character understand the situation that happen to her, therefore she is willing to change her life.
For the fourth study, the writer chose different work but it has the same topic. Rengganis Hendrysari from Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta in her thesis
entitled “The Effect of the Minor Characters to the Development of Emma in Jane
Austen‟s EMMA” said about how the major character, Emma become a better person because of the influence from her surroundings
. “The minor characters have a significant role toward Emma. The minor characters give contribution towards
Emma‟s character changing.” 2015:43. Emma was an arrogant woman before because she is born with high social status. It makes her become cocky to other
people. Luckily, people around her complain about her behavior. Then, she realizes that what is she did was wrong.
The related studies above tell about the possibility of how people can change their character because of their surroundings. The difference between the related
studies with this study is this study is focus more on the contribution of the minor characters.
B. Review of Related Theories
Theory that applies in this study is the theory of characterization and theory of character development. These theories apply in order to identify the major and minor
character and the minor characters contribution to major character development.
1. Theory of Characterization
The characteristic of character are made in order to make the reader
understand what the author wants to tell in their story. Usually, heshe makes their
characters close to the reality. They have emotion and feeling. Abram stated that characters are the person represented in literary work; they show their feeling with
what they say and what they do in the story 1999:32.
The theory of Characterization in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students,
M.J Murphy stated that there are nine steps on how the author describes the characters:
1. Speech
Murphy stated that the author gives us the insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person say 1972:164.
2. Past life
Letting the reader learn something about a person‟s past life by give a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character 1972:166.
3. Direct Comment
Describe or comment on a
person‟s character directly 1972:170. 4. Personal Description
The author can describe a person‟s appearance and clothes in the story 1972:161.
5. Conversation of Others
A person character is describing through the conversation of other people. The clue shows when a character talks to other character about another character 1972:167.
6. Thoughts
The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person thinking about 1972:171.
7. Character as Seen by Another
Describe the character through the opinion and eyes of other characters 1972:162.
8. Reactions
With the reactions of the character to some events or situations, it can show the character‟s personality 1972:168.
9. Mannerism
The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits which may also tell us something about his character 1972:173.
This theory enlightens the writer to answer the problem formulations. It helps the writer finds the characteristic of Charlie, Sam, Patrick, Bill, and Mary Elizabeth.
It also help the writer to find the contribution of the minor characters to major character since the author reveals it through dialog, thought, direct comment, and so
on.
2. Theory of Character Development
About the theory of character development, E.M Forster stated that character development is the changing of the character from the beginning until the end of the
story. Characters are developing if they experience a change in themselves, for from personality, disposition, or outlook. They will change into a better character but of
course, the changing depends on the situation in the story 1980:54.
