WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES ON THE JARGON USED IN CLINT EASTWOOD’S MOVIE “A MILLION DOLLAR BABY”
WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES ON THE JARGON USED IN CLINT
EASTWOOD’S MOVIE “A MILLION DOLLAR BABY”
THESIS
By:
VERI OKTAVINO ARISANDRA
08360160
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES ON THE JARGON USED IN CLINT
EASTWOOD’S MOVIE “A MILLION DOLLAR BABY”
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet on of the requirement to
Achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
VERI OKTAVINO ARISANDRA
08360160
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO:
Don’t think the future
Think about now to get the best future..
Fill your live with love
Following your effort with pray…
Keep your love to Allah.
Do what you can do now
Because you can find the greatest things
in this live if you take every chance for your life.
Don’t miss it.
Dedication:
My beloved mother and father
My beloved grand mother
My beloved sister Tasya Khayirunisa Angraini.
My special dear friend Ratih Kumalasari.
My Family in Malang Rudy, Jayanti, Yong, Yudhi, Handoko, Bolang, Dimas, Risa, Vhicky.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………..
i
MOTTO AND DEDICATION………………………………………………
ii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….
iii
AKCNOLEDGEMENT………………………..…………………………….
IV
TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………….......
V
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study …………………………………………………….
1
Statement of problem ………………………………………………………..
4
The purpose of the study……………………………………………………..
4
Scope and limitation ………………………………………………………...
4
The significance of the study ………………………………………………..
4
Definition of key terms ……………………………………………………...
5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Language, communication and society………………………………………
7
Language Variation ………………………………………………………….
8
Jargon ………………………………………………………………………..
11
Word-Formation Processes ………………………………………………….
13
Movie as Literary Work ……………………………………………………..
15
The synopsis of “A Million Dollar Baby”…………………………………...
15
Previous Studies On the use of Jargon in Different Contexts ………………
16
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design …………………………………………………………….
19
Research Object ……………………………………………………………..
20
Research Instrument …………………………………………………………
20
Data Collection ……………………………………………………………
21
Data analysis ………………………………………………………………
21
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Research findings …………………………………………………………
22
Discussion ………………………………………………………………...
31
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….
34
Suggestion ………………………………………………………………..
35
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………
36
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………...
37
REFERENCES
Aitchison, Jean. 1998. The Seed of Speech – Language origin and evolution.
Cambridge university: Cambrigde University Press.
Ary, Donald, C. Lucy Jacob, and Chris Sorensen. 2009. Introduction to Research
in Education (eighth edition). USA. Wardsworth Cengage Learning.
Barsam, Richard, and Monahan Dave. 2010. Looking at Movies: An Introduction
to Film (Third Edition). USA: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Coulmas, Florian. 1998. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. United Kingdom.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Endiarningsih, Yuli. 2007. The Study Of Jargon Used In “ Ikatan Gaya Arema”
IGAMA East Java. Not Published. Malang: FKIP Universitas
Muhamadiah Malang.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. 1991. An Introduction to
Language (seventh edition). USA: Wadsworth-Thomson Corporation.
Fraenkel, R. Jack, and Norman Wallen, E. 2011. How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education (eighth edition). New York: The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Holman, C. Hugh. 1980. A Handbook to Literature. New York: Hibbard Boobs
Merill Education, Pub
Jiang, Dhencheng. 2010. “A Study Of The Teaching Of Culture In College
English. Vol 1, No. 5: 735-737.
Luxemburg, and Mieke Bal. 1984. Pengantar Ilmu Sastra. Jakarta: PT Gramedia
Oktavia. Dewi. 2011. An Analysis Of English Jargon Found In Patalak Chat. Not
Published. Malang: FKIP Universitas Muhamadiah
Malang.
Purnama. Intan. 2011. A Study On Jargon Used by Students and Alumni Of
University Muhammadiah Malang In Facebook. Not published. Malang:
FKIP Universitas Muhamadiah Malang.
Trask, R. Lawrence. 1999. Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. London:
Routladge Published.
34
35
Trudgil, Peter. 1983. Language and communication. Perganon Jurnal ltd Vol 6,
No.4: 277- 292.
Wardaugh, Ronald (Ed). 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (fifth edition).
UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Werner, Dough. 1998. A Beginner’s Guide To Boxing. Bright Wood Avenou.
Chula Vista: Tracks, Pub
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language (fourth edition). New York.
Cambridge University Press.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses background of the study, research problems,
research objectives, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition
of the key terms. Each of the sections is discussed as follow.
1.1 Background of the Study
Human use language to communicate with others and to share ideas,
thought, feeling, and information. It means that the language is the tool of
communication and the part of life in human society. Language is particularly
good at interaction and persuasion (Aitchison, 1998). It means that language can
be used as a tool of communication in social interactions to communicate with
others. Language and society cannot be separated in communication aspect
because if the society do not use language as communication tool, so that there
would not be any communication within the society.
According to Coulmas (1998: 57), “The fact that language is universally
changeable, and that it changes in different ways at different times and places, is
of course the basic fact of historical linguistics. “It means that there could be a
new language which could change the way of communication based on time and
place. Because of that, any society can create and use a new language to
communicate. This underlies the jargon existence which can be created as the way
of society to communicate and talk to each other.
1
2
According to Holman (1980: 238), “Jargon is a confused speech, resulting
particularly from the mingling of several languages or dialects that signifies the
special language of a group or profession. “This definition shows that jargon is the
language of society and there will be only several people who can understand its
meaning when the jargon is made by them.
The existence of jargon can be found in some aspect in the real communities such
as sports, company, organization, and many more of aspect. According to Yule
(2010: 259), “In social terms, jargon helps to create and mantain connections
among those who see them selves as insiders in some way and to exclude
outsiders. Because of that, some jargon is made in the society, and for
communication each other.
The jargon not only appears in real communities as a kind of language but
it can also be found in drama, especially as literary work. Literary work is a
thought or creation, interpreted as a thoughtful accord between form and content
(Luxemburg, 1984). It means that by enjoying literary works such as drama or
play, poem, poetry, someone will get pleasure or entertainment.
Movie is simply moving picture and popular entertaiments, a product
produced and marketed by large comercial studio (Barsam, 1999). Movie, as a
kind of drama or play, uses a set of words called dialog, and it is one of the media
to express the feeling, idea, thought, and imagination theatrically. As a literary
work, “A Million Dollar Baby” movie also uses dialog to tell the story explicitly.
The existence of jargon as one of the varieties of language can be found clearly in
the dialog of this movie. This movie shows the boxing jargon in some dialogs, and
there is some jargon used by the characters. Some activities and jargon related to
3
boxing can be found in this movie, and it is difficult for viewers to understand the
meaning clearly.
The ways words become the part of jargon may have passed trough several
processes. According to Yule (2010: 20), word formation is the study of the
origins and histories word. He argues that there are many different ways in which
new words can enter a language, which can be classified into nine classes, they
are: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back formation,
conversion, acronyms, derivation.
Based on the statement above, this study tries to explore the word
formation processes of the jargon used in Clint Eastwood movie “Million Dollar
Baby”. This story was originally based on true story written by, F. X. Tolle. Then,
Warner Bros Cinema produced that story into movie directed by Clint Eastwood
in 2004, and has become box office movie Oscar contender. This movie was
chosen as the object of the study because it used some jargons in the dialog and
the movie. It has also the complete aspect of audio visual in telling the story,
dialogs, setting, plot, event, conflict, and character. In the movie, the facial
expression of characters in this real story becomes an essential part of dialog when
the characters dominantly use their jargon. From the facial expression, the way the
characters use their jargons in the movies can also be seen clearly. After
discussing the jargon in “Million Dollar Baby” movie, it is necessary to analyze
the meanings of the jargon found in this movie.
In this boxing movie, there are some boxing jargons which may be
confusing, because the boxing jargon is a kind of language that cannot be easily
understood by common people and society. To understand the dialog related to
4
boxing in that movie, the audience has to know the meaning so it can be easily for
them to catch what the movie wants to extend.
1.2
Problems of the Study
The statement of problems can be formulated, as follows:
1.
What is the word formation processes used in the jargon in Clint
Eastwood’s movie “A Million Dollar Baby”?
2.
What are the meanings of the jargon found in the jargon in Clint
Eastwood’s movie “A Million Dollar Baby”?
1.3 The Purpose of the Study
Based on the statement of problems, the objectives of the study are:
1.
To identify the word formation processes on the jargon found in the “A
Million Dollar Baby” movie.
2.
To know the meanings of the jargon found in the “A Million Dollar Baby”
movie.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
The study is intended to identify and describe the jargon found in the
“Million Dollar Baby” directed by Clint Eastwood in 2004. Moreover, this study
focused on word formation processes on jargon of the boxing movies only
because the characters have some essential dialogs that use the jargon called
boxing technique language.
5
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The result of the study is expected to enrich the studies about
sociolinguistic. For students, this research could be used to study literature
especially movie, and it will give educational and valuable lessons. And for
teachers, it could become an additional reference material in studying and
teaching sociolinguistics. Besides, the findings can be used to provide them with
the information related to the existence of jargon, especially related to boxing in
the “Million Dollar Baby” movie. By knowing the real application of jargon, the
students of English Department may become aware of the existence of language
variety in societies, especially word formation proces in jargon.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation, the following key terms
are defined:
1. Jargon :
Confused speech, resulting particularly from the mingling
of several languages or dialects that signifies the special language of a
group or profession, and it is also used to refer to any strange language
which senses outlandish speech (Holman, 1980: 266).
2. Word Formation: The study of original forms” or the study of the
origins and history of words Yule, (2012: 20)
3. Boxing:
the great and grand art of defending your self with your
hands more than your blood (Werner, 1998: 12)..
6
4. One millionare baby:
Kind of the action movie based one the true
F. X. Tolle boxing story, act by best actor Clint Eastwood, Morgan
Freeman, Hilary Swank and directed by Clint Eastwood.
5. Movie :
Movie
is
a
simply
moving
picture
and
popular
entertainments, a product produced and marketed by a large
commercial studio (Barsam: 1999).
6. Clint eastwood:
Clint eastwood is the actor and director of “Million
Dolar Baby” as Franky Dun a coach of boxers in “Million Dollar
Baby” movie.
EASTWOOD’S MOVIE “A MILLION DOLLAR BABY”
THESIS
By:
VERI OKTAVINO ARISANDRA
08360160
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES ON THE JARGON USED IN CLINT
EASTWOOD’S MOVIE “A MILLION DOLLAR BABY”
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet on of the requirement to
Achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
VERI OKTAVINO ARISANDRA
08360160
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
NOVEMBER 2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO:
Don’t think the future
Think about now to get the best future..
Fill your live with love
Following your effort with pray…
Keep your love to Allah.
Do what you can do now
Because you can find the greatest things
in this live if you take every chance for your life.
Don’t miss it.
Dedication:
My beloved mother and father
My beloved grand mother
My beloved sister Tasya Khayirunisa Angraini.
My special dear friend Ratih Kumalasari.
My Family in Malang Rudy, Jayanti, Yong, Yudhi, Handoko, Bolang, Dimas, Risa, Vhicky.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………..
i
MOTTO AND DEDICATION………………………………………………
ii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….
iii
AKCNOLEDGEMENT………………………..…………………………….
IV
TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………….......
V
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study …………………………………………………….
1
Statement of problem ………………………………………………………..
4
The purpose of the study……………………………………………………..
4
Scope and limitation ………………………………………………………...
4
The significance of the study ………………………………………………..
4
Definition of key terms ……………………………………………………...
5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Language, communication and society………………………………………
7
Language Variation ………………………………………………………….
8
Jargon ………………………………………………………………………..
11
Word-Formation Processes ………………………………………………….
13
Movie as Literary Work ……………………………………………………..
15
The synopsis of “A Million Dollar Baby”…………………………………...
15
Previous Studies On the use of Jargon in Different Contexts ………………
16
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design …………………………………………………………….
19
Research Object ……………………………………………………………..
20
Research Instrument …………………………………………………………
20
Data Collection ……………………………………………………………
21
Data analysis ………………………………………………………………
21
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Research findings …………………………………………………………
22
Discussion ………………………………………………………………...
31
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………….
34
Suggestion ………………………………………………………………..
35
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………
36
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………...
37
REFERENCES
Aitchison, Jean. 1998. The Seed of Speech – Language origin and evolution.
Cambridge university: Cambrigde University Press.
Ary, Donald, C. Lucy Jacob, and Chris Sorensen. 2009. Introduction to Research
in Education (eighth edition). USA. Wardsworth Cengage Learning.
Barsam, Richard, and Monahan Dave. 2010. Looking at Movies: An Introduction
to Film (Third Edition). USA: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Coulmas, Florian. 1998. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. United Kingdom.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Endiarningsih, Yuli. 2007. The Study Of Jargon Used In “ Ikatan Gaya Arema”
IGAMA East Java. Not Published. Malang: FKIP Universitas
Muhamadiah Malang.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. 1991. An Introduction to
Language (seventh edition). USA: Wadsworth-Thomson Corporation.
Fraenkel, R. Jack, and Norman Wallen, E. 2011. How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education (eighth edition). New York: The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Holman, C. Hugh. 1980. A Handbook to Literature. New York: Hibbard Boobs
Merill Education, Pub
Jiang, Dhencheng. 2010. “A Study Of The Teaching Of Culture In College
English. Vol 1, No. 5: 735-737.
Luxemburg, and Mieke Bal. 1984. Pengantar Ilmu Sastra. Jakarta: PT Gramedia
Oktavia. Dewi. 2011. An Analysis Of English Jargon Found In Patalak Chat. Not
Published. Malang: FKIP Universitas Muhamadiah
Malang.
Purnama. Intan. 2011. A Study On Jargon Used by Students and Alumni Of
University Muhammadiah Malang In Facebook. Not published. Malang:
FKIP Universitas Muhamadiah Malang.
Trask, R. Lawrence. 1999. Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. London:
Routladge Published.
34
35
Trudgil, Peter. 1983. Language and communication. Perganon Jurnal ltd Vol 6,
No.4: 277- 292.
Wardaugh, Ronald (Ed). 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (fifth edition).
UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Werner, Dough. 1998. A Beginner’s Guide To Boxing. Bright Wood Avenou.
Chula Vista: Tracks, Pub
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language (fourth edition). New York.
Cambridge University Press.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses background of the study, research problems,
research objectives, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition
of the key terms. Each of the sections is discussed as follow.
1.1 Background of the Study
Human use language to communicate with others and to share ideas,
thought, feeling, and information. It means that the language is the tool of
communication and the part of life in human society. Language is particularly
good at interaction and persuasion (Aitchison, 1998). It means that language can
be used as a tool of communication in social interactions to communicate with
others. Language and society cannot be separated in communication aspect
because if the society do not use language as communication tool, so that there
would not be any communication within the society.
According to Coulmas (1998: 57), “The fact that language is universally
changeable, and that it changes in different ways at different times and places, is
of course the basic fact of historical linguistics. “It means that there could be a
new language which could change the way of communication based on time and
place. Because of that, any society can create and use a new language to
communicate. This underlies the jargon existence which can be created as the way
of society to communicate and talk to each other.
1
2
According to Holman (1980: 238), “Jargon is a confused speech, resulting
particularly from the mingling of several languages or dialects that signifies the
special language of a group or profession. “This definition shows that jargon is the
language of society and there will be only several people who can understand its
meaning when the jargon is made by them.
The existence of jargon can be found in some aspect in the real communities such
as sports, company, organization, and many more of aspect. According to Yule
(2010: 259), “In social terms, jargon helps to create and mantain connections
among those who see them selves as insiders in some way and to exclude
outsiders. Because of that, some jargon is made in the society, and for
communication each other.
The jargon not only appears in real communities as a kind of language but
it can also be found in drama, especially as literary work. Literary work is a
thought or creation, interpreted as a thoughtful accord between form and content
(Luxemburg, 1984). It means that by enjoying literary works such as drama or
play, poem, poetry, someone will get pleasure or entertainment.
Movie is simply moving picture and popular entertaiments, a product
produced and marketed by large comercial studio (Barsam, 1999). Movie, as a
kind of drama or play, uses a set of words called dialog, and it is one of the media
to express the feeling, idea, thought, and imagination theatrically. As a literary
work, “A Million Dollar Baby” movie also uses dialog to tell the story explicitly.
The existence of jargon as one of the varieties of language can be found clearly in
the dialog of this movie. This movie shows the boxing jargon in some dialogs, and
there is some jargon used by the characters. Some activities and jargon related to
3
boxing can be found in this movie, and it is difficult for viewers to understand the
meaning clearly.
The ways words become the part of jargon may have passed trough several
processes. According to Yule (2010: 20), word formation is the study of the
origins and histories word. He argues that there are many different ways in which
new words can enter a language, which can be classified into nine classes, they
are: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back formation,
conversion, acronyms, derivation.
Based on the statement above, this study tries to explore the word
formation processes of the jargon used in Clint Eastwood movie “Million Dollar
Baby”. This story was originally based on true story written by, F. X. Tolle. Then,
Warner Bros Cinema produced that story into movie directed by Clint Eastwood
in 2004, and has become box office movie Oscar contender. This movie was
chosen as the object of the study because it used some jargons in the dialog and
the movie. It has also the complete aspect of audio visual in telling the story,
dialogs, setting, plot, event, conflict, and character. In the movie, the facial
expression of characters in this real story becomes an essential part of dialog when
the characters dominantly use their jargon. From the facial expression, the way the
characters use their jargons in the movies can also be seen clearly. After
discussing the jargon in “Million Dollar Baby” movie, it is necessary to analyze
the meanings of the jargon found in this movie.
In this boxing movie, there are some boxing jargons which may be
confusing, because the boxing jargon is a kind of language that cannot be easily
understood by common people and society. To understand the dialog related to
4
boxing in that movie, the audience has to know the meaning so it can be easily for
them to catch what the movie wants to extend.
1.2
Problems of the Study
The statement of problems can be formulated, as follows:
1.
What is the word formation processes used in the jargon in Clint
Eastwood’s movie “A Million Dollar Baby”?
2.
What are the meanings of the jargon found in the jargon in Clint
Eastwood’s movie “A Million Dollar Baby”?
1.3 The Purpose of the Study
Based on the statement of problems, the objectives of the study are:
1.
To identify the word formation processes on the jargon found in the “A
Million Dollar Baby” movie.
2.
To know the meanings of the jargon found in the “A Million Dollar Baby”
movie.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
The study is intended to identify and describe the jargon found in the
“Million Dollar Baby” directed by Clint Eastwood in 2004. Moreover, this study
focused on word formation processes on jargon of the boxing movies only
because the characters have some essential dialogs that use the jargon called
boxing technique language.
5
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The result of the study is expected to enrich the studies about
sociolinguistic. For students, this research could be used to study literature
especially movie, and it will give educational and valuable lessons. And for
teachers, it could become an additional reference material in studying and
teaching sociolinguistics. Besides, the findings can be used to provide them with
the information related to the existence of jargon, especially related to boxing in
the “Million Dollar Baby” movie. By knowing the real application of jargon, the
students of English Department may become aware of the existence of language
variety in societies, especially word formation proces in jargon.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation, the following key terms
are defined:
1. Jargon :
Confused speech, resulting particularly from the mingling
of several languages or dialects that signifies the special language of a
group or profession, and it is also used to refer to any strange language
which senses outlandish speech (Holman, 1980: 266).
2. Word Formation: The study of original forms” or the study of the
origins and history of words Yule, (2012: 20)
3. Boxing:
the great and grand art of defending your self with your
hands more than your blood (Werner, 1998: 12)..
6
4. One millionare baby:
Kind of the action movie based one the true
F. X. Tolle boxing story, act by best actor Clint Eastwood, Morgan
Freeman, Hilary Swank and directed by Clint Eastwood.
5. Movie :
Movie
is
a
simply
moving
picture
and
popular
entertainments, a product produced and marketed by a large
commercial studio (Barsam: 1999).
6. Clint eastwood:
Clint eastwood is the actor and director of “Million
Dolar Baby” as Franky Dun a coach of boxers in “Million Dollar
Baby” movie.