a nursing
department in a college in Palembang, Indonesia. The model
applied to English subject. The data are taken randomly and
directly in real teaching activity. There are three learning
objectives, namely: grammar, pronunciation, and fluency.
The model includes the practice of computer-assisted
learning study at home independently, and theory or practice
in the classroom. Thus, students are required to skillfully
communicate effectively using English. There are 17
sessions in each semester, consist of 2 hours tutorial, 2
hours practice, and one hour of homework. From earlier
study found that lecturers did not have enough time to teach
all the grammar topics in both practice sessions and theory
sessions. These conditions are considered suitable for the
use of GFLM, with the aim that all students are able to
achieve mastery of grammatical by utilizing time outside the
classroom.
The research population consisted of students
participating in an English course. The number of students
participating in learning was 113 students. Experiments
conducted during one semester in the first academic year of
2011/2012. To measure the successfulness of the model
required the data of pretest, posttest, and activity.
Implementation test required the data that’s collected
through questionnaires which were collected at the end of
the semester. All students are given the opportunity to use
the facilities of the model (e-learning). This is done to avoid
new problems arising outside the context of the learning and
the research themselves. The research was carried out
without being noticed by faculty and students, this is to
avoid a change in attitude because they know if the area
being studied. Data is collected from the experimental group
and the control group. What is meant by the experimental
group were students who score at least 40% of tutorials and
the rest goes to the control group.
5. RESULT
From the PLS calculations, the R 2 value (coefficient of
determination) in the mastery is 0.934 (above 0.8, very high),
which means that 93.4% mastery influences by variables in
the model and the remaining 6.6% mastery is influenced by
other variables that are not known. This value indicates that
the relationship between endogenous variables (dependent)
with exogenous variables (independent) very closely. GoF is
one of the techniques to calculate the validity of the model
in the global PLS[17]. From the calculated values, it is
obtained that the GoF value is 0.5502. GoF value is larger
than Ward's criterion (0.48), so it can be concluded that the
observed values are considered quite good models. The
value of Q2 for all levels of constructs and indicators are
positive, it indicates that the model can provide a good
prediction.
From the PLS calculations of outer model, it is revealed
that the construct activities and mastery AVE values are
above 0.5 but the construct of treatment, motivation, and
4
RESEARCH ARTICLE
AVE values interface are below 0.5. When it is observed
from the composite reliability values, it is shown that the
construct
activities,
learning
treatment,
tutorials
effectiveness, mastery, and the interface have a composite
reliability value above 0.8, only the construct of motivation
that is less than 0.8.
The two model measurement above, inner model and
outer model above, shows that all constructs have good
reliability. It means that the model meets the inner and outer
test model and bootstrapping calculation can be d