The conceptual design and analysis of used lube oil filtration process for industrial application.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF USED LUBE

OIL FILTRATION PROCESS FOR INDUSTRIAL

APPLICATION

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering

Technologyn(Maintenance Technology)(Hons.)

SITI NUR FAEZAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK B071110312

920601055456

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2015

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: The Conceptual Design And Analysis Of Used Lube Oil Filtration Process For

Industrial Application

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15 Semester 1

Saya SITI NUR FAEZAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( )

SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Alamat Tetap:

No.367, Taman Desa Permai Pedas 71400 Pedas

Negeri Sembilan

Tarikh: ________________________

Disahkan oleh:

Cop Rasmi:

Tarikh: _______________________ ** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT at au TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ organisasi berkenaan dengan menyat akan sekali sebab dan t empoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT at au TERHAD.

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declared that this report entitled “The Conceptual Design And Analysis Of Used Lube Oil Filtration Process For Industrial Application” is the results of my

own research except as cited in references.

Signature : ……….

Author’s Name : Siti Nur Faezah Binti Abdul Razak

Date : 11/12/2014

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APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor’s in Mechanical Engineering Technology (Maintenance Technology) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follow:

……… (Mr. Azrin Bin Ahmad)

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ABSTRAK

Minyak pelincir biasanya digunakan sebagai fungsi untuk mengurangkan geseran , mengurangkan haus, mengurangkan suhu, mengelak daripada pencemaran dan juga mengurangkan kakisan dalam komponen enjin terutama di dalam perindustrian. Objektif projek ini adalah untuk merekacipta bentuk produk yang boleh menapis minyak pelincir yang sudah digunakan untuk aplikasi industri dan juga menganalisis minyak pelincir yang bersih selepas proses penapisan berlaku. Pada akhir projek ini, analisis minyak akan dilakukan menggunakan Berputar Cakera Optik Electrode Pelepasan spektrometri (RDE-AES) dan meter kelikatan untuk mengenal pasti kandungan dan saiz zarah kelikatan minyak pelincir digunakan selepas melalui proses pembersihan. Perisian komputer yang digunakan dalam projek ini adalah “SolidWorks”. Perisian ini digunakan untuk menghasilkan reka bentuk produk minyak pelincir bagi proses penapisan minyak sebelum proses fabrikasi berlaku. Masalah utama minyak pelincir yang digunakan adalah kerana ia mengandungi tahap yang lebih tinggi abu, sisa karbon , logam , air, dan bahan-bahan kotor yang lain , yang dihasilkan semasa pelinciran di dalam enjin . Justeru itu, dengan merekacipta bentuk penapis minyak pelincir, enjin boleh menggunakan semula minyak yang dituras tanpa sebarang pencemaran dan serpihan logam seterusnya mengurangkan kos pengendalian serta melanjutkan kitaran hidup semua komponen sistem di dalam enjin dan minyak itu sendiri.

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ABSTRACT

Lube oil is normally used to reduce friction, reduce wear, reduce temperature, seal out contamination and also reduce the corrosion in engine component especially for industrial application. The objective for this project is to design a product that can filter the used lube oil for industrial application and also analyze the clean used lube oil after the filtration process take place. Oil analysis will be done using Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry (RDE-AES) and viscometer to identify the size particle content and the viscosity of use lube oil after the filtration process takes place. SolidWorks is used to develop the desire product design for used lube oil filtration process before the fabrication process takes place. The main problem for used lube oil is it contains higher levels of ash, carbon residue, metals, water, and other dirty materials, which are produced during the course of lubrication inside the engine. So, by designing the lube oil filter, the engine can reuse the oil that filtrate without any contamination and wear metal which can also reduce the running costs by extending the life cycle of all system components inside the engine and oil itself.

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DEDICATION

I will love to express my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their love, dream and sacrifice throughout my life. I am really thankful for their sacrifice, patience, and understanding that were inevitable to make this work possible. Their sacrifice had inspired me from the day I learned how to read and write until what I have become now. I cannot find the appropriate words that could properly describe my appreciation for their devotion, support and faith in my ability to achieve my dreams. Lastly, I would like to thanks any person which contributes to my final year project directly or indirectly. I would be grateful for their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successful completion of this final year project.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful and would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr Azrin Bin Ahmad for his invaluable guidance, continuous encouragement and constant support in making this research possible. I really appreciate his guidance from the initial to the final level that enabled me to develop an understanding of this research thoroughly. Without his advice and assistance it would be a lot tougher to complete this final year project.

My sincere thanks go to all lecturers and members of the staff of the Mechanical Engineering Technology Department, UTeM, who helped me in many ways and made my education journey at UTeM pleasant and unforgettable. Many thanks go to classmate with their excellent co-operation, inspirations and supports during this study. This four years experience with all you guys will be remembered as an important memory for me to face the new chapter of life as an engineering technologist.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstrak v

Abstract vi

Dedication vii

Acknowledgement viii

Table of Content ix

List of Tables xiii

List of Figures xiv

List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objective 4

1.4 Scope 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Lubrication 5

2.2 Purpose of Lubricant Oil 5

2.2.1 Reduce Friction and Wear 6

2.2.2 Reduce Temperature 7

2.2.3 Seal Out Contamination 7

2.2.4 Minimize Corrosion 8

2.2.5 Energy Reduction 8

2.3 Properties of Lubricant Oil 9

2.3.1 Viscosity 9

2.3.2 Pour Point 10 2.3.3 Flash Point 10 2.3.4 Non-Foaming 10

2.4 Used Lube Oil 11

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2.4.1 Composition of Used Lube Oil 12

2.4.1.1 Combustion Products 12

2.4.1.2 Abrasives 13

2.5 Filtration Process 14

2.5.1 Filter Classification 15

2.5.1.1 Surface Filters 15

2.5.1.2 Depth Filters 16

2.5.2 Types of Filtration Process 17

2.6 Types of Filter Media 19

2.6.1 Pleated Microfiberglass 19

2.6.2 Polypropylene 19

2.6.3 Activated Carbon 20

2.7 Engineering Design 21

2.7.1 CAD Software 21

2.8 Oil Analysis Testing 22

2.8.1 Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry 22 2.8.2 Kinematic Viscosity (Viscometer) 23

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 24

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Methodology Flow Chart for PSM 25

3.3 Problem Statement 26

3.4 Identify Scopes and Objectives 26

3.5 Literature Review 27

3.6 Conceptual Design 28

3.7 Detail Design Drawing 28

3.8 Final Design 29

3.9 Material Selection 29

3.10 Prototype and Testing 29

3.11 Oil Analysis 30

3.11.1 Viscometer 30

3.11.2 Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 31

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CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 33

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Product Design Specification 34

4.2.1 Product Design Specification for Filtration Process 34

4.2.2 House of Quality 36

4.3 Morphology Chart 37

4.4 Conceptual Design 40

4.5 Concept Design 41

4.5.1 Concept Design 1 41

4.5.2 Concept Design 2 42

4.5.3 Concept Design 3 43

4.5.4 CAD Drawing Concepts 44

4.5.4.1 Concept Design 1 44

4.5.4.2 Concept Design 2 45

4.5.4.3 Concept Design 3 46

4.6 Conceptual Evaluation 47

4.6.1 Concept Screening 47

4.7 Detail Design 49

4.7.1 Part Drawing 49

4.7.2 Assembly Drawing 53

4.7.3 Exploded Drawing 54

4.8 Material Selection 55

4.9 Prototypes 60

4.10 Oil Analysis Test 61 4.10.1 Kinematic Viscosity Test Result 61

4.10.2 Element Test Result 63

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 65

5.1 Conclusion 65

5.2 Future Work 66

REFERENCES 67

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APPENDICES 71

SolidWorks Manual (Basic)

Oil Specification (Technical Data Sheet)

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LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Effect of Significant Oil Viscosity Increase and Decrease 9 2.2 Typical sources of elements analyzed by spectroscopy in oil.

(Fitch, 2013b)

2.3 Types of Wear Metals (Al-Osaimy, et al., 2013) 14

2.4 Types of Filtration. 17

4.1 Product Specification For Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 34 4.2 Morphology Chart For Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 39

4.3 Parts With Options 41

4.4 Parts With Options 42

4.5 Parts With Options 43

4.6 Concept Evaluation Using Screening Matrix 48 4.7 Part Drawing for Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 49

4.8 Material selection of piping 55

4.9 Material Selection for Tank 56

4.10 Material Selection for Magnet 56

4.11 Material Selection for Filter Media 57

4.12 Material for Supported Filter Media 58

4.13 Material Selection for Valves 59

4.14 Material Selection for Fitting 59

4.15 The Result of Kinematic Viscosity for Different Oil Sample 61 4.16 The Result of Element Particle for Different Oil Sample 63

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LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Lubrication Separates Moving Parts (Bannister, 2007) 6 2.2 Mechanism of Used Lube Oil through Surface Filters (Anon.,

2014) 15

2.3 Mechanism Used Oil Flow through Depth Filter 16

2.4 Pleated Filter Media 19

2.5 Polypropylene Filter Media 20

2.6 Activated Carbon Filter Media 20

2.7 Part Drawing Using Solidworks Software (Dutta, 2010) 21 2.8 Schematic of a Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission

Spectrometry for Oil Analysis

3.1 Methodology Flow Chart for PSM 25

3.2 Example of House of Quality (HOQ) 27

3.3 Viscometer Equipment 30

3.4 Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE) Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 31

3.5 RDE-AES During Burning Process 32

4.1 House Of Quality for Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 37

4.2 Concept Design 1 41

4.3 Concept Design 2 42

4.4 Concept Design 3 43

4.5 Concept Design 1 Using CAD Drawing 44

4.6 Concept Design 2 Using CAD Drawing 45

4.7 Concept Design 3 Using CAD Drawing 46

4.8 Assembly Drawing for Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 53 4.9 Exploded Drawing for Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 54 4.10 Prototype for Used Lube Oil Filtration Process 60 4.11 Bar Chart for Kinematic Viscosity for Different Oil Sample 61

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND

NOMENCLATURE

RDE-AES - Rotating Disc Electrodes Atomic Emission Spectrometry CAD - Computer-Aided Design

HOQ - House Of Quality

QFD - Quality Function Development

Ag - Silver

Al - Aluminium

B - Boron

Ba - Barium

Ca - Calcium

Cd - Cadmiun

Cr - Cromium

Cu - Copper

Fe - Iron

K - Potassium

Li - Lithium

Mg - Magnesium

Mn - Manganese

Mo - Molybdenum

Na - Sodium

Ni - Nickel

P - Phosphorus

Pb - Lead

Sb - Antimony

Si - Silicon

Sn - Tin

Ti - Titanium

V - Vanadium

Zn - Zinc

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H - Hydrogen

C - Carbon

PPM - Part Per Million cSt - Centistokes

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1.1 Background

Lubrication is the one that used to develop smoothness in the movement of one surface over another. Therefore, lubricants are generally liquids or semi-liquids, but it could be solids or gases or any combination of solids, liquids, and gases.

Smoothness in the movement is improved by reducing friction. However, there can be circumstances in which, it is more vital to remain in steady friction than to get the lowest possible friction. In addition to reduced or controlled friction, lubricants are usually anticipated to reduce wear and often to keep away from overheating and corrosion.

The main objective for lubricant is for reducing friction, but there are a lot of other advantages of using this process. Lubricating films can also help to avoid corrosion by protecting the surface from water and other corrosive substances. Besides that, lubricant also plays an important role in controlling contamination within systems. The lubricant works as a medium in which it delivers contaminants to be removed away from systems.

The most important factors for the efficient operation of an internal combustion engine is by maintaining proper lubrication. Oil is used as a lubricant to lower down the power needed to reduce friction and wear between rubbing and bearing surfaces. The lubrication system of an engine is intended to prevent the increase of wear, overheating and seizure of rubbing surfaces. All these help to decrease the spending of indicated power on overcoming mechanical losses in the

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

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engine and also to remove a machine’s wear product (Ogbeide, 2010). To prevent corrosion and increase machine efficiency, the mechanical parts that continually move against each other need to be lubricated. Lube oil is the most common lubricant use today due to its wide range of application. Different types of lube oils are created for as many purposes. Lube oils generally contain 90 percent base oil and 10 percent additives. These are categorized depending on it viscosity and end use.

Furthermore, oil use in automotive and machinery of industrial application produce by-product which is known as used lube oils. Lubricating oils must be changed frequently due to contamination from dirt, water, salts, metals, the incomplete products of combustion, antifreeze, or other materials. During the use of lubricant oil inside the engine which are in operation, the used lube oil is usually consists of more values ash, carbon residue, metals, water, and other dirty materials. So, the primary element that affects the service life of oil system components is oil cleanliness (Abercrombie & Weinberg, 2002).

As motor oil is used in automobile engines, it picks up iron, steel, copper, lead, zinc, barium, cadmium, sulfur, water, dirt, and ash as additional components from engine wear. For the reasons that, used lube oil disposal can be more harmful to the environment than crude oil pollution. In addition, it may cause both short-term and long-term effects if they are allowed to enter the environment through our waterways or soil.

Once the new lubricant is replaced, used oil becomes a major management challenge. Without access to suitable recycling selections, used lube oil tends to be disposed in a ways that can harm the environment especially the river. If not disposed properly, the waste used lube oil that consists of various substances can enter the food chain through a natural cycle which is via water (Durrani, et al., 2010).

Without lubricating oil, the engine would radically shorten or rapidly stop working. Thus, it is called the ‘life blood’ of an engine. Lube filters eliminate impurities and the wear-causing contaminants from the engine’s oil, rather like kidneys purify the blood. Moreover, lube oil not only allows the internal component of an engine to move by keeping the various parts separate from each other, it also carries out a number of other very important tasks which is removing heat, and cleaning internal surfaces.

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So, by designing the lube oil filter, the engine can reuse the oil that has been filtrate, without any contamination and also reduce running costs by extending the lifecycle of all system components and oil itself.

1.2 Problem Statement

Decreasing of oil reserve and the increasing of demand contribute to increase in petroleum price each year. Because of the increasing of raw material price, thus, we need to find the solution to produce the recycle used lube oil to cut down running costs of the engine.

Used lube oil (engine oil) or transmission oil contains metallic particulates that can damage the component in the engine as a consequence of the breakdown of oil-wetted surfaces due to ineffective lubrication, mechanical working, abrasion erosion and corrosion. The concentration in the oil increases as the metallic particles from deteriorating component surfaces are hard and higher in the wear rate (Hamawand, et al., 2013).

Lubricant oil has a number of characteristics which contribute to its long life spent inside the machine. However, after certain years, the lubricant oil will lose it characteristic and become vulnerable. This is because the contaminant or metal waste traps inside the lubricant oil. As the lube oil becomes harder, it will reduce the performance of the machine and need to be replaced immediately.

Misconduct of waste lubricant oil is a serious environmental problem. Almost all types of waste oil can be recycled safely, saving a precious non-renewable source and at the same time lessen the environmental pollution. Unfortunately, most of used oil is handled wrongly such as some of it is emptied into sewers and going directly into water waste, which adversely affecting water treatment plants. Moreover, the waste oils are dumped directly onto the dirt roads, deserts or the ground to kill weeds, where it can lead to surface and ground water contamination. Reused lubricants get more attention than before. Used lube oil that contains of contaminated with impurities in the course of usage and handling which are hazardous and effect to the soil and surrounding environment (Udonne & Onwuma, 2013).

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1.3 Objective

Based on the background and problem statement stated above, the objectives of this study are stated below:

1. To design a product that can be used for filtration process of used lube oil for industrial application.

2. To analyze the used lube oil after the filtration process.

1.4 Scope

In order to achieve the objective of the research study, several scopes have been identified:

1. Design filtration product for used lube oil using SolidWork software.

2. Determine properties and characteristics of lube oil that suite for industrial application used.

3. Make oil analysis method using Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry (RDE-AES) after the filtration process takes place.

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2.1 Lubrication

Lubrication is an oil-based element that used to decrease the resistance of friction and making motion easier. The purpose of lubricant in mechanical operations is to lower down the operating temperatures, minimize corrosion of metal surfaces, reduce wear on component and protect against contamination. In engine system, lubricants play an important role to extend the service life of component inside it. Without oil, the component inside the engine will give effect to overheating and seizing very fast. Therefore, the lubricant is needed in the engine to reduce this problem with proper monitor and maintenance. The primary function of lubrication oil condition monitoring and degradation detection is to find out whether the oils have deteriorated to such a point that they no longer fulfill their roles (Zhu, et al., 2013).

2.2 Purpose of Lubrication Oil

Lubricants are elements that introduced between two surfaces in relative movement to minimize rubbing. The principal functions of lubricants are to reduce friction, reduce wear, reduce temperature (coolant), seal out contamination, minimize corrosion and reduce energy.

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

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2.2.1 Reduce Friction And Wear

A lubricant is used to reduce friction by preventing direct contact of two rubbing surfaces by supplying some fluid or semi-fluid substances between them and also replacing solid friction with fluid friction. In addition, there are components which move very closely against each other, causing friction inside the engine that can wastes the useful power by converting energy to heat. These will make the contact between moving surfaces to wear out on that part, which could contribute to lower efficiency and degradation of the machine or equipment. Therefore, lubrication needs to provide a stable film that moves between metal surfaces relative to each other with high relative velocities under high loads and temperatures (Linke-Diesinger & Andreas, 2008). In order to get an increasing power output and engine service life, the friction of rubbing and the bearing surface need to reduce together with the reduction of wear (Gupta, 2013). Figure 2.1 shows an actual magnified surface, this machined surface has been magnified 2600 times.

Figure 2.1: Lubrication Separates Moving Parts (Bannister, 2007)

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2.2.2 Reduce Temperature

Temperature is the most important element in figuring out the rate at which deterioration or oxidation of the lubricating oil will occur. The oil should have good thermal stability at high temperatures, thus preventing formation of harmful carbonaceous and/or ash deposits. The friction creates heat, so for a lubricant to be successful, it demands to keep its lubricity even when in high temperature. If a lubricant lacks thermal stability, then it begins to break down, which leads to increased friction. The changes of temperature depend on viscosity of oil. Besides, heat reduction has provided an extra effect of lubricating oil. By decreasing friction, lubricating oil will eventually decrease the temperature that caused by friction. So, with enough lubricating oil in the engine at moving surface, it can help to extend the lifetime of each component. The frictional heat makes the temperature at contact spots to increase continuously which give effect on lubricant oil film (Nasiri-Khuzani, et al., 2012). When lubricating oils are used in service, they serve to protect rubbing surfaces and promote easier motion of the connected components. In the process, lubricant oil serves as a medium to get rid of high build up of temperature of moving surfaces (Udonne, 2011).

2.2.3 Seal Out Contamination

Lubricating oils can also act as a seal, which keep out contaminants from engine system. But in regular operation conditions, lubricants such as motor oil can be disrupted by heat and contaminants that provide combustion products such as water, acids, carbon, and unburned fuel. The lubricant inside open bearing and between gears can be contaminated with dust and dirt, which wears away the contacting surfaces that mix with the oil or grease to form a rough paste. Contamination degrade the performance of engine lubricants that can affect engine components, thus these extant of degradation depends on the severity of engine conditions and duration of machine usage. (Tippayawong & Sooksarn, 2014).

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2.2.4 Minimize Corrosion

When certain metal come together with oxygen, it can form oxidation. In other words, oxidation of metal surfaces is known as rust, which can cause glossy metals to lose their properties. There are reaction between iron and steel contact involve, if both metals are exposed to moisture and oxygen which it can form an oxide. Thus, this will lead to pitting as the oxide does not firmly hold to the surface of the metal and will cause it to wear off. If this condition go continuously it will eventually result in weakness and degradation of the metal, leading it to disintegrate. Other than that, water and other polar compounds will drastically enhance the speed of corrosion processes. There are many conditions that need water to be filled into the engine such as it is present in fuel, in the products of its combustion and is condensed during temperature difference at the stop. Fuel and soot that unburned can mix together with water to form sludge and varnish that will lodges on critical engine parts. Sludge that was buildup might clog oil passages, which decrease the oil flow. While, the proper clearances of the engine will be interfered with the present of vanished buildup that eventually lead to restricts oil flow and causes vital engine parts to attach and cause it to breakdown. The ability of oil to reduce the effects of these corrosive substances will increase the life span of an engine.

2.2.5 Energy Reduction

In order for the component within the engine to move one over another, it required energy. The energy that produces is mainly by any resistance of motion through friction between two surface contacts. Increased friction in a piece of moving equipment consequence causes elevated operating temperature. Friction is due to the contact between metals that move in opposite surfaces relative to each other. The amount of friction increase as there are increases in the amount of contact. As a result, more energy is needed to move the surfaces relative to one another which will lead to higher electrical power costs. These frictions can reduce by using lubricants. Therefore, electricity that is required to drive component inside the engine can be reduces.

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1.2 Problem Statement

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1.3 Objective

Based on the background and problem statement stated above, the objectives of this study are stated below:

1. To design a product that can be used for filtration process of used lube oil for industrial application.

2. To analyze the used lube oil after the filtration process.

1.4 Scope

In order to achieve the objective of the research study, several scopes have been identified:

1. Design filtration product for used lube oil using SolidWork software.

2. Determine properties and characteristics of lube oil that suite for industrial application used.

3. Make oil analysis method using Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry (RDE-AES) after the filtration process takes place.

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2.1 Lubrication

2.2 Purpose of Lubrication Oil

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

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2.2.1 Reduce Friction And Wear

Figure 2.1: Lubrication Separates Moving Parts (Bannister, 2007)

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2.2.2 Reduce Temperature

2.2.3 Seal Out Contamination

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2.2.4 Minimize Corrosion

2.2.5 Energy Reduction

The conceptual design and analysis of used lube oil filtration process for industrial application.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA