v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study
1 1.2
Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective
4 1.4
Scope of Study 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
5 2.1
Iron Fe 5
2.1.1 Definition and Properties of Fe 5
2.1.2 Application of Iron 6
2.2 Corrosion
6
vi 2.2.1 Definition of Corrosion
6 2.2.2 Form of Metallic Corrosion
7 2.2.3 Corrosion of Iron
7 2.3
Corrosion Preventive Method 9
2.3.1 Material 9
2.3.2 Design 10
2.3.3 Inhibitor 11
2.3.4 Protective coating 11
2.3.4.1 Metallic Coating 12
2.3.4.2 Inorganic Coating 12
2.3.4.3 Organic Coating 13
2.3.5 Cathodic Protection 14
2.4 Electroless Nickel Deposition
14 2.4.1 Introduction
14 2.4.2 Basic Chemical Reaction
15 2.4.3 Fundamental Aspect of Electroless Deposition
16 2.4.3.1 Reducing Agent
16 2.4.3.2 Complexing Agent
17 2.4.3.3 Stabilizer Inhibitor
18 2.4.3.4 Buffering Agent
18 2.4.4 Effective Parameter of Electroless Deposition
18
vii 2.4.4.1 Plating Bath pH
18 2.4.4.2 Temperature
20 2.4.5 Properties of Electroless Nickel Deposition
21 2.4.5.1 Hardness
21 2.4.5.2 Corrosion Resistance
22 2.5
Electroless Ternary Nickel Alloy 22
2.5.1 Corrosion Properties of Ternary Nickel Alloy 24
2.5.2 Hardness Properties of Ternary Nickel Alloy 24
2.6 Electroless Quaternary Nickel Alloy
25 2.6.1 Corrosion Properties of Quaternary Nickel Alloy
25 2.6.2 Hardness Properties of Quaternary Nickel Alloy
26
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 27
3.1 Introduction
27 3.2
Process Flowchart 28
3.3 Experimental Method
29 3.4
Sample Preparation 29
3.5 Electroless Ni-Co-Cu-P Plating Bath Solution
30 3.6
Analysis of Electroless Ni-Co-Cu-P Deposition 32
3.6.1 X-ray Fluorescence XRF 33
3.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM 33
viii 3.6.3 Hardness Testing using Micro-Vickers Hardness Test
33 3.6.4 Corrosion Behavior using Electrochemical Measurement
34
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
36 4.1
Introduction 36
4.2 Scanning Electron Microscope Observation
36 4.3
X-ray Fluorescence Measurement 38
4.4 Deposition Rate
41 4.5
Micro-Vickers Hardness 43
4.6 Corrosion Behavior
46
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
