THE EUROPEAN UNION DETERIORATION POTENTIAL; THE RISE OF FAR-RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
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1.1 Background: The Upsurges of Far-Right Movement in the European Union Countries
1.1.1 European Union and the Recent Problems of Far-Right Movement
The European Union, a supranational1 institution around most of European2, has been identified commonly as the further process3 of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)4 embryo growth on 1951. More than a half century of development, recently the European Union has recognized as the ideal concept of regional integration. It has been the boldest in conception, the most developed and the most successful cooperation ever for European states5. Today cooperative structure does not working at the governmental level merely, but engages the society within also. In the words of the Preamble of Maastricht
1
This is the spirit of Jean Monnet, one of the founding father of the European Union, whom disliked intergovernmentalism concept of cooperation (only in governmental level).
2
Recently is about 27 member states around Europe, which the latest enlargement at 2007. See on ―Members of EU‖, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, United States of America, retrieved on May 7, 2011. (http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rt/eu/c12191.htm).
3This is a debate between integration dimension as ―process‖ or ―result‖. Functionalist and Neo
-functionalist see this as a process, when each unit tries to compromise and shifting their loyalties, expectations and political activities towards greater system, or what called as supranational. See on Ambarwati, Aplikasi Teori Integrasi dalam Hubungan Internasional: Eropa dan Asia Timur, in Asrudin and Mirza J. S. (ed.), ―Refleksi Teori Hubungan Internasional dari Tradisional ke Kontemporer‖, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta, 2009, p. 128.
4
Following World War II, traditional European rivals sought to solidify peace by bringing their nations together under a common institutional structure. Six founding countries, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, took an early step toward European integration by establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). See on Karen Ellicot (ed.), ―Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2008‖, Thomson Gale, Farmington Hills, 2007, p. 2191.
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Treaty, it was designed to achieve ‗an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe where decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizens’.6
Figure 1. Map of European Union7
The social necessary point in the European Union unification then influences highly on its structural development. Since the people voices are accommodated fairly, this scheme does not only determining member-states
6
Ibid., p. 42.
7―Europe‖, Europa, retrieved on February 6, 2012.
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integration in European Union8, but moreover has a direct command over the union reins through European Parliament.
The European Parliament (EP) was constructed under Treaty of Rome, 1957, together with three other main institutions of European Union recently: the Commission, the Court of Justice and the Council of Ministers. This institution is representing the people of Europe, and achieves more legitimacy after direct elections mechanism of MEPs (Members of the European Parliament) at 1979.9 In the end, the EPs power is going to be enlarged such a conventional parliament, which is influencing the key of legislation and other bodies work (included the Commission).10 This mechanism potentially accommodate the voice of domestic resistant groups, such as far-right movement, directly to the European level.
Far-right movement, or what is known as Neo-Fascism, is a recent phenomenon in European countries. This trend in the upsurge of neo-fascism has been mirrored in many countries, as witnessed by a widespread increase in extreme nationalist groups and racial violence against ethnic minorities, immigrants, and asylum seekers. Although racism and fascism are not synonymous, many of these movements do possess a core fascist ideology, based
8
For example, the accession of new member-state into European Union is depends on domestic referendum. The member stances upon European Union integration process also depend on their demands in domestic politics.
9
Ibid., p. 81.
10
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on promoting national identity and pride, and on singling out racial scapegoats for any social and economic difficulties.11
This is actually a reincarnation of fascism in Italy (under Benito Mussolini) and Germany (Adolf Hitler). Soon after Mussolini and Hitler’s annihilation, they develop new ideas and strategies, and emerge as a significant influence in many European countries. The first instance of this re–emergence, known as neo–fascism, occurred as early as December 1946, when former members of Mussolini’s regime developed the Italian Social Movement (ISM) which, in the 1948 general election, secured six seats in the Chamber of Deputies. In recent years many neo–fascist movements have infiltrated extreme right–wing –or far-right- groups in an effort to gain wider support and increased influence.12
Since 1945 no country has yet experienced a replica of the conditions which predisposed both Italy and Germany to the rise of fascism, but with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union have there has been a negative effect on the political stability of recent decades. In the 1990s there has been an increase in the support of neo–fascist movements and political parties with extreme nationalist agendas.13 Several far-right parties and anti-immigrant won significantly in 10 European Union member-states. As a sample, 3 far-right parties won at Austria, which uphold anti-immigrant campaign program.14
11 Matthew Miskelly, Jaime Noce (ed.), ―Political Theories for Students‖, Thomson Learning,
Farmington Hills, 2002, p. 94.
12
Ibid.
13
Ibid., 108.
14Nusantara H. K. Mulkan, ―Kaum Minoritas Eropa Terancam ‗Punah’?‖, Inilah.com, retrieved on
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This far-right threats may deteriorate the European Union15 level of integration.
1.1.2 The Scandinavians Far-Right Political Parties
As what concerning in this paper, the far-right parties in 3 Scandinavian countries have showing an escalation pattern of popularity, which measured by the growing number of vote elections.
In Finland, the dramatic improvement of the far right in elections at 17 April 2011 was happened, which surely threatens European stability as its eventual entry into a coalition government with the conservative party won the bailout could cripple the countries of the eurozone16. At the end of the election, the Conservative Party Kokoomus the Finance Minister Jyrki Katainen, won 20.4% of the vote and 44 of the 200 seats in the Eduskunta (parliament), six fewer than in previous elections. However, the real winner in these elections was the far-right group 'Perussuomalaiset' (True Finns) Nationalist MEP Timo Soini, who with 19% scored 39 deputies and became the third political force in Finland. Thanks to his charisma and his populist rhetoric, Soini has achieved the greatest
15
The European Union will be seen in neo-functionalism view. In neo-functionalism, the politicization (one of important intervening variable in regional integrative configuration) is planned well before the accession, not automatically figured as the functional cooperative continuance (technocratic spill-over). Based on that assumption, the European Union reputed likes a modern industrial state with several interest groups, who are motivated by self-group interest, not for seeking the common goods. If those interests cannot be accommodated well, it may for each group to be prudent and deteriorated in the unification process. See on Asrudin and Mirza J. S., op. cit., p. 134 & 146.
16
The eurozone, officially the euro area, is an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) of 17 European Union (EU) member states that have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender. The eurozone currently consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
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progress of a match in the history of Finland by multiplying by eight the number of seats, taking advantage of popular discontent over economic crisis and voter dissatisfaction with the traditional parties.17
As well as Finland, in the 2010 general election, the Sweden Democrats as far-right party in Sweden for the first time crossed the four percent threshold necessary for parliamentary representation. This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigrant movements in Europe. The party polled 5.7% and won 20 parliamentary seats. According to the February 2011 poll of United Minds, SD reached 8.5%, which represented an increase of 1.3% compared to the precedent analogue poll.
In Denmark, the Progress Party in the right-side emerged in the landslide election of 1973 with almost 16 percent of the vote. However, The Danish People’s Party was founded as a breakaway fraction of the Danish Progress Party. In the mid-1990s, a group led by Pia Kjærsgaard left the party and founded the Danish People’s Party. In their first election, in 1998, the party received 7.4 percent of the vote, and in 2001 their share of the vote increased to 12 percent, reaching 13.9 percent of the votes in 2007. After the 2001 legislative election, the Danish People’s Party was given a pivotal position and gained recognition as the support party for the newly formed Liberal-Conservative coalition government. In fact, the party has functioned as the government’s main coalition partner in day
17 ―Finnish Extreme Right Hampers Rescue,‖ World News Post, retrieved on
May 7, 2011. (http://world-news-post.blogspot.com/2011/04/finnish-extreme-right-hampers-rescue.html)
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to-day politics ever since. As a result Denmark has witnessed a dramatic change toward stricter immigration policies over the past years.18
1.2 Research Question
Based on the peculiarity image of Scandinavian countries in European Union, further this paper will try to answer ―how the European Union deterioration potential being indicated and measured by the influence from 3 Scandinavians far-right political parties?‖
1.3 Research Purposes
1. Examining the level of European Union integration, in order to figure the determination point of European Union deterioration.
2. Describing the rising pattern of far-right political parties in the Scandinavian countries.
3. Describing the rising far-right parties’ impact of Scandinavian countries towards: the Scandinavian countries’ policies on opposing European Union integration and the European Parliament stances.
18Jens Rydgren, ―Radical Right
-Wing Populism in Denmark and Sweden Explaining Party System
Change and Stability,‖ SAIS Review, Volume 30, Number 1, Winter-Spring 2010, pp. 57-71
(Article), The John Hopkins University Press, 2010, retrieved on May 7, 2011. (http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais/summary/v030/30.1.rydgren.html).
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4. Examining the domestic (each Scandinavian government) and regional (through European Parliament) impact to the European Union deterioration potential.
1.4 Research Framework
1.4.1 Level of Analysis
In this case, the unit of explanation (independent variable) will be Scandinavians far-right movement (Finland, Denmark and Sweden), which is figured proportionally by those right political parties. The Scandinavian far-right political parties will be classified into individual group19. which has available direct output to influence European Union via domestic government and European Parliament.
On the other hand, the unit of analysis (dependent variable) in this research is European Union as a region (group of states). Then its conclusively using reductionist level of analysis, since the order of unit of explanation (Scandinavian far-right political parties in individual group level) is lower than unit of analysis (European Union on region/ group of states level).
19
According to Mohtar Mas’oed, there are 5 possibilities of level of analysis: individual, individual group, nation-state, states’ group in one region, and global system. See on Mohtar Mas’oed, ―Ilmu Hubungan Internasional: Disiplin dan Metodologi‖, PT Pustaka LP3ES Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 1990, p. 40.
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Scheme 1. The Plot of Level of Analysis
1.4.2 Literatures Review
In order to show how significant the research is, the former researches will be divided into 2 levels: micro and macro. This will be used to analyze the European Union deterioration level potential, based on the rise of far-right parties.
On micro level analysis, Jens Rydgren20 and David Moss21 have tried to analyze the far-right party phenomena at particular countries: Denmark and Sweden, and Italy. However, this research is quite different, since this research is analyzing 3 Scandinavian countries specifically, not as Rydgren in only 2 of Scandinavian countries, or Moss at Italy which is out of Scandinavian area.
20
Jens Rydgren, op. cit.
21David Moss, ―Italian Political Violence 1969
-1988: The Making and Unmaking of Meanings‖,
UNRISD, Geneva, 1993.
Reductionist Level of Analysis Unit of Analysis
(dependent variable)
Unit of Explanation (independent variable) Far-Right
Political Parties in the Scandinavian
Countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland)
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Moreover, this research will analyze also the impact towards European Union as a greater political system, while they are only in those local countries.
On macro level analysis, Hans-Georg Betz22 and David Art23 tried on analyzing far-right phenomena in European Union as a whole, by describing and comparing each phenomenon in each country. It is also different, since this research is trying to analyze the influence impact for European Union, but based on particular Scandinavians far-right movement phenomenon.
1.4.3 Far-Right Movement
The political term right-wing originates from the French Revolution when liberal deputies from the Third Estate generally sat to the left of the president’s chair, a habit which began in the Estates General of 1789. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right. In the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Ancien Regime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. Right wing is a descriptive term for an individual or a political faction that advocates very conservative policies24
, those supporting conservative positions, established order, and traditional values.25
As a result, the ideologies and philosophies of right-wing political parties have included elements of conservatism, Christian democracy,
22
Hans Georg-Betz, ―Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe in the 1990s and Beyond: A Threat to Democracy and Civil Rights?‖, UNRISD, Geneva, 2001.
23David Art, ―The European Radical Right in Comparative
-Historical Perspective,‖ the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.
24 The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, ―Right Wing,‖
3rd ed., 2002, in http://www.answers.com/topic/right-wing-politics.
25 Stephen Glazier, ―Right Wing,‖
Random House Word Menu, 2010, in http://www.answers.com/topic/right-wing-politics.
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liberalism, libertarianism, and nationalism; and for extreme-right parties are racism and fascism.26
Far right, extreme right, hard right, radical right, and ultra-right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within right-wing politics. The wave which being discussed in this paper is far-right, since there are some conflicting ways on defining each of the term above. We will not use ―radical right‖, because it is a term applied in the United States to sociopolitical movements and political factions and parties that develop in response to supposed threats against American values and interests.27
Far right politics commonly involve supremacism — a belief that superiority and inferiority is an innate reality between individuals and groups — and a complete rejection of the concept of social equality as a norm. Far right politics often support segregation; the separation of groups deemed to be superior from groups deemed to be inferior.28
Far right politics also commonly include authoritarianism, nativism, racism, and xenophobia.29
The ideologies usually associated with the far right include fascism, Nazism and other ultra-nationalist,
26Stephen Fisher says in his book, ―The Concise of Oxford Dictionary of Politics‖, that
"extreme right parties (have included) elements of racism and fascism." See on ―Right Wing,‖ http://www.answers.com/topic/right-wing-politics.
27
Dictionary of American History, "Radical Right," Encyclopedia.com, 2003, retrieved on May 15, 2011. (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401803494.html.)
28
Peter H. Merkl and Leonard Weinberg, ―Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century,‖ Frank Cass Publishers, London, p. 127.
29
Robert L. Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, ―Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right,‖ M. E. Sharpe Inc., New York, 1999.
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religiously extreme or reactionary ideologies.30
Based on several literatures, far-right wave is identified commonly as a neo-fascism movement nowadays.
1.4.4 Welfare State
This is a concept of social protection, when the delivery of social services is by the state. The services are provided comprehensively and at the best level possible, and the strategy of developing inter-related services to deal with a wide range of social problems.31
The welfare state concept is popular among developed countries, since its basis is influenced by economic power. Leibfried describes 4 characteristic welfare regimes in developed countries (mostly in European), these are:
The Scandinavian welfare states, mainly represented by Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, where welfare is most highly developed.
The ‗Bismarck’ countries, Germany and Austria, which in his view offer ‗institutional’ welfare (based on pensions provision: covering basic needs with a degree of redistribution).
The Anglo-Saxon countries, which include the United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia and New Zealand, which he sees as ‗residual’ (covering only basic needs).
30 Roger Griffin, ―Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions),‖ 1st edition, Routledge, 2005.
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The ‗Latin-Rim’, covering Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy and perhaps France, where welfare is ‗rudimentary’32
.
1.4.5 Regional Integration
Integration is a process of making a community into a whole, by strengthening the bonds between its component parts. In this case, building unity between nations on the basis that they pool their resources and take many decisions jointly, leading to a deepening of the ties that bind the European Union. Nations relinquish or pool their national sovereignty, in order to maximize their collective strength.33
1.5 Research Method
1.5.1 Type of Research
This research is using descriptive method, in order to describe how potential will be the phenomena of far-right escalation through Scandinavian, into European Union. Although this method is known as statistical research, it does not mean the parameter is should be always countable (quantitative research). Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the findings are.
32S. Leibfried, ―Towards A European Welfare State?‖, in Spicker,
ibid., p. 83.
33
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By using this type of research, this paper is supposed to be able to analyze what to do to save the European Union; in case of far-right phenomenon.
1.5.2 Technique of Data Collection
This research is uses secondary data34, so the technique of data collection will be through literature35 study activity from many books, journals, newspapers, official documents as well as internet sources. In a series, data collection technique is started by collecting the data maximally. After this, those data will be selected and categorized into proportional chapter which adjusted with the systematical writing.
1.5.3 Technique of Data Analysis
The data will be analyzed by using qualitative36 research. Technique of data analysis will be through non-statistical analysis (the available table of data and graphic of number will be analyzed and interpreted into sentences of paragraph). Those is passes several phases, there are data classification, reduction and interpretation will be given into selected data by using the theory and concepts.
34
Secondary data analysis involves the use of an available data resource by researchers to study a problem different from the one treated in the original analysis. See on Edgar F. Borgatta, Rhonda
J. V. Montgomery, ―Encyclopedia of Sociology‖, 2nd
ed., Vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, New York, 2000, p. 2508.
35Sumadi Suryabrata, ―Metodologi Penelitian‖, P.T. Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 1997.
36Ulber Silalahi, ―Metode Penelitian Sosial‖, Refika Adhitama, Bandung, 2009, p. 30
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1.5.4 The Scope of Research
The scope of this research are 3 Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland, and Denmark) and European Union (the European Parliament), in the period of post Cold War (the blowing momentum) till 2011, as the time of research beginning.
1.6 Main Argument
The rise of far-right political parties in Scandinavian countries (European Union members), which consist of Denmark, Sweden and Finland, may indicates the European Union deterioration potential.37
1.7 Systematical Writing
Chapter 1 is an introduction chapter. The composition of this chapter is consisting of background, research question, research purposes, research framework, main argument, research method, and systematical writing. For research framework is divided more into level of analysis, literatures review, far-right movement, welfare state, and regional integration. For research method is divided into sub of research type, technique of data collection, technique of data analysis, and scope of research.
37
Descriptive hypotheses is still debatable; whether it is exist or not. However, some experts such Gay, Diehl and Mely G. Tan are certain on this existence on descriptive research. The used and examined hypotheses is a descriptive hypotheses which only showing the approximation number of population with specific characteristic. See on Ulber Silalahi, op. cit., p. 168.
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Chapter 2 will analyzes the level of European Union integration, then determining the European Union deterioration potential.
Chapter 3 will describes the far-right movements development (in terms of political party) and their stances in 3 Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Finland and Sweden), also their participation through the European Parliament.
Chapter 4 will analyzes the influence of Scandinavian far-right political parties towards European Union through: domestic political influences and membership in the European Parliament. The regional impact will be seen in this chapter.
Chapter 5 is a closing part, which concluding the deterioration level of European Union integration, based on the indicators above.
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THE RISE OF FAR-RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
This is arranged and proposed to fulfill a requirement to achieve a bachelor’s title in Political Science (S.IP)
Department of International Relations
by
MUHAMMAD BIN ABDUL MANNAN NIM: 07260065
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
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Student Number : 07260065
Department : International Relations
Faculty : Social and Political Sciences
Title : THE EUROPEAN UNION DETERIORATION
POTENTIAL; THE RISE OF FAR-RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
Approved, SUPERVISOR Supervisor I
Victory Pradhitama, S.Sos., M.Si
Supervisor II
Tonny Dian Effendi, S.Sos., M.Si
Endorse, Dean of Faculty of Social and Political
Sciences UMM
DR. Wahyudi, M.Si
Head of Department of International Relations
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iv
Student Number : 07260065
Department : International Relations
Faculty : Social and Political Sciences
Title : THE EUROPEAN UNION DETERIORATION
POTENTIAL; THE RISE OF FAR-RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
This thesis has been defended in front of Board of Thesis Examiners Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Department of International Relations and hereby stated PASSED
On: Thursday Date: January 26, 2012
Place: the Laboratory of International Relations, UMM
Endorse,
Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences UMM
DR. Wahyudi, M.Si Board of Thesis Examiners:
1. Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, S.Sos., M.Si ( )
2. Drs. Asep Nurjaman, M.Si ( )
3. Victory Pradhitama, S.Sos., M.Si ( )
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v
Name : Muhammad bin Abdul Mannan
Birth place, date : Kuala Lumpur, February 6, 1990 Student Number : 07260065
Faculty : Social and Political Sciences
Department : International Relations
stated that a thesis entitled:
THE EUROPEAN UNION DETERIORATION POTENTIAL; THE RISE OF FAR-RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
is not others, neither partly nor entirely, except in the quotation forms where the sources had been stated aright.
Hereby this pronouncement sheet is made authentically, and if this statement is not true, I am ready to obtain sanction which is appropriate with the valid regulations.
Malang, February 6, 2012 Declarer,
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“Man jadda wajada.”
“it’s better to be a little fish in the large sea, rather than become a big fish in the
small pond.” (Abdul Mannan Ali Abdulloh)
Thankfulness to Allah SWT, who has deign to deliver miracle by miracle.
1. This thesis is presented for both of parents, H. Abdul Mannan Ali Abdulloh, MA and Dra. Hj. Rahmatulloh Sa’duddin, who keep the hope and conviction even till the last.
2. An appreciation for the unstoppable supports, either material or motivation, from my siblings Siti Khadijah Abdul Mannan, Siti Sofiyah Abdul Mannan, Siti Ruqayyah Abdul Mannan, Khalid Abdul Mannan, and Yusuf Abdul Mannan. Also for my lovely Grandma. You all keep me big steadily.
3. A grateful for both supervisors who are willing for being annoyed all the time and giving countless suggestions to this paper; Victory Pradhitama, S.Sos., M.Si and Tonny Dian Effendi, S.Sos., M.Si. You do responsible for my eager in enhancing International Relations more and more. And then for my examiners: Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, S.Sos., M.Si and Drs. Asep Nurjaman, M.Si. Who might guessed the dissatisfaction will be so valuable?
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Syaprin, Mrs. Ayusia, Mr. Sam’ani, Mrs. Melati, Mrs. Qori, Ms. Mia, Ms. Inggried, and those who came from other departments. We will be apart, but you had took a special place in my heart.
5. Many thanks for the faculty administration officers for the beneficial advices and supports during my study. Also for my part-timer colleagues in office, Dyan and Fatur. Keep work obligingly.
6. For all friends in International Relations department; my regards for our best friendship moments. Also for the nice story with all compatriots in CIRRA, Al Faruq, JF, ILF, YPG, HIMARA, and PPI Portugal. See you then.
7. The last but not the least, a special thanks for dear Aulia Farieza and her family. I indebted to the way you balancing these all pressures.
Rabbanaa aatina fiddunya hasanah, wa fil aakhirati hasanah, wa kina adza bannar. Jazakumullah khairan katsiraa.
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M.Si and Supervisor II: Tonny Dian Effendi, S.Sos., M.Si
ABSTRACT
The European Union has been known as the most advance integrated region around the world, which had started after World War II. They were succeeded to cooperate in economic field, then improved to the more sensitive cooperation, like attaining the political integration recently.
Alongside with this integration progress, the far-right political movement has arise in European countries, whereas this movement concerns on opposing European Union integration and keep upholds the members’ sovereignties. This phenomena is observed specifically in the peculiarity Scandinavian welfare countries, consists of Denmark, Sweden and Finland. It is defined on figuring the European Union deterioration potential, based on their integration level process.
In this case, this paper divides the influences of Scandinavian far-right political parties into domestic and regional influence through European Parliament, based on descriptive method. In last, proved that 3 far-right parties in Denmark, Sweden and Finland are not well potential to influence their domestic politic recently, and have less power in European Parliament. The influences to deteriorate European Union unification are less in number strategically than the supporting parties to European Union. However, it should be well-counted based on the rise pattern of far-right parliamentary votes in most Scandinavians year-per-year.
Keywords: the European Union, the European Union integration process, far-right political movement, Scandinavian countries, the European Parliament, the European Union deterioration potential.
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Victory Pradhitama, S.Sos., M.Si Tonny Dian Effendi, S.Sos., M.Si
Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences UMM,
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x Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim.
Assalaamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi wabarakaatuh.
There is a deep enchantment on viewing European Union development and improvement, supported well by an advance integration process, which puts multi-citizenships people into one regional benefit.
However, we cannot neglecting the resistant waves into European Union existence, which paradoxically drive inside of European Union. Economic crisis effect in Europe makes part of Europeans considering the huge risks of Europe unification project. These waves have developed in several movements, such far-right movement, who threaten the massive European Union integration. Therefore, we should recognize an important understanding through far-right movement comprehensively, in order to avoid further negative impact towards European Union.
For every lack of this paper, I expect the constructive comments for common improvement, also to pursue the better solution through this problem. Hopefully this paper may becomes a valuable contribution upon science discourses, especially for International Relations studies.
Wallahu’alam bisshowab.
Wassalaamu’alaikum warahmatullaahi wabarakaatuh.
Malang, February 6, 2012
Author
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xi
Thesis Approval Sheet………iii
Endorsement Sheet………..iv
Originality Sheet………..v
Acknowledgements and Mottos………..………vi
Abstract……….viii
Preface………..x
Table of Contents………xi
List of Boxes………..xiv
List of Diagrams……….xv
List of Figures………...xvi
List of Tables………xvii
List of Scheme………xviii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms………xix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background: The Upsurges of Far-Right Movement in the European Union Countries………...1
1.1.1 European Union and the Recent Problems of Far-Right Movement………1
1.1.2 The Scandinavians Far-Right Political Parties……….5
1.2 Research Question………7
1.3 Research Purposes………7
1.4 Research Framework………8
1.4.1 Level of Analysis……….8
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1.5 Research Method………13
1.5.1 Type of Research………13
1.5.2 Technique of Data Collection………14
1.5.3 Technique of Data Analysis………...14
1.5.4 The Scope of Research………...15
1.6 Main Argument………..15
1.7 Systematical Writing………..15
CHAPTER II. THE EUROPEAN UNION INTEGRATION LEVEL 2.1 Defining the Way of Unification Path; the Treaties………...17
2.2 Determining Political Union in European Union Integration……19
CHAPTER III. THE SCANDINAVIAN FAR-RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES AND ITS PARTICIPATION THROUGH EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 3.1 The Scandinavian Countries and Its Far-Right Movement………24
3.2 The Scandinavian Far-Right Political Parties; Danish, Swedish, and Finnish Fanaticism………..26
3.2.1 The Danish Far-Right Political Party; Danish People’s Party………...26
3.2.2 The Sweden Far-Right Political Party; Sweden Democrat………...……….31
3.2.3 The Finnish Far-Right Political Party; True Finns……….36
3.3 The Scandinavians Far-Right Participation through European Parliament………..41
3.3.1 The European Parliament as the European Union Principle Building………..41
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AND EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT POLICIES
4.1 The Scandinavian Far-Right Political Parties Position in Domestic
Politic……….54
4.1.1 The Denmark Government System………54
4.1.2 The Danish People’s Party in Danish Government………55
4.1.3 The Sweden Government System………..61
4.1.4 The Sweden Democrats in Swedish Government………..62
4.1.5 The Finland Government System………...66
4.1.6 The True Finns in Finnish Government……….68
4.2 Domestic Government Stance with Far-Right Party’s Influence to European Union……….72
4.2.1 The Danish Government………72
4.2.2 The Swedish Government………..77
4.2.3 The Finnish Government………79
4.3 The Far Right Influence into European Union Integration through Political Groups in European Parliament………...81
CHAPTER V. CLOSING Conclusion………..89
Bibliography……….………..91
(29)
xiv
Box II. The European Parliament in European Union Provisions………..47 Box III. The Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) Political
Platform………..51
Box IV. The European Union Constitution in Area of Freedom, Security
and Justice………..75
Box V. The Jyrki Katainen’s Government Program towards European
Union………..80
(30)
xv
Diagram 2. The Gain of Sweden Democrats in Parliamentary Election since
1988-2010………….……….63
Diagram 3. The Gain of True Finns in Parliamentary Election since
(31)
xvi
Figure 2. Scandinavian Countries………..25
Figure 3. Logo of the Danish People’s Party……….27
Figure 4. Logo of the Sweden Democrat………...32
Figure 5. Logo of the True Finns………...36
Figure 6. Map of Denmark………54
Figure 7. Map of Sweden………..61
Figure 8. Map of Finland………...66
Figure 9. Composition of the 7th European Parliament, by political group as of July 2009………85
(32)
xvii
Table 2. The Result of Danish General Election, since the Progress Party Participation in 1973 and the Danish People’s Party Participation
in 1998………28
Table 3. The Result of Sweden General Election, since the Sweden
Democrat Participation in 2006……….33
Table 4. The Result of Finland General Election, since the Finnish Rural Party Participation in 1970 and True Finns in 2003………..37 Table 5. The European Parliament Development in European Union…….43 Table 6. The Result of European Parliament Election 2009………49 Table 7. List of Party Coalition in Danish Parliamentary System………...57 Table 8. Standing Coalition after 2011 Parliamentary Election…………...58
Table 9. The Danish Parliamentary Election Results 2011………..59
Table 10. The Swedish Parliamentary Election Results 2011………...64 Table 11. List of Party Coalition in Swedish Parliamentary System……….65
Table 12. The Finnish Parliamentary Election Results 2011……….69 Table 13. Results of the 2009 European Parliament Elections – Sweden…..81 Table 14. Results of the 2009 European Parliament Elections – Denmark...82 Table 15. Results of the 2009 European Parliament Elections – Finland…..83
(33)
(34)
xix
ALDE : Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe BSS : Bevara Sverige Svenskt
CFSP : Common Foreign and Security Policy DF : Dansk Folkeparti
DPP : Danish People’s Party EC : European Community
ECR : European Conservatives and Reformists ECSC : European Coal and Steel Community EFA : European Free Alliance
EFD : Europe of Freedom and Democracy EMU : Economic and Monetary Union EP : European Parliament
EPP : European People’s Party EU : European Union
FRP : Finnish Rural Party ISM : Italian Social Movement JHA : Justice and Home Affairs MP : Member of Parliament
MEP : Member of the European Parliament NCP : National Coalition Party
NGL : Nordic Green Left
OECD : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PP : Progress Party
(35)
xx
SDP : Social Democratic Party
TEC : Treaty Establishing the European Community TEU : Treaty on European Union
TF : True Finns
TFEU : Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UK : United Kingdom
(36)
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