xxxv speak to whom and when, what types of language are to be used in different
contexts, how to do things with language, such as how to make request or tell jokes, how much indirectness it is normal to employ, how often it is usual to
speak, how much one should say, how long it is permitted to remain silent, and the use of the formulaic language such as expressions used for greeting, leave-
taking and thanking. Furthermore, communicative competence requires not only the knowledge of producing grammatically correct sentences but also using them
appropriately in particular social settings in community. Thus, by applying communicative competence appropriately, speakers will know how, when, what,
and to whom they have to utter a speech act compliment in every society in deferent situational context 1992:17-31.
C. Pragmatics
According to Yule, Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistics forms and the users of those forms. By studying via pragmatics, one
can talk and understand about people’s intended. The advantages of studying language via pragmatics are that one can talk about people’s intended meanings,
their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kind of actions that they are performing when they speak. There are four definitions of the pragmatics:
1. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. Pragmatics concerns with the study of meaning as communicated by a
speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or reader. It focuses on the analysis of what people mean by their utterances rather than what the words or
phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.
xxxvi 2.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people
mean in particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance
with who they are talking to, where, when and under what circumstances. 3.
Pragmatics is the study of how the people become more communicative.
This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended
meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid can emerge. It is recognized as a part of what is communicated. It can be said that it is
the investigation of invisible meaning. 4.
Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. This perspective raises the question of what determines the choice between
the said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tied to the notion of distance. Closeness implies shared experience whether it is physical, social, or conceptual.
On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said 1996:3-4.
D. Socio-Pragmatics
