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2 DETERMINATION OF DEMARCATION POINT TRANSITION AGE BETWEEN
JUVENILE AND MATURE WOOD
2.1 Introduction
Since few decades, both Indonesia and France have planted fast growing forests mainly for pulp and paper, particle board, fiberboard or energy production.
Moreover, in Indonesia, it is difficult to get large diameter timber for lumber purposes in the market. In order to meet the demand and maintain natural forests,
wood will have to be taken from fast-growing trees grown in plantation forests. These trees with short cutting cycle contain large proportion of juvenile wood.
Juvenile wood is xylem which is created during the first few years of growth for a given growth unit Bowyer et al. 2007.
At diameter at breast height, wood near the pith of a tree, i.e. juvenile wood is different from wood near the bark, i.e. mature wood. The presence of juvenile
wood can reduce mechanical properties as well as cause problems of warping, excessive shrinking and swelling, fuzzy grain, and general instability in the
manufacture and use of the wood. These problems may show up in the wood when sawing, veneering, drying and machining Maeglin 1987. Juvenile wood is
characterized by lower density, shorter tracheids or fibres, lower percentage of latewood, thinner cell walls, smaller tangential cell dimensions, lower cellulose
content, lower strength, higher longitudinal shrinkage, higher microfibril angle, larger cell lumen, more reaction wood, more spiral grain and higher degree of
knottiness compared with mature wood Panshin and de Zeeuw 1980. Mature wood in softwood is defined by relatively constant tracheid length whereas
juvenile wood, by increasing tracheid length Yang and Hazenberg 1994. Due to intensive silviculture, proportion of juvenile wood relative to mature wood has
increased, resulting in warping problems during drying. This higher proportion of juvenile wood can have significant impact on wood quality, e.g. reduced lumber
strength and reduced yields in pulp production.
Therefore, determination of demarcation point between juvenile and mature wood is very important. Demarcation point between juvenile and mature wood
could be determined based on density value, fibre length, modulus of rupture MOR and microfibril angle from each growth ring. Juvenile area has increasing
density and fibre length from pith to bark. Area with constant density value and fibre length is considered as mature wood. Turn point between these two areas is
the transition area between juvenile and mature wood Tsoumis 1991, Bowyer et al
. 2007
.
According to Alteyrac et al. 2006, demarcation point transition age was estimated from radial pattern of the average ring area, ring maximum density, ring
width and ring basic density by a quantitative determination based on regression analyses by : visual interpretation, polynomial regression Koubaa et al. 2005,
segmented linear regression Bustos et al. 2003, Sauter et al. 1999, Abdel-Gadir and Krahmer 1993, derivative function, studied features Yang and Hazenberg
1994; Sauter et al. 1999, sampling height and stand density, and estimation of wood juvenile proportion. Methods used include visual interpretation, polynomial
6 regression and segmented linear regression. In this study, determination of
demarcation point was based on fiber length and microfibril angle MFA by using segmented regression analysis. This model has been used by some
researcher and proved to be a practical and objective method to estimate transition ring between juvenile and mature wood Abdel-Gadir and Krahmer 1993; Sauter
et al
. 1999; Bustos et al. 2003; Darmawan et al. 2013; Rahayu et al. 2014 Sengon Falcataria moluccana and jabon Anthocephalus cadamba are a
fast growing wood species widely planted by community in Indonesia. They have short cutting cycle 5 to 7 years consequently there would be high percentage of
juvenile portions in the tree stems. According to Sumarna 1961 mean annual increment MAI for sengon wood in diameter fluctuates around 4
–5 cm until the age of 6 years. At the age of 8
–9 years, the diameter increment is still high, about 3
–4 cm; it then decreases slowly thereafter. Young A. cadamba trees up to 5 years old can grow 1.2
–11.6 cm per year in diameter. In general, growth rates are about 2 cmyear in diameter Sudarmo 1957; Suharlan et al. 1975. The
microstructure of sengon and jabon were presented on Figure 1a and 1b.
Figure 1 Microstructure of 5 years old sengon a and jabon b near bark with magnitude 300x
Figure 2 Microstructure of 18 years old poplar cultivar ‘I214’ a and 26 years
old douglas-fir b near bark with magnitude 300x France is the largest grower of poplar Populus sp in Europe. Average
annual poplar harvesting between 2009 and 2013 reached 2.4 million m
3
FCBA 2015. According to FAO 2011, plywood and veneer still account for the largest
share of poplar products with 59.9 of total production. Douglas-fir
a
a b
b
