DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT METHODOLOGY

80 developed into integrated theoretical framework. They were employed and integrated to formulate „an overall theory‟ ibid. In this step, the information were made into „a theoretical model‟ as explained by Creswell below. Information from this coding phase are then organized into a figure, a coding paradigm, that presents a theoretical model of the process under study. In this way, a theory is built or generated. From this theory, the inquirer generates propositions or hypotheses or statements that interrelate the categories in the coding paradigm. This is called selective coding. Creswell, 2007: 161 Therefore, the result of this study was summarized into a figure or coding paradigm which was represented in step three of the analysis. Representing and reporting the findings are the next step of the analysis. As mentioned previously, the result of the coding was presented in the form of figure, diagram or tables. After presenting the visual displays, the reseacher then reported the findings in the form of narrative. This was not the complete report. Instead, it was reported in many forms such as a chronology, description, questions, or commentary on the cahnges made by the participants Creswell, 2007: 254-257. Having made the visual representation and narrative reports, the researcher was then able to interpret the whole data. The interpretation covered the hidden curriculum found in NSSS, the relation with the literature, limitation, and possible future research. From the result of the coding, the data used was separated and interpreted. Having been represented in visual displays and reported narratively, the hidden curriculum found in NSSS was described thoroughly. The description was based on the labels of themes found during the coding process. Moreover, the description was then compared with the literature collected in chapter 2. It was 81 conducted to ensure the findings were not merely the researcher‟s individual opinion. From the interpretation then limitations of the study was suggested. Likewise, the possible research continuing this study and possible research covering the gap which have not been acomodated in this study were proposed. The last step before the discussion of the findings was validation. Having been coded and interpreted, validation was required to assure that the data undoubtedly came from the participants of the interview Creswell, 2012: 259- 262. Validation is the process for determining that the findings and interpretations are accurate Creswell, 2012: 259. By gaining the validity of the data, the accuracy, reliabilty, and trustworthiness of the findings and results of this study was justifiable. The strategies of validation are triangulation, member checking, and auditing. First, triangulation that enables researchers to develop aan accurate and credible report. It is due to the number of evidences collected to support a theme selected in the study. The attestations for triangulation range from individuals such as students and a teacher; data types such as interview draft; and data collection method like by having document or interview. Therefore, by drawing information from wide variety of sources, the result of the study is accurate and credible ibid. Next, member checking that is employed to determine the accuracy of the result and findings. Researchers are required to ask the partcipants they have interviewed to check the accuracy of the interpretation. The participants being asked are not necessarily all sample participants. Instead, one or two participants are sufficient. Interview or written form can be chosen as the media of checking the accuracy of the result. Some aspects regarding the completion of the