The Perception of Beef Cattle’s Farmers on Implementation of Artificial Insemination in Three Central Areas of Beef Cattle in Indonesia

The Perception of Beef Cattle’s Farmers on Implementation of
Artificial Insemination in Three Central Areas of
Beef Cattle in Indonesia
Mursyid Ma’sum* & Amiruddin Saleh**
*Directorate of Animal Feed, Directorate General of Livestock and
Animal Health Services
** Bogor Agricultural University; e-mail: amiruddin_ipb@yahoo.co.id

Abstract
The general objective of the research is to describe and analyze implementation
of adopted artificial insemination (AI) innovation on slaughter cattle’s farmers.
Specifically, is to describe and analyze the perception of slaughter cattle’s farmers
on AI. The locations of the research are Geger District of Bangkalan Regency and
Mantup District of Lamongan Regency in East Java Province and Penebel District
of Tabanan Regency in Bali Province. This research was designed as a correlation
descriptive survey by both quantitative and qualitative approach. The number of
sample is 240 respondents -who are the acceptors of AI- and by approach of purposive
sampling method. Data collection was completed with questionnaires, interview
and field observation. Kruskal-Wallis Test and U Mann-Whitney Test were applied
to analyze the data sample. The result of the research showed that the perception
of the farmers on most of AI’s aspects are significantly different among locations of

the research, with the exception of the phenotype (physical appearance) of breed
cattle and the artificial insemination services by inseminators. To be suggested that
socialization or extension on AI should be conducted by different approaches to fit
the characteristic of internal and external and AI’s perception of the farmers.
Keywords: perception, artificial insemination

Introducton
Artfcal nsemnaton (AI) had been ntroduced to Indonesa snce year 1950s.
The technology have been tested and appled wdely n year 1969, however, the
polcy of mplementaton just have frst been enforced by Indonesan government
on year 1976. At that tme, the mplementaton of AI was meant to mprove dary
and beef cattle’s producton and productvty.
Artfcal nsemnaton as a reproducton technology was an nstrument to
acheve breedng goal. Accordng to Gordon (2004), the AI were a proven technology
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

541

and became the most applcable and mportant reproducton technology snce
twenteth decade. It was so because the AI technology was relatvely affordable

and applcable. Accordng to Skjervold (1982), durng the last two decade, the AI
technology had become the most mportant breedng technque and ths technque
has gven a new dmenson to cattle breedng actvty. In general, the AI was amed
at: 1) to mprove genetc qualty of offsprng; 2) to faster the dstrbuton of hgh
breed gene among ts offsprng; and 3) to mprove effcency of hgh performance
bull utlzaton (Foote 1981; Gordon 2004).
The AI technology have replaced natural matng method whch were appled
by the farmers for centures. Natural matng method have became a major part of
socal and culture of Indonesan farmer. Therefore, the farmer responses to the AI
technology transformaton process were not as smply. It was nfluenced by several
factors and the process took tmes. Accordng Lonberger and Gwn (1982:5), factors that nfluenced farmer response to an ntroducton of nnovaton were (1) ndvdual, (2) stuaton and (3) characterstc of the nnovaton factors. Furthermore,
the response to each nnovaton was dfferent between person to person and between
communtes to communty, so to ts measures was also dfferent. So far, accordng
to van den Ban and Hawkns (1999:140), n most dffuson nnovaton research,
only a few concerns have been gven to a massve changng n socal structure or
communty’s way of lfe. Insttutonal and communty changng were also rarely
been nvestgated. In fact, such socal changng were very mportant, especally to
vlage communty. Accordng to Rogers (2003:11), nnovaton was an dea, conduct,
or object whch were consdered new to an ndvdu or a group. Innovaton characterstc, as they meant, wll explan the dfferent speed of the nnovaton adopton
processed. The nnovaton characterstcs were 1) relatve advantages, 2) compatblty, 3) complexty, 4) tralablty and 5) observablty (Nasuton 2002:125). After

almost 4 decades of the AI ntroducton, phenomena of communty respons to the
technology were stll vary. The farmer were grouped nto AI- :1) mnded; 2) accepted; 3) tred, and 4) rejected.
Research problem whch was become focus of observatons were how the beef
cattle farmer percepton on AI. In general, objectves of ths research were to get the
nformaton rate of adopton on AI nnovaton, partcularly to know: 1) nternal and
external characterstcs of beef cattle farmer and 2) beef cattle farmer percepton on
AI.

Materals and Methods
The research were desagned as a correlatonal descrptve survey research
usng quanttatve and qualtatve approaches. The research were conducted n
three regences. Lamongan and Bangkalan regences represented area of local cattle
breeds namely Ongole cross (PO) and Madura, respectvely. Whle, Tabanan regency

542

Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

represented area of Indonesan ndgenous cattle breed namely Bal Cattle. Research
populaton were taken from all beef cattle farmers of AI acceptors from Mantub

Dstrct of Lamongan Regency, Geger Dstrct of Bangkalan Regency and Penebel
Dstrct of Tabanan Regency. The total amount of 240 farmer samples were taken
from the three locatons (80 samples from each locaton). Prmary data were collected
through respondens ntervew based on qusonare that have been prepared and
tested earler as well as from other sources. Statstcal data analyses were conducted
usng 1) descrptve statstc and 2) Kruskal-Wallis Test and U Mann-Whitney Test to
test the dfferent means of samples (Santoso 2004).

Results and Dscussons
Internal characteristics of beef cattle farmer
Internal characterstcs of beef cattle farmer parameters ncluded several ndcators as shown n Table 1. Result of Kruskal-Wallis Test of the samples showed that
n general, nternal characterstcs of beef cattle farmer were sgnfcantly dfferent
between dfferent locatons, except for the motvaton to use the AI.
External characteristics of beef cattle farmer
External characterstcs of beef cattle farmer parameters ncluded ndcator as
shown n Table 2. Kruskal-Wallis Test result showed that n general, ndcator of
external characterstcs of beef cattle farmer were sgnfcantly dfferent between the
locatons, except for the nformaton avalablty.
Beef cattle farmer perception on the AI
Percepton of beef cattle farmer on the AI was the means were gven to accept

or rejected the AI based on process of self observaton or experence by ndvdual
farmer. The farmer percepton on AI nnovaton ncluded techncal (type of cattle
breed, physcal characterstcs, goal of breedng/AI, goal of breedng/AI, nsemnator servces, oestrus symptoms), soco-cultural (socal norm system, cattle farmer
nsttuton, socal structure), economc (producton mprovement by AI, relatve
proft) and government regulaton (cross, pure-breed, cross and pure-breed/mx) aspects of beef cattle breedng.
Evaluaton results on the relablty perceptons whch constructed all the
ndcators showed a coeffecent of VE = 0.21. Based on ther degree of probablty,
several percepton ndcators were more domnant to form percepton parameters.
They were type of cattle breed (39%; R2=0,20), nsemnator servces (13%; R2=0.20),
oestrus symptoms (11%; R2=0.32), socal structure (20%; R2=0.32), producton
mprovement by the AI (7%; R2=0.61), relatve proft (19%; R2=0.54) and purebreed program regulaton (28%; R2=0.28).

Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

543

Table 1. Indcator dstrbuton of nternal characterstc of beef cattle farmer
Internal characterstcs

Bangkalan

total
(person)

%

Lamongan

Tabanan

total
(person)

%

total
(person)

Total
%


total
(person)

%

Farmer age (years)
· young (25-33)

1

1.3

8

10.0

5

6.3


14

5.8

· adult (34-51)

51

63.7

57

71.3

41

51.3

149


62.1

· older (52-68)

28

35.0

15

18.7

34

42.4

77

32.1


79

98.7

53

66.2

45

56.2

177

73.8

· mddle (fnsh hgh school)

1


1.3

25

31.3

33

41.3

59

24.6

· hgh (fnsh college)

0

0.0

2

2.5

2

2.5

4

1.6

9

11.3

21

26.3

10

12.5

40

16.7

71

88.7

38

47.5

40

50.0

149

62.1

0

0.0

21

26.2

30

37.5

51

21.2

· few (0.5-1.9)

49

61.3

29

36.2

51

63.7

129

53.8

· enough (>1.9- 4.9)

31

38.7

50

62.5

29

36.3

110

45.8

0

0.0

1

1.3

0

0.0

1

0.4

Farmer educaton
· low (4.9-7.5)
Farmer orentaton (ncome)
· part tme (70%)

3

3.7

22

27.5

12

15.0

37

15.4

· external factor (extrncsc)

47

58.7

42

52.5

56

70.0

145

60.4

· self motvaton (ntrncsc)

33

41.3

38

47.5

24

30.0

95

39.6

· non member

68

85.0

78

97.4

80

100

226

94.2

· member/commttee

12

15.0

2

2.6

0

0.0

14

5.8

· low (0-2)

43

53.0

34

42.4

76

95.0

153

63.6

· mld (3-8)

37

47.0

32

40.1

4

5.0

73

30.6

· hgh (9-12)

0

0.0

14

17.5

0

0.0

14

5.8

78

97.5

55

68.7

65

81.3

198

82.5

AI motvaton used

Membershp of AI group

Degree of cosmopoltan (freq/
month)

Income from sellng cattle (mo.
rupah/year)
· low (25.7-42.9)

0

0.0

4

5.1

0

0.0

4

1.7

544

Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

Table 2. Indcator dstrbuton of external characterstcs of beef cattle farmer
Bangkalan
External characterstcs

Lamongan

Tabanan

Total

total
(person)

(%)

total
(person)

(%)

total
(person)

(%)

total
(person)

(%)

75

93.7

64

80.0

67

83.7

206

85.8

· mddle (2 nsttutons)

5

6.3

10

12.5

13

16.3

28

11.7

· hgh (>2 nsttutons)

0

0.0

6

7.5

0

0.0

6

2.5

AI nsttuton
· low (1 nsttuton)

AI equpments
· not avalable

22

27.5

76

95.0

41

51.3

139

57.9

· less avalable (only 1 set)

52

65.0

3

3.7

15

18.7

70

29.2

6

7.5

1

1.3

24

30.0

31

12.9

· hghly avalable (more than 2
sets)
Cattle market assurance
· low (only 1 choce)

37

46.3

79

98.7

58

72.5

174

72.5

· mddle (2 choces)

43

53.7

1

1.3

22

27.5

66

27.5

· rarely ( 2)

23

28.8

13

16.3

16

20.0

52

21.7

· low (only 1)

29

36.2

26

32.5

15

18.8

70

29.2

· mddle (2 types)

48

60.0

42

52.5

48

60.0

138

57.5

· hgh (> 2 types)

3

3.8

12

15.0

17

21.2

32

13.3

AI nformaton sources (type)

Based on Kruskal-Wallis test, the results showed that there was sgnfcant
dfferent of farmer percepton among locaton except for the ndcators of physcal
characterstc of cattle replacement stock and nsemnator servces. To know whch
locaton were dfferent from others, Mann Whitney U test have been conducted. The
test were run between Bangkalan and Lamongan regency, Bangkalan and Tabanan
regency as well as Lamongan and Tabanan regency. The result showed that the
percepton of the farmer among locaton were sgnfcantly dfferent about the AI.
On physcal characterstc of cattle breed, the result showed that 71.2% of
respondents at least agreed that the cattle breed should have great body score wth
great physcal performance and 84.6% respondens agreed that the cattle should have
deal or proporsonal body condton. Hgh percepton were shown by respondens
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

545

agreement on statement that physcally, stock cattle should have great condton
wth heavy body weght (90.8%). The physcal characterstcs whch can easly be
seen and deal condton of cattle body part mght be the caused of why respondens
percepton on physcal characterstcs of the cattle dd not show sgnfcant dfferent
among research locatons.
In gvng nsemnaton servces, 97.5% of respondens stated that nsemnator
always ready to gve servces anytme. To the AI charge or cost should be pad by
the farmer, about 93.3% of the respondens sad that the charges were equvalent to
the beneft they receved. Insgnfcant dfferents among research locatons n the
nsemnator servce qualtes explaned that nsemnaton servces were part of the
AI system that operated natonally. Regulaton of the AI applcaton natonally were
equpped wth mnmum techncal standard of servces that should be provded by
an nsemnator n gvng the AI servces.
The farmer perceptons on the AI between: 1) Bangkalan and Lamongan Regences were statstcally dfferent, except for nsemnator servces and regulaton of
cross breed ndcators; 2) Bangkalan and Tabanan Regences n general also showed
statstcally dfferent, except for the nsemnator servces, oestrus symptom and socal norm system ndcators; 3) Lamongan and Tabanan Regences n general also
showed sgnfcantly dfferent, except on physcal characterstc of stock, breedng
goal, nsemnator servces, socal structure and regulaton of pure and cross breed,
whch were not sgnfcantly dfferent between the two locaton.

Conclusons
In general, nternal and external characterstc of beef cattle farmer were dffer,
except for ther motvaton to use the AI and the avalablty of AI nformaton.
The sgnfcant ndcators to contruct beef cattle farmer percepton on the AI
were type of stock, physcal characterstc of the stock, nsemnator servces, oestrus
symptom of cows, socal norm system, socal structure, mprovement of producton,
relatve ncome, regulaton toward cross and pure breed program. The domnan
factors as percepton constructon to the AI were mprovement of producton, relatve
ncome/proft, oestrus symptom, socal structure, regulaton toward pure breed, type
of stock breed and nsemnator servces, respectvely.
In general, the farmer percepton about the AI showed dfferent respons
between locatons of the research, except for ndcator of physcal characterstc of
stock breed and ndcator of nsemnator servces.

References
Foote RH. 1981. Anmal ndustres heavly dependent on reproductve technology:
The artfcal nsemnaton ndustry n new technologes n anmal breedng.
546

Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

Edtor Benjamn G. Brackett, George E. Sedel and Sarah M. Sedel. Academc
Press. Sydney. Pp. 13-39.
Gordon IR. 2004. Reproductve technologes n farm anmals. CABI Publshng,
Oxford shre, Unted Kngdom.
Lonberger HF, Gwn H. 1982. Communcaton strateges: A gude for agrcultural
change agents. The Interstate Prnters & Publsher Inc., Illnos.
Nasuton Z. 2002. Komunkas pembangunan: Pengenalan teor dan penerapannya.
Eds Revs. RajaGrafndo Persada, Jakarta.
Rogers EM. 2003. Dffuson of Innovatons. 5th Edton. The Free Press, New York.
Santoso S. 2004. Mengatas berbaga masalah statstk dengan SPSS vers 11.5. Elex
Meda Komputndo, Jakarta.
Skjervold H. 1982. The results of 20 years selecton for producton n cattle, sheep
and pgs: whch way now? In, Future development n genetc mprovement of
anmals. Ed. by J.S.F. Barker, Keth Hammond and A.E. McCltock. Academc
Press, Sydney. Pp. 3-14.
van den Ban AW, Hawkns HS. 1999. Penyuluhan pertanan [terjemahan, Agrcultural extensón]. Kansus, Yogyakarta.

Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

547