1 The omniscient point of view
In this point of view, the author knows everything, and even what is being thought and felt by the characters. He can see all the characters‟ behavior
from every angle. 2
The first point of view The author talks as one of the characters. The author involves the story using
“I” as the first person. 3
The third person point of view A person outside the story acts as a narrator. This point of view is
characterized with the us e of pronouns: “he”, “she”, “it”.
4 The central intelligence
The story is presented through one of the characters‟ eyes, although there is a relationship with what is done by the omniscient narrator.
5 The scenic
The narrator is taken out from the story, and the story is presented in conversation or dialogue, as seen in drama or play.
2.2.4 Setting
Setting not only refers to place, but also to time and everything that time implies Roberts, 1965:43. Setting is the time and place or conditions in which the
story takes place. Setting always colors the events and shapes it. In a good story, setting is so well integrated with plot, theme, character, and style that the readers are
hardly to be aware of. When setting dominates or a work presents the manners and
customs of a locality, the result is local color writing or regionalism.
2.2.5 Theme
The theme is inseparable from the totality of the story. A story expresses the values of an author and his conception of the human condition. In that sense, the
whole story embodies his theme. Jenkinson and Hawley 1974:16 say that theme is an idea, frequently, not completely worked out so as to be stateable in a sentence
which grows out of the text and tends to be repeated with variations and develops as the novel progresses.
2.2.6 Mood
A kind of mood or emotional aura is suggested primarily by the setting and it helps to establish the readers‟ expectation. The mood tells what lays in the authors‟
mind when he was writing a story. It can be influenced by his surroundings and his cultural background.
2.2.7 Style
To achieve certain effects, an author uses words and characteristic ways from the resource of language. Abrams 1962:191 mentions that in traditional theories of
rhetoric, style is classified into three main levels; the high grand, the middle mean,
and the low the base or plain style. Koesnosoebroto 1988:124 insists that there are three elements of style. They are as follows:
1 Diction
Diction means choice of words that an author chooses in his work. In analyzing the diction of a story, we should pay attention to its denotation and
connotation. 2
Imagery Imagery is simply the collection of images in the entire work or any
significant part of the work. It is used to take the readers‟ interest so it can give enjoyment to them. Imagery also has functions to give pictures of the
story to the readers‟ mind. 3
Syntax It is the last element of style. Analyzing a work of art or literature from its
syntax means that we should analyze the work through the ways the author arranges words into phrases, clauses, and finally whole sentences to achieve
particular effects. Sentences can be examined in terms of their length, form, and construction.
2.2.8 Tone
