13 sympathetically or unsympathetically, a person’s place in the story a leading
character or a minor one, and a person’s relationship to theme.
3. Critical Approach
Literature work has an aesthetic value of human life. After the process of reading literary works, the readers will be able to response the aesthetic value. It is
so important to understand the critical approach to support the readers in gaining the comprehension and to find the value. Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. state that
there are five theories of critical approach 6-15. The formalist approach concentrates on the importance to apprehend the total integrity of the literary
object. Biographical approach is used when we have a purpose of appreciating the ideas and personality of the author to understand the literary works. The critics of
this approach insist that a work of art is a reflection of a personality. The socio- cultural- historical approach sees the importance of place and situation where a
work of literature was produced. The basis reference of this approach is the socio cultural aspect combine with the interest in the biographical and interest in literary
history. The mythpoeic approach is used to discover the pattern of human thought that may influences the literature. Finally, the psychological approach sees the
literature from psychological aspect. This approach involves the complexities of human behavior, thoughts, actions, expressions and so on. By focusing on Griet’s
struggle in life, this study uses the psychological approach and the sociocultural – historical approach .
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14
4. Motivation
People have a drive that becomes the reason in every action of their life. It is usually called as a motivation; which encourages himher to keep on moving
forward to reach their goals or dreams. According to Petri 3, motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to
initiate and direct behavior. Every person has motivation in doing actions. Actions are done to achieve the goals. Motivation is like a strong reasons of doing
something. It is also like a push of reaching goals. Petri 315 points out that there are two kinds of motivation. They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Petri
defines intrinsic motivation as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed. However, extrinsic
motivation, by contrast, emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed Petri 315.
According to Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force, hierarchy of needs also gives some explanation of basic psychological human needs. There are five basic
needs; Psychological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self- actualizing needs. Maslow states that every person has their own satisfaction. It
depends in how shehe fulfills their needs 38.The explanation of each need is as follows:
a. Physiological needs
Physiological needs are the most basic needs that are vital to survival. This need deal with the physical needs. It is included the needs of food, liquid, shelter,
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15 sex, sleep and oxygen. When these needs are fulfilled, a person will try to gain the
next needs. b.
Security needs Security needs are for safety and security. Safety needs emerge after
physiological needs are fulfilled. These needs emerge because of the needs to feel secure, stable, independent, protected, free from fear, and anxiety. A person needs
to be safe from anything that is considered harmful. c.
Social needs Social needs include belonging, love and affection. After physiological and
safety needs are fulfilled, needs for love, affection, and belongingness emerge. People will seek a friend, a sweetheart, a wife or husband to find the feeling of
“belong” and to feel the affection from them. d.
Esteem needs Esteem needs related to self esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and
accomplishment. There are two categories of esteem needs- self respect and esteem from other people. The first category is self respect. It includes desire for
confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence and freedom. The second category is respect from the others. It includes prestige,
recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. If a person has adequate self esteem he will more confident and capable so that he will more
productive.
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16 e.
Self-actualizing needs Self-actualizing needs include self aware concerned with social growth, less
concerned with the opinion of others, and interested fulfilling their potentials. This need is the highest needs among all. Self-actualization is the desire what a
person capable to become and more than he capable of. The self-actualization is a need for fulfillment of one’s unique potential, for example knowledge and beauty.
All the hierarchy needs mentioned above are important in human life. Meanwhile, there is consideration that every person has their satisfactory to fulfill.
May be there will be different needs of another that have different motives or goals in hisher life.
5 . Struggle for Life
In life people meet many problems, either easy or difficult problems. What they need is happiness. Nobody wants to be sad all the period of time. People will
give such effort to reach hisher dreams; moreover they will struggle for their needs. The effort will appear naturally when shehe is under pressure of their
situation of life or some difficult problems. According to Mc Kechnie 1806, struggle is “great effort or series of effort”. While Abate defines struggle as “make
violent or determined efforts under difficulties” 1514. Based on the explanation above, struggle for life is a series of determined effort that human does under
difficult condition of her life. People will learn the positive things even though they failed in certain problems of life. When negative things and the most difficult
problems come people will keep struggle for their satisfying goals.
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17 Braund, Linder and Asimov 479-480 say that there are many things
happening in life. These life events will push and force people to struggle in life; they can be death of spouse, divorce, personal injury or illness, gaining a new
family member, family members leaving home, etc. People need to adjust their life in dealing with the problems and challenges in their life.
Adjustment is a process of coping with events, problems, challenges and hard situations happen in life. This adjustment is divided into three main
categories. There are: problem solving, acceptance of the situation, and defense mechanism. The first is problem solving. People will seek for the solution when
shehe is in troubles or difficult conditions. They will struggle for the best solutions. Therefore, people’s problem solving skill may develop when they face
problems and difficulties. The second is acceptance of the situation. Problems and life events bring their consequences; either negative or positive. In certain
situation where there is no more solution, people are challenged to be brave and honest to accept every situation even though it must be avoided. The third is
defense mechanism such as pressure and denial. This defense is important to reduce the stress and under pressure feeling dealing with the situation.
Meanwhile, there is a danger too if it is overused. This defense will create certain disturbance.
B. Sociocultural - Historical Background
This part deals with the sociocultural-historical background of Tracy Chevalier’s Girl with Pearl Earrings. Since the novel was inspired by the
historical painting and the real life of Johannes Vermeer, an artist of painting from
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