DEATH PENALTY ON INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN MALAYSIA 2010 - 2013

24 The migration of Indonesian migrant workers to Malaysia was declined during the War and also during the period of the confrontation between Indonesia and Malaysia. However, it was increased again after the relationship between the Indonesian government and Malaysian Kingdom normalized. 36 Beside that, the migration of Indonesian Migrant Worker to Malaysia cannot be separated from the implementation of New Economic Policy NEP at 1971 – 1990. This policy has triggered the expansion of Industrial sector in Malaysia, especially in manufacture sector, and then followed by the addition of the employment in trade sector, services, and government, who are majority concentrated in urban areas. 37 These developments were influenced to the structure of the migrant workers who came to Malaysia, which can be explained by two causes. 38 First, the rapid development of manufacturing sector caused many young Malaysian moved to the urban city to fill the jobs in the manufacturing and service sectors. The higher level of education of the Malaysian also triggered this situation, especially after the implementation of New Economic Policy in 1970s. The higher level of education leading to increased expectations for work in the modern sector that promises the higher wages. As a result, there was a shortage of labor in the 36 Ida Bagoes Mantra. Indonesian Labor Mobility to Malaysia A Case Study: East Flores, West Lombok, and The Island of Bawean, paper presented at the National Workshop on International Migration at Yogyakarta, 9-11 March 1998, by the Population Studies Center, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia 37 Amalia Sustikartini, Dual Track Diplomacy Government-NGO: Solusi Alternatif Dalam Masalah Pelindungan TKI di Malaysia Depok: CERIC FISIP University of Indonesia, 2004, downloaded on November 21, 2014 available at http:www.ceric- fisip.ui.ac.idsitesdefaultfilescericresourcesAS-KajianIsuTKI.pdf 38 Azizah Kassim, International Migration and Its Impact on Malaysia, on Confidence Building and Conflict Reduction, 11 th ASPAC Roundtable, ASEAN-ISIS, 5-8 June 1997, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 25 agricultural sector. If the Labor shortage problem not solved clearly, it would be harmed to the Malaysian economic. Even though the manufacturing sector has grown rapidly and increases Malaysia foreign exchange reserves income, but the agriculture sector is still the main sector in generating Malaysian foreign exchange. Second, New Economic Policy also increases the chance of Malaysian Woman higher education to work in formal sector. The higher of opportunity for career caused the needs of domestic servants are very large. However, the Malaysian woman who lack of formal education were more interested to work in manufacturing sector because of the salary is more higher than working in domestic sector. In the end, there was a shortage of labor to be domestic servants. These two causes above had made Malaysian Government opened opportunities to International workers came to Malaysia. Migrant workers from Indonesia are largest than the other countries. In 1979, Malaysian Deputy Minister of Labor announced that the Indonesian migrant workers who work in Malaysia totaled about 1.200.000 people. 39

2.2. Indonesia and Malaysia Relationship on Indonesia Migrant Workers

In Indonesia the regulation of international migration to work abroad have been structured that initiated in 1970 and called as the placement Indonesian migrant workers abroad. That was implemented by the Ministry of Manpower, Transmigration and Cooperatives with the issuance of Government Regulation 39 Azizah Kassim, The Unwelcomed Guests:Indonesian Immigrants and Malaysian Public Responses, Southeast Asian Studies, Vol 25, No 2, September 1987